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1960 book by Hans-Georg Gadamer
Truth and Method (German: Wahrheit und Methode) is a 1960 book by the philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer, in which the author deploys the concept of "philosophical
Truth_and_Method
1637 treatise by Descartes
Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences (French: Discours de la Méthode pour bien conduire sa raison
Discourse_on_the_Method
German philosopher (1900–2002)
continental tradition, best known for his 1960 magnum opus on hermeneutics, Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode). Gadamer was born in Marburg, Germany, the son
Hans-Georg_Gadamer
Conformity to reality
Truth is conformity to reality or fact. It contrasts with falsity or misrepresentation that fails to align with the world. Truth is typically treated as
Truth
Metatheoretical stance on scientific inquiry
However, postpositivism is not a form of relativism, and generally retains the idea of objective truth. Postpositivists believe that a reality exists, but
Postpositivism
Two geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry
inside a conic could be defined in terms of logarithm and the projective cross-ratio function. The method has become called the Cayley–Klein metric because
Non-Euclidean_geometry
French philosopher, mathematician and sociologist (1798–1857)
sociological method. [citation needed] Comte offered an account of social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according
Auguste_Comte
Concept in epistemology
necessary in getting to the truth and avoiding errors. Kvanvig attempts to show that knowledge is no more valuable than true belief, and in the process dismissed
Justification_(epistemology)
German social philosopher (1929–2026)
between Habermas and Hans-Georg Gadamer about limits of hermeneutics. Gadamer completed his magnum opus, Truth and Method, in 1960, and engaged in his debate
Jürgen_Habermas
Intellectual current and methodological approach in the social science
collection of essays that helped define the scope and method of structuralism. Blending Freud and Saussure, French (post)structuralist Jacques Lacan
Structuralism
Form of research
Qualitative methods include ethnography, grounded theory, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative research methods have
Qualitative_research
Branch of science that studies society and its relationships
psychology, sociology, culturology, and political science. The majority of positivist social scientists use methods resembling those used in the natural
Social_science
Method of logical reasoning
metaphysical truth, as the correct method for the improvement of human society. According to Comte, scientific method frames predictions, confirms them, and states
Inductive_reasoning
Awareness of facts, or competency
three essential features: it is (1) a belief that is (2) true and (3) justified. Truth is a widely accepted feature of knowledge. It implies that, while
Knowledge
Unscientific claims presented as scientific
mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have". Oxford English Dictionary, second edition
Pseudoscience
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
claimed empirical laws, either in everyday life or through the scientific method, can be justified through some form of reasoning. The problem is that many
Problem_of_induction
Social science conception of understanding and relation
Princeton: Princeton University Press. Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1989. Truth and Method. Crossroad. Martin Heidegger, Ontology: The Hermeneutics of Facticity
Verstehen
Material supporting an assertion
provides indubitable access to truth. In science, scientific evidence is information gained through the scientific method that confirms or disconfirms scientific
Evidence
German philosopher (1833–1911)
"temporalization" of the possibilities of interpretation and human existence. In Wahrheit und Methode (Truth and Method, 1960), Hans-Georg Gadamer, influenced by Heidegger
Wilhelm_Dilthey
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924
revolution, and elevated the role of violence as a revolutionary instrument. [Lenin] accepted truth as handed down by Marx and selected data and arguments
Vladimir_Lenin
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
is a more reliable method of finding the truth than relying purely on logical reasoning, because humans have cognitive biases and limitations which lead
Empiricism
Approach to social philosophy
knowledge, truth, and social structures are fundamentally shaped by power dynamics between dominant and oppressed groups. Beyond just understanding and critiquing
Critical_theory
Philosophical and social theory critical of traditional humanism
Positivism assumes that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in scientific knowledge. Obtaining and verifying data that can be received from the senses
Antihumanism
1936 book by A. J. Ayer
Language, Truth and Logic is a 1936 book about meaning by the philosopher Alfred Jules Ayer, in which the author defines, explains, and argues for the
Language,_Truth,_and_Logic
Philosophy term coined by Michel Foucault
Discourses as Regimes of Truth. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-90564-0. Harding, Sandra (1997). "Comment on Hekman's "Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint
Regimes_of_truth
Austrian–British philosopher of science (1902–1994)
inductivist views on the scientific method in favour of empirical falsification made possible by his falsifiability criterion, and for founding the Department
Karl_Popper
Movement in Western philosophy
statements of metaphysics, theology, ethics and aesthetics as cognitively meaningless in terms of truth value or factual content. Despite its ambition
Logical_positivism
1923 book by György Lukács
to method. It is the scientific conviction that dialectical materialism is the road to truth and that its methods can be developed, expanded and deepened
History and Class Consciousness
History_and_Class_Consciousness
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
aim was to answer all substantive questions of knowledge and meaning using the methods and tools of the natural sciences. Quine roundly rejected the
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science
in the efforts of Greek natural philosophers and medical practitioners to distinguish their methods and their accounts of nature from the mythological
Demarcation_problem
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
prominently in many controversies and applications, used as legal precedent. One concern about the scientific method is how to move from observations to
Falsifiability
American-born Israeli artist
NYC to take part in his art and allow him to tattoo them. Yekutieli's websites describes the project as: "Truth and Method is firmly based on real human
Addam_Yekutieli
Academic disciplines that study society and culture
meaning, purpose, and goals, and further the appreciation of singular historical and social phenomena—an interpretive method of finding "truth"—rather than
Humanities
American philosopher (1922–1996)
what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective
Thomas_Kuhn
German philosopher, sociologist, and theorist (1903–1969)
ISSN 0891-4486. Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009). Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch [German Pronunciation
Theodor_W._Adorno
1924–1936 group of philosophers and scientists
Vienna Circle with his book Language, Truth, and Logic (1936). Karl Popper was also important for the reception and critique of their work, even though
Vienna_Circle
Theoretical stance in social science
the social realm cannot be studied with the methods of investigation utilized within the natural sciences, and that investigation of the social realm requires
Antipositivism
School of thought of philosophy of law and jurisprudence
the empiricists preceded systemization of a positivist method for problems of comprehension and analysis, which was later represented by legal positivism
Legal_positivism
French sociologist (1858–1917)
sociologique (The Rules of Sociological Method). Also in 1895, he set up the first European department of sociology and became France's first professor of
Émile_Durkheim
Position in the philosophy of science
1906. Rejecting scientific realism's ambitions to uncover metaphysical truth about nature, instrumentalism is usually categorized as an antirealism,
Instrumentalism
Philosophical terms used by Windelband
of his own thought. For him, any branch of science and any discipline can be handled by both methods as they offer two integrating points of view. Nomothetic
Nomothetic_and_idiographic
1990s dispute in philosophy of science
having effectively rejected scientific objectivity, the scientific method, empiricism, and scientific knowledge.[citation needed] Though much of the theory
Science_wars
1962 book by Thomas S. Kuhn
their subject, and, perhaps most significantly, what questions are regarded as valid, and what rules are used to determine the truth of a particular
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions
Hungarian philosopher and critic (1885–1971)
to method. It is the scientific conviction that dialectical materialism is the road to truth and that its methods can be developed, expanded and deepened
György_Lukács
Russian physician, philosopher, and revolutionary (1873–1928)
party. Meanwhile, Workers' Truth had received publicity in the Berlin-based Menshevik journal Sotsialisticheskii Vestnik, and they also distributed a manifesto
Alexander_Bogdanov
View that science is the best/only truth
Scientism is the belief that science and the scientific method are the best or only way to render truth about the world and reality. While the term was defined
Scientism
1944 book by Karl Popper
The Philosophy of Poverty (1846). The book is a treatise on scientific method in the social sciences. Popper defines historicism as “an approach to the
The_Poverty_of_Historicism
Epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper
accepted Hume's argument and the consequences of Duhem's thesis and insisted that there is no logical method for accessing empirical truth, no inductive rule
Critical_rationalism
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge through careful observation, rigorous skepticism, hypothesis testing, and experimental
Scientific_method
1909 book by Vladimir Lenin
true when it accurately reflects the facts. According to Lenin, absolute truth is possible, but our theories are often only relatively true. Scientific
Materialism and Empirio-criticism
Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism
American philosopher (born 1941)
his work on free logic and his introduction of the supervaluation semantics. In his paper "Singular Terms, Truth-value Gaps, and Free Logic", Van Fraassen
Bas_van_Fraassen
Metaphysical view that physical objects only exist as sensory stimuli
principle and thereby engaging in "ontological cheating": of positing truths without being able to account for the truthmakers of these truths. The criticism
Phenomenalism
Study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature
Literary Artifact Hans-Georg Gadamer: Truth and Method Paul Ricoeur: The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination, and Feeling Peter Szondi: On Textual
Literary_criticism
Philosophical doctrine
traditional statements of metaphysics, theology, ethics and aesthetics as meaningless in terms of conveying truth value or factual content, reducing them to emotive
Verificationism
Approach in political science
be verified by direct observation, preferably using statistical and quantitative methods. In doing so, it rejects attempts to study internal human phenomena
Behavioralism
English philosopher (1910–1989)
particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956). Ayer was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford,
A._J._Ayer
Sociological theory of society
specific method or system, such as Parsons, who is capable of taking equilibrium (stability) as a reference-point rather than assumption and treats structural
Structural_functionalism
Cultural and artistic movement
cannot 'know' and neither can we make metaphysical claims. Thus, modernism can be driven emotionally by the desire for metaphysical truths, while understanding
Modernism
Type of attempt to uncover truths
emotions and false beliefs, while focusing mainly on proven facts and evidence. It is often linked to observation as part of the scientific method. It is
Objectivity_(science)
Literary interpretation style that uses skepticism to expose hidden meaning
self-deceptive and that explicit content hides deeper meanings or implications. Hans-Georg Gadamer, in his 1960 magnum opus Truth and Method (German: Wahrheit
Hermeneutics_of_suspicion
Idea in the philosophy of science
and even when it does, it is not always the case that it spreads to the different parts in equal measure. Coherence theory of truth – Theory of truth
Confirmation_holism
Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue
The Socratic method is a form of argumentative dialogue in which an individual probes a conversation partner on a topic, using questions and clarifications
Socratic_method
Argentine-Canadian philosopher (1919–2020)
confidence who has lived his life guided by strong principles about truth, science, and justice" and one who is "[impatient] with muddy thinking". He became a centenarian
Mario_Bunge
1790 book by Immanuel Kant
Jacques Derrida is known to have studied the book extensively. In Truth and Method (1960), Hans-Georg Gadamer rejects Kantian aesthetics as ahistorical
Critique_of_Judgment
1951 philosophy article by Willard Van Orman Quine
between analytic truths and synthetic truths, explained by Quine as truths grounded only in meanings and independent of facts, and truths grounded in facts;
Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism
Part of the process of research design
social sciences, life sciences and physics, operationalization (or operationalisation) is the definition of a method to measure a phenomenon despite
Operationalization
Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
Truth and Method, translated by Joel Weinsheimer; Donald G. Marshall (2nd rev. ed.), New York: Continuum. Gilson, Etienne (1939), Thomist Realism and
Common_sense
knowledge of an object. Hans-Georg Gadamer, in his 1960 magnum opus Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode), offers perhaps the most systematic survey of
Hermeneutics_of_faith
American physicist (1882–1961)
the scientific method and on other aspects of the philosophy of science. The Bridgman effect, the Bridgman–Stockbarger technique, and the high-pressure
Percy_Williams_Bridgman
Empiricist philosophical theory
economics, historiography, and other fields of thought. Generally, positivists attempted to introduce scientific methods to their respective fields.
Positivism
American musical group
The Undisputed Truth was an American Motown recording act assembled by record producer Norman Whitfield to experiment with his psychedelic soul production
The_Undisputed_Truth
Methodology for social science research
Science: Concepts, methods and skills for research and intervention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gadamer, H. 1982. Truth and Method. New York: Crossroad
Action_research
Form of empiricism in philosophy of science
Constructive empiricism, logical positivism and instrumentalism agree that theories do not aim for truth about unobservables, which scientific realism
Constructive_empiricism
1960s political and philosophical dispute
and wherever the use of an induction method is not possible, it should be avoided. This leads to a sociology having a firm ground in observations and
Positivism_dispute
German philosopher, economist and socialist (1833–1921)
increased his enthusiasm for justice, truth, and trying to create a new unique approach to scholarship". He developed a method of working where his wife, Emilie
Eugen_Dühring
Concept in epistemology
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (2013). Truth and Method. Translated by Weinsheimer, Joel; Marshall, Donald G. (revised 2nd ed.). London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic
Fusion_of_horizons
scientific method 200 years before Renaissance scientists. Ibn al-Haytham described his theology: I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became
Relationship between science and religion
Relationship_between_science_and_religion
19th-century Polish literary and social science movement
and 1873 in Przegląd tygodniowy (The Weekly Review) and Prawda (Truth), they – often reluctantly and only partially – discarded the literary stylistics
Polish_Positivism
Austrian philosopher of science (1924–1994)
Mitchell, Sandra (2009). Unsimple Truths: Science, Complexity, and Policy. p. 108. Feyerabend, Paul K. (1993). Against Method (3 ed.). p. 131. Hickey, T. J
Paul_Feyerabend
In logic, a statement which is always true
finite and mechanical one: one needs only to evaluate the truth value of the formula under each of its possible valuations. One algorithmic method for verifying
Tautology_(logic)
Conditional statement which is true because the antecedent cannot be satisfied
In mathematics and logic, a vacuous truth is a conditional or universal statement (specifically a universal statement that can be converted to a conditional
Vacuous_truth
Information provided by direct observation
Ground truth is information that is known to be real or true, provided by direct observation and measurement (i.e. empirical evidence) as opposed to information
Ground_truth
Mathematical table used in logic
A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, Boolean functions, and propositional calculus—which
Truth_table
Construct in the philosophy of science
real?” and “Can you prove electrons are real?” were not legitimate questions, nor did they contain any great philosophical or metaphysical truths. Rather
Ramsey_sentence
Economics controversy
(German for "method dispute"), in intellectual history beyond German-language discourse, was an economics controversy commenced in the 1880s and persisting
Methodenstreit
Latin phrase
2007. Retrieved 13 February 2007. According to Hans-Georg Gadamer (Truth and Method, p. 502 of the 1989 revised English translation) there is evidence
Ad_fontes
British essayist, historian and politician (1737–1794)
1987). Levine, Joseph M. "Truth and Method in Gibbon's Historiography," in Levine, The Autonomy of History: truth and method from Erasmus to Gibbon (Chicago
Edward_Gibbon
Restorative justice tribunal in post-apartheid South Africa
restorative justice method (as employed by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission) as compared to the retributive justice method, of which the Nuremberg
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)
Movement in political science
neo-behaviouralism) was a reaction against the dominance of behavioralist methods in the study of politics. One of the key figures in post-behaviouralist
Post-behavioralism
School of thought in criminology
deemed "criminals" and those who were not, often without considering flaws in the label of what a “criminal” is. As the scientific method became the major
Positivist school (criminology)
Positivist_school_(criminology)
Philanthropy conception of meaning
denotation; message, content, information, or communication; truth conditions; usage, and the instructions for usage; measurement, computation, or operation
Meaning_(philosophy)
Method of reasoning via argumentation and contradiction
dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through
Dialectic
Ability of a person to regulate themselves with the use of reason
p. 28. Gadamer, Hans-George (1982). "Truth and Method". Crossroad: 7. Garver, Eugene (1987). Machiavelli and the History of Prudence. University of
Prudence
Former group of philosophers and scientists
the RAND Corporation and played an important role in the development of the Delphi method used for predicting future trends, and other early forms of
Berlin_Circle
Training and rehearsal techniques
Method acting, known as the Method, is a group of rehearsal techniques that seek to encourage sincere and expressive performances through identifying
Method_acting
Canadian philosopher (born 1955)
Grondin was awarded the Molson Prize. The influence of Gadamer and his magnum opus Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode; 1960) is apparent in much of Grondin's
Jean_Grondin
Process of choosing the actual true value for a data item
ranging from simple methods like majority voting to more complex ones able to estimate the trustworthiness of data sources. Truth discovery problems can
Truth_discovery
Tool for proving a logical formula
logics. It is the most popular proof procedure for modal logics. A method of truth trees contains a fixed set of rules for producing trees from a given
Method_of_analytic_tableaux
Image that the reader can get from the author by reading this text
and Film, 1990 (ISBN 0801497361) Gadamer, Hans-Georg, Wahrheit und Methode. Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik (in German) 1960, Truth and Method
Implied_author
Critical observation of science
conceptual (and not only formal) unification". In other words, science is begging the question when it presupposes that there is a universal truth with no
Criticism_of_science
TRUTH AND-METHOD
TRUTH AND-METHOD
Boy/Male
Sikh
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : nickname for someone with a deformed hand or who had lost one hand, from Middle English hand, Middle High German hant, found in such appellations as Liebhard mit der Hand (Augsburg 1383).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname from German Hand ‘hand’ (see 1).Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Flaithimh (see Guthrie), resulting from an erroneous association of the Gaelic name with the Gaelic word lámh ‘hand’. It is used as an English equivalent for several other names of Gaelic origin too, e.g. Claffey, Glavin, and McClave.Dutch : from a variant of hont ‘dog’, ‘hound’, either a derogatory nickname, or a habitational name for someone living at a house distinguished by the sign of a dog.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Portuguese
Nice
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Companion; friend; vision of beauty. In the Bible, Ruth the Moabitess was the great grandmother...
Surname or Lastname
English (West Midlands)
English (West Midlands) : nickname from Middle English trowthe, trouthe ‘good faith’, ‘loyalty’. By my troth was a common phrase emphasizing the veracity of an assertion, and the nickname may have been bestowed on someone who used it habitually or to excess.
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : topographic name from Old English land, Middle High German lant, ‘land’, ‘territory’. This had more specialized senses in the Middle Ages, being used to denote the countryside as opposed to a town or an estate.English : topographic name for someone who lived in a forest glade, Middle English, Old French la(u)nde, or a habitational name from Launde in Leicestershire or Laund in West Yorkshire, which are named with this word.Norwegian : habitational name from any of three farmsteads so named, from Old Norse land ‘land’, ‘territory’ (see 1 above).
Male
English
Unisex pet form of English Andrew and Andrea, ANDY means "man; warrior."
Female
Spanish
Portuguese and Spanish form of Latin Anna, ANA means "favor; grace."Â Compare with another form of Ana.
Female
Serbian
(Bulgarian and Serbian Ðна): Bulgarian and Serbian form of Greek Hanna, ANA means "favor; grace."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Truth and Knowledge
Female
Norwegian
Danish and Norwegian form of Greek Hanna, ANE means "favor; grace."
Girl/Female
Australian, Dutch
Loving and Musical
Surname or Lastname
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a maker of hoops and bands, etc., from Middle English band, bond, Middle High German, Middle Low German bant, German Band denoting something used for tying or binding: ‘hoop’, ‘metal band’, ‘fetter’, ‘shackle’.Old spelling of the Dutch cognates Bant, Bande, from Middle Dutch bant ‘band’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English reuthe ‘pity’ (a derivative of rewen to pity, Old English hrÄ“owan) nickname for a charitable person or for a pitiable one. The personal name Ruth was little used in England in the Middle Ages among non-Jews, and is unlikely to have had any influence on the surname.Swiss German : from a short form of any of the Germanic personal names formed with hrÅd ‘renown’ (see Rode).
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Seeker of Source
Female
Finnish
Estonian and Finnish pet form of Greek Hanna, ANU means "favor; grace."
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, Scottish, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : topographic name for someone who lived on patch of sandy soil, from the vocabulary word sand. As a Swedish or Jewish name it was often purely ornamental.Dutch and Belgian : reduced form of Van den Sand(e), Van den Zande, a habitational name from places such as Zande in West Flanders or various minor places named with zand ‘sand’.English and Scottish : from a short form of Alexander.French : from a Germanic personal name, Sando.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Earth
Boy/Male
Hindu
Wind
Female
Danish
, compassion, grace; and, prayers.
TRUTH AND-METHOD
TRUTH AND-METHOD
Boy/Male
German
Noble leader.
Girl/Female
Danish, German, Indian, Tamil
Intelligent; Beautiful; Nicely
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Horse; Indian Cuckoo
Boy/Male
Welsh
Worthy lord. Derived from 'ior' and 'gwerth'. Legendary son of Maredudd.
Girl/Female
Indian
Elevated, Lofty, Incomparable
Boy/Male
Tamil
Comeing from the kerva tree
Surname or Lastname
English (of Welsh origin)
English (of Welsh origin) : variant of Maddox.
Boy/Male
Native American
Black kettle.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Full of Happiness
Boy/Male
Tamil
Quiet, Soundless
TRUTH AND-METHOD
TRUTH AND-METHOD
TRUTH AND-METHOD
TRUTH AND-METHOD
TRUTH AND-METHOD
n.
The practice of speaking what is true; freedom from falsehood; veracity.
n.
Conformity to rule; exactness; close correspondence with an example, mood, object of imitation, or the like.
a.
Truth; reality.
adv.
Of each; an equal quantity; as, wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), / ij., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces.
n.
Truth.
n.
Truth; reality.
conj.
If; though. See An, conj.
n.
One who loves the truth.
v. t.
To assert as true; to declare.
n.
One who tells the truth.
n.
Righteousness; true religion.
n.
A true thing; a verified fact; a true statement or proposition; an established principle, fixed law, or the like; as, the great truths of morals.
n.
Truth; verity; veracity; as, by my troth.
n.
Fidelity; constancy; steadfastness; faithfulness.
n.
The act of prevaricating, shuffling, or quibbling, to evade the truth or the disclosure of truth; a deviation from the truth and fair dealing.
n.
That which is part fable and part truth; a mixture of truth and fable.
n.
The quality or being true; as: -- (a) Conformity to fact or reality; exact accordance with that which is, or has been; or shall be.
pl.
of Truth
n.
That which is true or certain concerning any matter or subject, or generally on all subjects; real state of things; fact; verity; reality.
n.
Truth.