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Hormone that affects blood pressure / heart rate
Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a peptide hormone that is vasoactive in the intestine. VIP is
Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide
InterPro Family
There are two known receptors for the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) termed VPAC1 and VPAC2. These receptors bind both VIP and pituitary adenylate
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor
Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor
Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
Neurokinin B Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; PHM27) Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) Peptide PHI 27 (peptide histidine isoleucine
Peptide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide. One of its effects is to stimulate enterochromaffin-like cells. It binds to the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide
Hormone pathway
estradiol, progesterone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The cell bodies of TIDA neurons are located in the arcuate
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin_axis
Endogenous agent or pharmaceutical drug that affects blood pressure / heart rate
histamine, nitric oxide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide are important endogenous vasoactive substances. Vasoactive drug therapy is typically used
Vasoactivity
Receptor activated by peptide hormone GLP-1
cellular responses. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone consisting of 30 amino acids. GLP-1 is released by intestinal L cells when nutrients are consumed
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor
Largest species of lizard in the United States
and hypothermia in rats. Some are similar in action of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which relaxes smooth muscle and regulates water and electrolyte
Gila_monster
Hormone whose molecules are peptides
called arginine vasopressin (AVP) or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) Somatotropin (GH1) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 1 (GNRH1)
Peptide_hormone
Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission
peptides. Monoamines are synthesized by altering a single amino acid. For example, the precursor of serotonin is the amino acid tryptophan. Peptide neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter
Genes on human chromosome 3
difficult to achieve high selectivity with peptide derivatives. However the search for a druggable, non-peptide template has led to several potent, highly
Oxytocin_receptor
release 62 Vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP Peptide gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor
List_of_human_hormones
Protein family and hormone
Halawani ME (July 2005). "The relative importance of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine as physiological regulators of prolactin
Prolactin
Class of cell surface receptors coupled to G-protein-associated intracellular signaling
melanocortins, neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, opsins, somatostatin, GH, tachykinins, members of the vasoactive intestinal peptide family, and vasopressin; biogenic
G_protein-coupled_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene. VIPR2 is expressed
VIPR2
Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis
Glucagon is increased in cirrhosis. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is increased as blood is shunted into the intestinal system because of portal hypertension
Cirrhosis
Synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide
Aviptadil is an injectable synthetic formulation of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP was discovered in 1970, and has been used to treat
Aviptadil
Acetylcholine receptors named for their selective binding of muscarine
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
play a role in modulating the release of neuropeptides like vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the SCN, which can
Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor
Protein controlling mammalian coloration
melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones known as
Melanocortin_1_receptor
Class of G protein-coupled receptors
"Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat". Gut. 28 (8): 955–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28
Adrenergic_receptor
Part of the brain's hypothalamus
several cell types, neurotransmitters and peptides, including vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Disruptions or damage to the SCN has been
Suprachiasmatic_nucleus
Tumor that often causes a syndrome of diarrhea and electrolyte imbalance
vipoma (/vɪˈpoʊmə/) is a rare endocrine tumor that overproduces vasoactive intestinal peptide (thus VIP + -oma). The incidence is about 1 per 10,000,000 per
VIPoma
Peptide hormone that stimulates growth
also known as human growth hormone (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration
Growth_hormone
polypeptide (PACAP) and it has an amino acid sequence homology to vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, glucagon, and other growth hormone releasing factor
Peptide_PHI
Pharmaceutical compound
estradiol) Progestogens (e.g., progesterone) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and analogues (e.g., protirelin, taltirelin) Vasoactive intestinal peptide
ABS-201
Inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the colon
AM, Said SI, Schebalin M (April 1978). "Effects of synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), secretin and their partial sequences on gastric secretion"
Ulcerative_colitis
Group of biological receptors
(January 2016). "Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2014". Peptides. 75: 18–70. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.10.009. PMID 26551874. S2CID 34578840. Martin WR
Opioid_receptor
Endocrine gland of the brain
vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, angiotensin II, neuropeptide Y, galanin, substance P, bombesin-like peptides (gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin
Pituitary_gland
Digestive fluid formed in the stomach
hormone histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells (ECLs). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production. The production
Gastric_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP2) is a 33-amino acid proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells. Like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1)
Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor
Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Dopamine_receptor_D4
Light-sensitive receptor protein
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Rhodopsin
Organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates
causes inactivation of trypsin. The pancreas also secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptide. Enterochromaffin cells of the pancreas
Pancreas
Substance promoting lactation
estradiol) Progestogens (e.g., progesterone) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and analogues (e.g., protirelin, taltirelin) Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Galactagogue
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens, named for ketazocine
control. KOR is one of the two opioid receptors that bind dynorphin opioid peptides as the primary endogenous ligands, the other being newly deorphanized GPR139
Κ-opioid_receptor
Protein family
"Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat". Gut. 28 (8): 955–959. doi:10.1136/gut
Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor
Tumors of the nervous or endocrine system within the pancreas
and high blood glucose levels VIPoma, producing excessive vasoactive intestinal peptide, which may cause profound chronic watery diarrhea and resultant
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Pancreatic_neuroendocrine_tumor
Octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically
associated with carcinoid syndrome, and diarrhea in people with vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas). Octreotide is also used in mild
Octreotide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Balasubramaniam A, Laburthe M (Jul 2001). "The peptide YY-preferring receptor mediating inhibition of small intestinal secretion is a peripheral Y(2) receptor:
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2
Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_type_2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor, a member of the secretin-vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor family, is widely distributed in peripheral organs
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor
Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor
Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers
effects depending on the combination of release. For example, vasoactive intestinal peptide is typically co-released with acetylcholine. Neuropeptide release
Neuropeptide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (PrRPR) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRLHR
Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor
Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor
Protein family
include vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors and receptors for secretin, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptides. These
Secretin_receptor_family
Type of cellular receptor that facilitates taste
Shi Y, Qiu Z, Zhang J, Liu T, Shi W, Wang X (2024). "Food-derived umami peptides: bioactive ingredients for enhancing flavor". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024
Taste_receptor
G protein-coupled receptor
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor
Part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates
found in the smooth muscle layers. Cholinergic synapses and vasoactive intestinal peptide synapses are found in the connective tissue of the mucosa. Within
Vas_deferens
Mammalian protein found in humans
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor
Hormones produced in the GI
glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastric inhibitory peptide Somatostatin family Motilin family Substance P. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released
Gastrointestinal_hormone
Class of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis
formyl peptide receptors (FPR) belong to a class of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis. In humans, there are three formyl peptide receptor
Formyl_peptide_receptor
Class of four receptor proteins to the molecule adenosine
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Adenosine_receptor
Cell type in the exocrine pancreas
also play a part, including Gastrin-releasing peptide, Substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. After food reaches the start of the intestines
Acinar_cell
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor also known as orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 103 (GPR103) is a protein
Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor
Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor
Opioid receptor
agonist peptide DPDPE produced respiratory depression in sheep. In contrast both the peptide delta agonist Deltorphin II and the non-peptide delta agonist
Δ-opioid_receptor
well known (such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and estrogen) those have primary functions other than stimulating
Prolactin-releasing_hormone
Class of ligand activated receptors localized in surface of plama cell membrane
PMID 4368906. S2CID 44727052. Dautzenberg FM, Hauger RL (February 2002). "The CRF peptide family and their receptors: yet more partners discovered". Trends Pharmacol
Cell_surface_receptor
G-protein coupled receptor
referred to as the master regulator of puberty and reproduction is GnRH. This peptide hormone is produced in the hypothalamus but gets secreted and acts upon
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor
Protein-coding gene in humans
testis. VPAC1 is a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a small neuropeptide. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is involved in smooth muscle relaxation
VIPR1
Pharmaceutical compound
neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Galanin was first identified from porcine intestinal extracts in 1978 by Professor Viktor
Galanin
Antipsychotic medication
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and analogues (e.g., protirelin, taltirelin) Vasoactive intestinal peptide v t e Serotonin receptor modulators 5-HT1 5-HT1A Agonists: Adatanserin
Risperidone
Group of receptors to cannabinoid compounds
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Cannabinoid_receptor
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
KiSS1-derived peptide receptor (also known as GPR54 or the Kisspeptin receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the peptide hormone kisspeptin
KiSS1-derived peptide receptor
KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor
Class of opioid receptors found in humans
low affinity for dynorphins. They are also referred to as μ(mu)-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. The prototypical μ-opioid receptor agonist is morphine
Mu-opioid_receptor
Subtype of serotonin receptor
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
5-HT2A_receptor
Protein found in humans
In the duodenum, TAAR1 activation increases glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) release; in the stomach, hTAAR1 activation has been
TAAR1
Cell surface receptors
Signaling peptide receptor is a type of receptor which binds one or more signaling peptides or signaling proteins. An example is the tropomyosin receptor
Signaling_peptide_receptor
Mammalian protein found in humans
activated by peptide hormones encoded by proopiomelanocortin (POMC). POMC is a precursor peptide pro-hormone which is cleaved into several other peptide hormones
Melanocortin_4_receptor
Class of G protein-coupled receptors
Dopamine Is Regulated by Dietary Glucose and Controls Glucagon-like 1 Peptide Action in White Adipose Tissue". International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Dopamine_receptor
Type of membrane receptor that acts through a second messenger
including but not limited to: small molecule transmitters, monoamines, peptides, hormones, and even gases. In comparison to fast-acting neurotransmitters
Metabotropic_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
EMR1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
GPR63
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1, also known as RXFP1, is a human G protein coupled receptor that is one of the relaxin receptors. It is
Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1
Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
bitter taste receptors: New targets against obesity?". Peptides. 127 170284. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170284. PMID 32092303. S2CID 211221444. Tuzim K
TAS2R38
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Protein-directed G Protein Signaling Specificity for the Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Family of Receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (42): 21925–21944
Glucagon_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Characterization and distribution of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the human intestinal mucosa". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 91 (5): 2049–2057. doi:10
Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor
Main receptor for most antipsychotic drugs
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Dopamine_receptor_D2
G-protein-coupled receptor
HCRTR2). Both orexin receptors exhibit a similar pharmacology – the 2 orexin peptides, orexin-A and orexin-B, bind to both receptors and, in each case, agonist
Orexin_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP), also known as the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor or kappa-type 3 opioid receptor, is a protein
Nociceptin_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
hours out of phase from vasopressin expression in vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in both vasopressin-normal
Vasopressin_receptor_1A
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
term tachykinin originates in the rapid onset of action caused by the peptides in smooth muscles. Substance P (SP) is the most researched and potent member
Tachykinin_receptor_1
Excess of prolactin hormone in the blood
exceeding this range indicate hyperprolactinemia. Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone produced by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It
Hyperprolactinaemia
Impulse transmission between neurons
(ACh)–glutamate co-release. ACh–vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) co-release. ACh–calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) co-release. Glutamate–dynorphin
Neurotransmission
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), now properly known as BB2 is a G protein-coupled receptor whose endogenous ligand is gastrin releasing peptide. In humans
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor
Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
TAS2R4
Inability of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach to open
acetylcholine, substance P) and inhibitory (e.g., nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide) neurotransmitters. People with achalasia lack noradrenergic
Esophageal_achalasia
Pharmaceutical compound
estradiol) Progestogens (e.g., progesterone) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and analogues (e.g., protirelin, taltirelin) Vasoactive intestinal peptide
BAY-1158061
Subtype of Dopamine Receptor
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Dopamine_receptor_D3
Transmembrane receptor found in humans
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor
Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor
Cell surface receptor found in humans
by TNFα. Heart failure often involves secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide to compensate for reduced renal perfusion and thus, secretion of electrolytes
Adenosine_A1_receptor
Mammalian protein found in humans
(CRLR), is a human protein; it is a receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide. RNA expression charts show highest expression in lung and adipose tissue
CALCRL
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
OPN1SW
Class of light-sensitive proteins
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Opsin
Mammalian protein found in humans
This GPCR protein was earlier thought to be a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and was considered to be an orphan receptor. It is now
ACKR3
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
device that was tested in a therapeutic setting to produce Fc-glucagon-like peptide 1 (Fc-GLP-1), a fusion protein that helps control blood glucose levels
Melanopsin
Chemoreceptors expressed in cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Olfactory_receptor
G-protein coupled receptor
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
GABAB_receptor
MeSH D12.644.400.800.750 – substance p MeSH D12.644.400.875 – vasoactive intestinal peptide MeSH D12.644.400.900 – vasopressins MeSH D12.644.400.900.050
List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.644)
Increased blood pressure in lung arteries
increased cell proliferation and impaired apoptosis. Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide, a potent vasodilator with anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory
Pulmonary_hypertension
Type of glutamate receptor
GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor
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VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL-PEPTIDE