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Global adoption of western culture and values
Global North. Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the
Westernization
Political ideology in 19th-century Russian Empire
Pochvennichestvo, anti-Westernisation movement Slavophile Westernization Total Westernization Westernizer – Britannica Online Encyclopedia Howard F. Stein, "Russian
Westernizer
Pro-Western thoughts in mainland China
Communist Party had different views on total Westernization. There were views that regarded total westernization as a bourgeois liberalization proposition
Total_Westernization
Conjectured era without Western dominance
and Southernization respectively are sometimes applied (analogous to Westernization). Proponents often argue in favor of a post-Western era by pointing
Post-Western_era
Health conditions thought to be a result of increasing wealth in society
consumption of animal products and selected illnesses Urbanization Westernization Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CM, Leach R, James WP, Lopez AD, Rodgers
Diseases_of_affluence
Males who function socially and sexually as women in Arabia
Khanith (also spelled Khaneeth or referred to as Xanith; Arabic: خنيث, romanized: khanīth) is a term originating from the Arabian Peninsula to denote a
Khanith
Feelings and behaviors
Human male sexuality encompasses a wide variety of feelings and behaviors. Men's feelings of attraction may be caused by various physical and social traits
Human_male_sexuality
American government agency
The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is a U.S. federal government commission created by the International Religious
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom
Westernization in Japan during the Meiji era (1868–1912)
lit. 'civilization and enlightenment') refers to the phenomenon of Westernization in Japan during the Meiji era (1868–1912), which led to major changes
Bunmei-kaika
Country in East Asia
opened the country to widespread proselytism as part of a project of Westernization. The weakness of Korean shamanism, which—unlike Japanese Shinto and
South_Korea
Danish teacher in Tibetan Buddhism (1941–2026)
In the same way, lay people are now playing a key role during the westernization of Tibetan Buddhism(s). The Mahāsiddha / crazy yogi heritage and the
Ole_Nydahl
Student-led demonstrations in China
Harsh Actions Threaten to Set Back 10-Year Reform Drive – Suspicions of Westernization Are Ascendant, and Army Has a Political Role Again – A Movement Unlikely
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
Title of Russian monarchs from 1547 to 1721
inclined to underline their separation from Western Europe than to promote Westernization by using foreign titles. Following the expansion of his realm, the grand
Tsar_of_all_Russia
Late 19th-century Korean reform
Hanja: 光武改革) was a collection of reforms that were aimed at modernizing and Westernizing the Korean Empire as it felt held back from what other countries had
Kwangmu_Reform
American author and public speaker (born 1945)
Chesler, who was married to a Westernized Muslim man from Afghanistan Aurora Nilsson, was also married to another Westernized Afghan Muslim man Debbie Rodriguez
Betty_Mahmoody
Emperor of Russia from 1894 to 1917
they were increasingly alienated by the tsar's support of Stolypin's Westernizing reforms taken early in the Revolution of 1905 and especially by the political
Nicholas_II
Abrahamic monotheistic religion
378–380, 624. Buzpinar, Ş. Tufan (March 2007). "Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion". Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (2): 247–258. doi:10.1080/00263200601114091
Islam
Sexuality in South Korea has been influenced by culture, religion, and westernization. Viewpoints in contemporary society can be viewed as a conflict between
Sexuality_in_South_Korea
Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740
more than one son, one could now stay behind to run the family estate. Westernization continued after Peter the Great's reign in areas of prominent Western
Anna_of_Russia
Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796
Equality before the law Freedom Assembly Economic Press Religion Speech Westernizers Liberal democracy Popular sovereignty Rule of law Social justice History
Catherine_the_Great
Chinese liniment
Dit da jow (Jyutping: dit3 daa2 zau2; pinyin: Diē dǎ jiǔ) is a common Chinese liniment used as traditional medicine in the belief it can reduce the pain
Dit_da_jow
Western-influenced variety of chinese language
Westernised Chinese (Chinese: 西式中文) encompasses common Chinese-language neologisms, spoken by foreign-influenced speakers or learners of Chinese, characterised
Westernised_Chinese_language
2007 novel by Indra Sinha
town. Acting out of philanthropy, she struggles to find acceptance. Westernization plays a key role throughout the novel: setting up key relations between
Animal's_People
Hindu organization
The Divine Light Mission (Divya Sandesh Parishad; DLM) was an organization founded in 1960 by guru Hans Ji Maharaj for his following in northern India
Divine_Light_Mission
openly exploring same-sex love in the arts until the 19th century, when Westernization led to the stigmatization of homosexuality, potentially influencing
Sexual and gender minorities in the Ottoman Empire
Sexual_and_gender_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire
response, a number of scholars resisted the idea, saying democracy and Westernization had no place in traditional Chinese culture. Liang Shuming's opinion
Democracy_in_China
Empire in East Asia (1897–1910)
Emperor Gojong oversaw the Gwangmu Reform, a partial modernization and westernization of Korea's military, economy, land system, education system, and various
Korean_Empire
Community and culture of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people
across the world including: the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and modern Westernization. Depending on geographic location, some of these communities experienced
LGBTQ_community
Portable, round tent covered with skins or felt
A yurt (/jɜːrt/; from the Turkic languages) or ger (/ɡɛər/; from the Mongolic languages) is a portable, round tent covered and insulated with skins or
Yurt
Dish in Taiwanese cuisine
Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâm-so͘-ke; also 鹽酥雞; yánsūjī; 'salty crispy chicken'), westernized as popcorn chicken, is a dish in Taiwanese cuisine commonly found as
Taiwanese_fried_chicken
Group of scholars and writers in Chinese academia
Liberalism Socialism Communism New humanism Practice Westernization East-west cultural debate Total Westernization Democratization Simplification of Chinese characters
Doubting_Antiquity_School
Japanese woodblock print genre
woodblock prints (ukiyo-e) during the Meiji period that celebrated the Westernization of Tokyo and its people. The term "kaika" comes from political slogan
Kaika-e
Novel by Mori Ōgai
story of unfulfilled love set against a background of social change and Westernization. The story is set in 1880 Tokyo. The novel contains commentary on the
The_Wild_Geese_(Mori_novel)
Racial slur against black people
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
Nigger
Epistemological framework
Data universalism is an epistemological framework that assumes a single universal narrative of any dataset without any consideration of geographical borders
Data_universalism
political and military figure in the late Qing dynasty who supported Westernization reform. Wang was born in Jiading, Suzhou on 21 October 1832 to a family
Wang_Wenshao
Imitation or depiction of Western culture
terms relating to Occidentalism and Westernization. In Arabic, al-Istighraab (Arabic: الاستغراب, lit. 'Westernization') is a contemporary psychological
Occidentalism
Indian television series
the twin worlds of conventional Indian society as well as the urban westernized ethos. The basic story is about five MBAs who reunite 13 years after
A_Mouthful_of_Sky
Upper class in Russian society before 1917
and the educational reforms of Catherine the Great. While cultural westernization was mostly superficial and restricted to court, it coincided with the
Russian_nobility
Former empire (c. 1299–1922)
Fatma Muge Gocek, Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change (1996) pp 138–42 Kemal H. Karpat, "The transformation
Ottoman_Empire
1972 Indian film
some problems associated with Westernization. The film was a hit and a star-making vehicle for Aman, who played a westernized hippie, and won the Filmfare
Haré_Rama_Haré_Krishna
Ethnic slur for White people
Asians General Banana (westernized East Asians) Gook Sangokujin (Korean and Taiwanese) Toku-A (Chinese and Korean) Twinkie (westernized East Asians) Chinese
Peckerwood
Russian state from 1721 to 1917
F. (December 1976). "Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles". Ethos. 4 (4): 403–438. doi:10.1525/eth.1976.4.4.02a00010
Russian_Empire
Political party in Poland (2015–2025)
supported an active Eastern policy and Poland's involvement in the westernization of Ukraine. Marek Payerhin, ed. (2016). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern
Modern_(political_party)
Japanese manga series by Naoko Takeuchi
obscure the age difference in the Western adaptations. Other examples of westernization referenced by Sailor Moon's audience included flipping scenes of traffic
Sailor_Moon
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
List_of_ethnic_slurs
considered a symbol of bunmei-kaika (civilization and enlightenment) and Westernization. The decision to repeal the ban faced some resistance; in one notable
History of meat consumption in Japan
History_of_meat_consumption_in_Japan
Russian state from 1547 to 1917
(renamed Petrograd in the state's final years). Under him, as part of his westernization process, he replaced the title Tsar with the title imperator, closer
Tsarist_Russia
believed to have stemmed partly from a conservative backlash opposing the Westernization and secularization efforts of the Western-backed Shah, as well as from
Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution
Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_Revolution
Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock print artist
a rapid decline in the ukiyo-e genre, especially in the face of the westernization that followed the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Hiroshige's work came to
Hiroshige
1933 celebrations in Turkey
caliphate İzmir plot Secularism Educational reform Turkish language reform Westernization Industrialization Nation-building Turkification Citizen, speak Turkish
10th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey
10th_anniversary_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey
"honour killing", carried out as Al-Khatib believed she had become too Westernized. Al-Khatib said at his trial that he had become unhappy when his wife
List of solved missing person cases (2010s)
List_of_solved_missing_person_cases_(2010s)
Notation for expressing numbers in Thai
Thailand, although the Arabic numerals are more common due to extensive westernization of Thailand in the modern Rattanakosin period. Thai numerals follow
Thai_numerals
ideological core of the state, but attempted to start a process of Westernization of the clergy, relying on those with a Western theological education
Church reform of Peter the Great
Church_reform_of_Peter_the_Great
1863 Japanese imperial edict
was an edict issued by the Japanese Emperor Kōmei in 1863 against the Westernization of Japan following the opening of the country by Commodore Matthew Perry
Order_to_expel_barbarians
November 1876. Former samurai of the Akizuki Domain, opposed to the Westernization of Japan and loss of their class privileges after the Meiji Restoration
Akizuki_rebellion
Development of industry in Japan during the Shōwa era
characteristic of Shōwa Japan. It originated from the country's attempt to be Westernized. Industrialization first appeared in the textile industries, especially
Industrial production in Shōwa Japan
Industrial_production_in_Shōwa_Japan
Hong Kong political party
British Pro-Taiwanese sentiment Radical democracy Self-determination Westernization Pro-ROC camp Anti-communism Anti-PRC Pro-ROC Chinese culture Chinese
Demosisto
2015 film by Kazuaki Kiriya
and written by Michael Konyves and Dove Sussman, based loosely on (and Westernizing, for the most part) the Japanese legend of the forty-seven rōnin. The
Last_Knights
Users of black magic in Philippine folklore
attributed to witches. In the Philippines, witches in the traditional non-Westernized sense are malevolent forces who can be sought after to inflict curses
Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines
Derogatory term mostly referring to Mexican illegal immigrants to the United States
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
Wetback_(slur)
Derogatory term referring to Venezuelans
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
Veneco
Secondary sector
and others have used frequently in the 20th century, modernization westernization, and especially industrialization are other terms people have used while
Construction industry in India
Construction_industry_in_India
"honour killing", carried out as Al-Khatib believed she had become too Westernized. Al-Khatib said at his trial that he had become unhappy when his wife
List of murder convictions without a body
List_of_murder_convictions_without_a_body
Due to the effects of westernization, western music has influenced many musical cultures around the world. Japan's unique music styles were impacted by
Western influences in modern Japanese music
Western_influences_in_modern_Japanese_music
1876 Japanese uprising
want to simply halt the Westernization process, they wanted to turn the clock back and eradicate every trace of Westernization, including the wearing of
Shinpūren_rebellion
Ethnic slur for Ukrainians
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
Ukrop
Idiom describing the 1990s in Russia
organized crime, two Chechen wars, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, westernization, sexual revolution, moral relativism, a sharp decline in birth rates
The_wild_nineties
Islamic religious law
for several decades in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Iraq. Westernization of legal institutions and expansion of state control in all areas of
Sharia
Political party in Turkey
bureaucratic class. The Democrat Party exploited the CHP's association with Westernization, a source of hostility for the public and a sign they were losing touch
Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1960)
Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946–1960)
U.S.-East Asian Historian
traditional narratives of westernization were Eurocentric and mistaken. As a result, in 2019, he published The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian
Jon_Thares_Davidann
discouraged due to the rise of sexology within Japan and the process of Westernization. During the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II the Chinese mocked
Homosexuality_in_Japan
1934 Turkish law regulating surname adoption
caliphate İzmir plot Secularism Educational reform Turkish language reform Westernization Industrialization Nation-building Turkification Citizen, speak Turkish
Surname_Law
King of Siam from 1910 to 1925
Siamese nationalism. His reign was characterized by Siam's further Westernization, minimal participation in World War I, and lavish spending on arts and
Vajiravudh
Language system of Kenya
contingent tribes and/or sub-tribes. Their naming system has been subject to westernization and attrition to linguistics due to the Kenyan adoption of Swahili as
Kalenjin_Naming_System
Derogatory word used for a Polish person
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
Polack
Japanese writer (1862–1922)
explained. One of the representative examples which reflected the radical westernization took place in the western style building called "Rokumeikan", located
Mori_Ōgai
Title for a district governor in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, Lebanon and the Ottoman Empire
imperial cabinet, or by the Shaykh al-Islam. The modernization and Westernization reforms instituted in the 19th century added new meanings to the term
Kaymakam
1935 rebellion in Pahlavi Iran
dynasty erupted at Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad, Iran. The Shah's violent Westernization campaign against Shiite society saw a spike in hostilities with the
Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion
1977 novel by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
include the challenges of capitalism, politics, and the effects of westernization. Education, schools, and the Mau Mau rebellion are also used to unite
Petals_of_Blood
Turkish nationalist pseudoscientific theory
caliphate İzmir plot Secularism Educational reform Turkish language reform Westernization Industrialization Nation-building Turkification Citizen, speak Turkish
Sun_Language_Theory
International funding project by G7 nations
consultation group in Paris, France. On 16 June 2021 Krach was awarded the Westernization Award by StrategEast for his work as Under Secretary of State in the
Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment
Partnership_for_Global_Infrastructure_and_Investment
Offensive term for Japanese person
Asians General Banana (westernized East Asians) Gook Sangokujin (Korean and Taiwanese) Toku-A (Chinese and Korean) Twinkie (westernized East Asians) Chinese
Nip
Kemalist propaganda magazine
caliphate İzmir plot Secularism Educational reform Turkish language reform Westernization Industrialization Nation-building Turkification Citizen, speak Turkish
La_Turquie_Kemaliste
Countries predominantly situated in Asia
Middle East Hinduism by country Muslim world Near East Western world Westernization Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson
Eastern_world
State wielding power within a geographical region
From the late 19th century, the Empire of Japan initiated far-reaching Westernizing reforms, and rapidly industrialized, to become a major power in Asia
Regional_power
before the arrival of Indian and Chinese travelers. With the rapid Westernization of popular music, Cambodian music has incorporated elements from music
Music_of_Cambodia
Following the end of the sakoku policy and especially during the increasing westernization of the Meiji era, Western literature has also had an influence on the
Japanese_literature
Taiwanese cultural term
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
Tai_Ke
Chinese dish consisting of fried pork tenders with sweet and sour sauce
Vice Media, the dish is often misunderstood to be "inauthentic, cheap, westernized" because it was developed to please western palates. Lucas Sin argues
Sweet_and_sour_pork
was the target of Glavlit in bowdlerizing works of print, while anti-Westernization and Soviet nationalism were common tropes for that goal. To limit peasant
Censorship in the Soviet Union
Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1917
the Empire. A desire among the Tanzimat statesmen for westernization for the sake of westernization veiled the fact that the Empire didn't much resemble
Said_Halim_Pasha
Person who removes animal carcasses
Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao
Knacker
Comic originating in Turkey
adopted from the West during the Tanzimat period (1839–1876), a time when Westernization was actively promoted across various sectors of society. Early satirical
Turkish_comics
Royal chieftans, 1613–1956
2024. Abadi, Jacob (2022). Tunisia Since the Arab Conquest: The Saga of a Westernized Muslim State (Middle East Studies) (Kindle ed.). Ithaca Press.
List_of_beys_of_Tunis
Entryway area in Japanese buildings
elevated-floor structures. It has continued to the present, even after the Westernization of the Japanese home, which began in the Meiji period (1868–1912). Engawa
Genkan
Derogatory term for a Mexican in what is now the U.S. Southwest in the 19th century
Asians General Banana (westernized East Asians) Gook Sangokujin (Korean and Taiwanese) Toku-A (Chinese and Korean) Twinkie (westernized East Asians) Chinese
Greaser_(derogatory)
Political philosophy based on tradition
Pro-Americanism Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernization History Safavid conversion to Shia Islam 1953 coup d'état White Revolution
Conservatism
Iranian nationalist and monarchist ideology
response to growing societal and intellectual criticism of Pahlavi Westernization. These adjustments emphasized Iranian cultural authenticity and contributed
Pahlavism
Leader of China since 2012
pp. 223–246. Düben 2020, pp. 111–128. Fenby 2019, p. 32. "Xi Rejects Westernization in Show of Faith in Self Reliance". Bloomberg News. 8 February 2023
Xi_Jinping
travel, tourism, insurance
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