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1656 political book by James Harrington
The Commonwealth of Oceana (/oʊˈsiːənə/ oh-SEE-ə-nə), published in 1656, is a seminal work of political philosophy by the English politician and essayist
The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana
English political theorist (1611–1677)
best known for The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656), an exposition of an ideal republican constitution, based on Aristotle's theories of constitutional stability
James_Harrington_(author)
Topics referred to by the same term
York City MV Oceana, a cruise ship SS Oceana (1887), an ocean liner Oceana Publications, an American legal publisher The Commonwealth of Oceana, a 1656 political
Oceana
Revolution in Iran from 1978 to 1979
The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement
Iranian_Revolution
American Founding Father and polymath (1706–1790)
of the Founding Fathers of the United States; a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence; and the first postmaster general. Born in the Province
Benjamin_Franklin
1789–1799 sociopolitical change in France
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the Coup of 18
French_Revolution
Holiday in North Macedonia
proclaimed; The First Session of ASNOM of 1944 at the Prohor Pčinjski Monastery, during the National Liberation Struggle, which laid the foundation of the SR Macedonia
Republic Day (North Macedonia)
Republic_Day_(North_Macedonia)
Client state of France during the French Revolutionary Wars
sœʁ] ) were satellite states of the French Republic set up in the territories captured by the victorious French Army during the French Revolutionary Wars;
Sister_republic
Roman statesman and lawyer (106–43 BC)
and commonwealth has been preserved from destruction by me. ProQuest 1296296031 Clayton, Edward (2022). "Cicero (106–43 BC)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Cicero
English military and political leader (1599–1658)
politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, Cromwell ruled as
Oliver_Cromwell
Philosophical work by Plato around 375 BC
the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work, and one of the world's most influential works of philosophy
Republic_(Plato)
Political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic
republicanism was the influential ideology. After the establishment of the Commonwealth of Two Nations, republicans supported the status quo, of having a very
Republicanism
Predecessor state of the Netherlands (1581–1795)
The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, also known as the United Provinces (of the Netherlands), and referred to in historiography as the Dutch
Dutch_Republic
Form of government
the Romans used the term res publica. Notably, during The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell the word commonwealth was the most common term to call the new
Republic
Multi-volume historical work by David Hume
set out his proposals in the essay Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth, which is a reworking of The Commonwealth of Oceana by the 17th-century visionary James
The_History_of_England_(Hume)
Criticism of the monarchical form of government or a specific monarchy
through The Commonwealth of Oceana in 1656. Harrington argued that the sovereignty must naturally follow economic influence, and that monarchy was the result
Criticism_of_monarchy
English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)
during the War of American Independence. Locke lived through the tumultuous political era of the English Civil War and Commonwealth of England after the execution
John_Locke
Civil unrest in Paris, France
that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic. It sparked the wave of revolutions of 1848. The revolution
French_Revolution_of_1848
Maoist insurgency in Nepal (1996–2006)
The Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) was a protracted and countrywide armed conflict in the then Kingdom of Nepal between the Kingdom's rulers and the Communist
Nepalese_Civil_War
Florentine statesman, diplomat, and political theorist (1469–1527)
He worked as secretary to the second chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He would be expelled
Niccolò_Machiavelli
1788 essay collection by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
Publius to promote the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. The papers themselves came to be known collectively as the Federalist Papers
The_Federalist_Papers
Division of a state's government into branches
"the right to direct how the force of the commonwealth shall be employed" (Second Treatise, § 143), while executive power entailed the "execution of the
Separation_of_powers
1762 book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract, originally published as On the Social Contract; or, Principles of Political Right (French: Du contrat social; ou, Principes du droit
The_Social_Contract
Concept in political philosophy
the social contract is an idea, theory, or model that usually, although not always, concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual
Social_contract
City-state on the Italian Peninsula (1115–1569)
The Republic of Florence (Old Italian: Republica di Fiorenza; contemporary Italian: Repubblica di Firenze), also known as the Florentine Republic (Latin:
Republic_of_Florence
Opposition to monarchism in Japan
The Japanese Communist Party demanded the abolition of the emperor system. They boycotted the formal opening of the National Diet in 1949 because of Emperor
Anti-monarchism_in_Japan
Republic formed of workers' councils
republic in which the government is formed of soviets (workers' councils) and politics are based on soviet democracy. During the Revolutions of 1917–1923, various
Soviet_republic
Member of the French revolutionary political movement known as the Jacobin Club
member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution (1789–1799). The club
Jacobin_(politics)
Venezuelan statesman and military officer (1783–1830)
who led what are currently the countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela to independence from the Spanish Empire. He is known
Simón_Bolívar
Form of government
system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives." Eugene Volokh of the UCLA
Democratic_republic
Public holiday commemorating the founding of modern Turkey
the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. The annual celebrations start at 1:00 pm on 28 October and continue for 35 hours. The holiday
Republic_Day_(Turkey)
Irish republican politician (born 1948)
politician who was the president of Sinn Féin from 1983 to 2018. He was a Teachta Dála for Louth from 2011 to 2020 and a Member of the Northern Ireland
Gerry_Adams
Iranian conservative ideology
the ideas and practices of Khomeini himself, Khomeinism may also refer to the ideology of the clerical class which has ruled the Islamic Republic of Iran
Khomeinism
British politician
journalist, and trade unionist. He became the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Gateshead Central and Whickham at the 2024 general election. Ferguson grew
Mark_Ferguson_(politician)
Federation of states or territories with a republican form of government
federation of states with a republic as a form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government
Federal_republic
National holiday of Nepal
commemorates the date on which the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal took place on 28 May 2008, which ended the 240-year reign of the Shah kings
Republic_Day_(Nepal)
Italian maritime republic (1099–1797)
The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast. During
Republic_of_Genoa
Iranian holiday
the national day and a public holiday in Iran. It marks the day that the results of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum were announced. The results
Iranian_Islamic_Republic_Day
National day of India
into the two new independent dominions of the British Commonwealth. Without a standalone constitution, its laws were based on the Government of India
Republic_Day_(India)
Overthrow of the German Empire
the stage for the establishment of the Weimar Republic. The revolution was sparked by the hardships suffered by the German people during the war, the
German revolution of 1918–1919
German_revolution_of_1918–1919
Type of personal rule
reverently, of that mortal god to which we owe, under the immortal God, our peace and defence. Harrington, James (1656). "The Commonwealth of Oceana". Retrieved
Rule_of_man
Work of intellectual history by J. G. A. Pocock
Machiavelli--the Machiavelli of the Discourses--among the moderns." In the 1656 The Commonwealth of Oceana, James Harrington retained armed militancy as secondary
The_Machiavellian_Moment
1833 text by Alexis de Tocqueville
influence on society. In the United States the majority governs in the name of the people, as is the case in all the countries in which the people is supreme
Democracy_in_America
List of events
tract The Commonwealth of Oceana. The Musaeum Tradescantianum catalogue (the first such in England) Musæum Tradescantianum: or, A Collection of Rarities
1656_in_England
Political ideology
of the British Empire, later the Commonwealth of Nations, republicanism has taken a variety of forms. In Australia, the debate between republicans and
Modern_republicanism
together with the right on socially conservative foundations, because of the threat of a radical left communist revolution; Communists felt that the social democrats
Republic_without_republicans
Latin phrase meaning "first among equals"
needed] In the federal Commonwealth realms in which King Charles III is head of state as constitutional monarch, a governor-general is appointed by the King-in-Council
Primus_inter_pares
Scottish politician (born 1988)
Tourism and Transport since 2026. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), he has been Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Aberdeen Deeside
Stephen_Flynn
Political structure in South Asia
Gana-Rajya (Tribal State) was a type of tribe and clan structure of aristocratic republics in ancient India.[dead link] The word gaṇa (/ˈɡʌnə/; Sanskrit: गण)
Gaṇasaṅgha
Ancient Greek historian and politician of the 2nd century BC
historian of the middle Hellenistic period. He is noted for his Histories, a universal history documenting the rise of Rome in the Mediterranean in the third
Polybius
Form of government
admitted as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. In the case of many republics in the Commonwealth of Nations, it was common for the Sovereign, formerly
Parliamentary_republic
Government combining elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy
The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of government
Mixed_government
Coup that overthrew Prince Norodom Sihanouk
The 1970 Cambodian coup d'état (Khmer: រដ្ឋប្រហារឆ្នាំ១៩៧០, French: Coup d'État de 1970) was the removal of the Cambodian Chief of State, Prince Norodom
1970_Cambodian_coup_d'état
National holiday in Iceland commemorating independence from Denmark (17 June 1944)
Þjóðhátíðardagurinn, the day of the nation's celebration) is an annual holiday in Iceland which commemorates the foundation of The Republic of Iceland on 17
Icelandic_National_Day
English-born philosopher and author (1737–1809)
giving the commonwealth an equal chance. Paine was strongly opposed to fiat money, which he viewed as counterfeiting by the state. He said "The punishment
Thomas_Paine
Imaginary community with desirable qualities
political philosopher James Harrington (1611–1677), author of the utopian work The Commonwealth of Oceana, published in 1656, inspired English country-party republicanism
Utopia
Set of essays by Thomas Paine
the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base, it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke's attack in Reflections on the Revolution
Rights_of_Man
British politician (born 1948)
prominence as deputy leader of Liverpool City Council in the 1980s and was a member of the Trotskyist Militant group. Hatton attended the Liverpool Institute
Derek_Hatton
1755 treatise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (French: Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes), also commonly
Discourse_on_Inequality
English philosopher (born 1964)
lecturer at the University of East Anglia from 1994 to 1996 and at the University of Manchester 1996 to 1998. In 1998, she moved to the University of Dundee:
Sophie_Grace_Chappell
1797 work on morals and politics by Immanuel Kant
The Metaphysics of Morals (German: Die Metaphysik der Sitten) is a 1797 work of political and moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant. It is also Kant's last
Metaphysics_of_Morals
Arab socialist and nationalist political ideology
the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second president. Spanning the domestic
Nasserism
Italian patriot and general (1807–1882)
New York for the last time in November 1853. He sailed the Commonwealth to London, and then to Newcastle upon Tyne for coal. The Commonwealth arrived on
Giuseppe_Garibaldi
English actress and politician (1936–2023)
first shown in an edition of This Cultural Life in October 2022, followed by the 2019 drama Elizabeth Is Missing. Commonwealth honours Chancellor, visitor
Glenda_Jackson
Policy of tolerance towards Jews in Commonwealth-era England
his book The Commonwealth of Oceana). Overall the strongest political group of the 1640s and '50s, the English Puritans, had a negative view of toleration
Resettlement of the Jews in England
Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England
Work of political history and philosophy by Machiavelli (c. 1517)
The Discourses on Livy (Italian: Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, lit. 'Discourses on the First Ten of Titus Livy') is a work of political
Discourses_on_Livy
British politician (born 1960)
State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and also served as PPS to Digby, Lord Jones, Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and
Andy_Slaughter
Commemoration in the Philippines
as a commonwealth beginning in 1935. Between 1941 and 1945 during the Second World War, the Empire of Japan occupied the Islands; the Commonwealth government-in-exile
Republic_Day_(Philippines)
Concept of a self-governing polity or entity made up of and/or by peasants
that were not under the rule of the king of Sweden yet, as well as in Iceland where the Icelandic Commonwealth serves as an example of an unusually large
Peasant_republic
Dialogue on Roman politics by Cicero
publica" is translated into Commonwealth, hence Treatise on the Commonwealth is a possible translation of the title (the major translation by G.H. Sabine
De_re_publica
Spanish Republican; Prime Minister & President (1880–1940)
Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1933 and 1936), organizer of the Popular Front in 1935 and the last President of the Republic (1936–1939)
Manuel_Azaña
Founding ideology of the Turkish Republic
based on the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first president of the Turkey. Its symbol is the Six Arrows (Altı Ok). Turkey during the Atatürk
Kemalism
Italian referendum on their monarchy
since the unification of Italy in 1861 and previously rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1922, the rise of Benito Mussolini and the creation of the Fascist
1946 Italian institutional referendum
1946_Italian_institutional_referendum
English writer and philosopher (1759–1797)
Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38, leaving behind
Mary_Wollstonecraft
National holiday of Niger
of the Republic and creation of the Presidency of the Republic of Niger, following the constitutional changes of the French Fifth Republic, and the elections
Republic_Day_(Niger)
Political movement to replace the United Kingdom's monarchy with a republic
after the king's subsequent execution in 1649, Parliament was the only source of power in the newly renamed Commonwealth of England, though the form of this
Republicanism in the United Kingdom
Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom
National holiday of Kazakhstan
celebrating the declaration of sovereignty of the Kazakh SSR from the Soviet Union. In the waning days of Soviet rule, individual republics of the Soviet Union
Republic_Day_(Kazakhstan)
French journalist and politician (1757–1794)
prominent figure of the French Revolution. The founder and editor of the radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne, he was the chief spokesman for the Parisian sans-culottes
Jacques_Hébert
President of Mexico from 1858 to 1872
served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in 1872. A Zapotec, he was the first Indigenous president of Mexico and the first democratically
Benito_Juárez
British politician (born 1932)
the "Beast of Bolsover", Skinner belonged to the Socialist Campaign Group of Labour MPs. He was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Labour
Dennis_Skinner
British politician (born 1948)
(born 3 July 1948) is a British former Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ealing North from 1997 to 2019. His father, Pelham
Stephen_Pound
British philosopher (born 1962)
philosopher. He is best known as a populariser of philosophy, having written a number of books in the genre, but he has also written academic works in
Nigel_Warburton
Title used by some republican states
people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former Russian Empire, which had collapsed in 1917 as a result of the Russian Revolution
People's_republic
History of governments with elected representatives
Republic of Salé (1619–1668) Catalan Republic (September 1640–December 1641) Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764) Commonwealth of England (1649–1660) Regency of Algiers
List_of_republics
This list of blue plaques is an annotated list of people or events in the United Kingdom that have been commemorated by blue plaques. The plaques themselves
List_of_blue_plaques
Type of administrative division similar to a province or state
of administrative division similar to a province or state. A significant number of autonomous republics can be found within the successor states of the
Autonomous_republic
French jurist, historian, and political philosopher (1689–1755)
philosopher. He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also
Montesquieu
1640 poem by James Howell
is speculated to have been an influence on James Harrington's The Commonwealth of Oceana. Bibliographer Albrecht von Haller was tricked into including
Dodona's_Grove
British politician (born 1960)
politician who was the leader of the Green Party of England and Wales from 2003 to 2006, 2007 to 2012, and from 2016 to 2018. She was Member of Parliament (MP)
Caroline_Lucas
Idea that the people are the source of all power
sovereignty is the principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political
Popular_sovereignty
Iraqi military coup in 1958
the toppling of King Faisal II and the overthrow of the Hashemite-led Kingdom of Iraq. The Iraqi Republic established in its wake ended the Hashemite Arab
14_July_Revolution
Political movement seeking independence in Ireland
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had republican aspects. However, as noted by Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich, the first ever document proposing a republic of Ireland
Irish_republicanism
Coup d'état which led to the establishment of the Portuguese Republic
The 5 October 1910 Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução de 5 de outubro de 1910) was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese monarchy and its replacement
5_October_1910_revolution
Military overthrow of King Farouk
Documents of the World. Vol. 1. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-379-00794-7. Archives, The National (2022-03-17). "The National
Egyptian_revolution_of_1952
abolishing the influence of the monarchy of a colonising state is considered part of decolonisation. In many Commonwealth realms, the monarchy may be viewed
Abolition_of_monarchy
Commonwealth of Oceana. John Evelyn, An Essay on the First Book of T. Lucretius Carus de Rerum Natura, translation and commentary. Thomas Hobbes, the expanded
1656_in_philosophy
Street and land use plan for Savannah, Georgia
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977. Harrington, James. The Commonwealth of Oceana. Tutis Digital Publishing Pvt Ltd. 2008. Originally published
Oglethorpe_Plan
Political situation in which everyone is subject to the law
(ed.). The Oceana and other works (3 ed.). London: Millar. p. 37 (Internet Archive: copy possessed by John Adams). Locke, John. Second Treatise of Civil
Rule_of_law
Annual observance in North Korea
September. The Day of the Foundation of the Republic is one of the most important holidays of the country, along with the Day of the Sun (birthday of Kim Il
Day of the Foundation of the Republic
Day_of_the_Foundation_of_the_Republic
Sea-based city-states on the Italian peninsula and Dalmatia during the Middle Ages
some of the better known cities. Uniformly scattered across the Italian peninsula, the maritime republics were important not only for the history of navigation
Maritime_republics
travel, tourism, insurance
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Swedish
Gift of God; Bold People; Courageous People; Form of Theodore; Divine Gift
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
King Henry IV, Part 1' Earl of March. Scroop.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : variant of Tye.
Boy/Male
American, German, Hebrew, Indian, Spanish
Name of Lord Shiva / Vishnu; Jehovah Increases; Abbreviation of Jose; God will Add
Female
German
Pet form of German Kätharina, KÄTHE means "pure."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Gift of God
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
Male
English
Short form of English Theodore, THEO means "gift of God," and other names beginning with Theo-.
Boy/Male
English
From the enclosure.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THI means "poem."
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name TSE means "rock."
Female
Greek
 Short form of Greek and Latin Dorothea, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Girl/Female
Greek American
Goddess; godly. Also as abbreviation of names like Althea and Dorothea. The mythological Thea was...
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THU means "autumn."
Female
English
 Pet form of English Theodora, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Surname or Lastname
English (Hampshire and the Isle of Wight)
English (Hampshire and the Isle of Wight) : habitational name from a place on the Isle of Wight named Brading, from Old English brerd ‘hillside’ + -ingas ‘dwellers at’, i.e. ‘(settlement of) the dwellers on the hillside’.
Biblical
Ecclesiasticus or the Sirach = Joshua, Joshua, saviour, or whose help is Jehovah Jehovah, I am; the eternal living one Jehovah, self-subsisting
Male
African
second-born of twin brothers.
Girl/Female
Finnish, German, Greek
Gift of God
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
THE COMMONWEALTH-OF-OCEANA
prep.
Denoting the agent, or person by whom, or thing by which, anything is, or is done; by.
prep.
During; in the course of.
prep.
Denoting the material of which anything is composed, or that which it contains; as, a throne of gold; a sword of steel; a wreath of mist; a cup of water.
prep.
Denoting reference to a thing; about; concerning; relating to; as, to boast of one's achievements.
prep.
Denoting part of an aggregate or whole; belonging to a number or quantity mentioned; out of; from amongst; as, of this little he had some to spare; some of the mines were unproductive; most of the company.
prep.
Denoting identity or equivalence; -- used with a name or appellation, and equivalent to the relation of apposition; as, the continent of America; the city of Rome; the Island of Cuba.
prep.
In a general sense, from, or out from; proceeding from; belonging to; relating to; concerning; -- used in a variety of applications; as:
prep.
Denoting nearness or distance, either in space or time; from; as, within a league of the town; within an hour of the appointed time.
n.
A state; a body politic consisting of a certain number of men, united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form of government and system of laws.
prep.
Denoting that from which anything proceeds; indicating origin, source, descent, and the like; as, he is of a race of kings; he is of noble blood.
prep.
Denoting that by which a person or thing is actuated or impelled; also, the source of a purpose or action; as, they went of their own will; no body can move of itself; he did it of necessity.
prep.
Denoting relation to place or time; belonging to, or connected with; as, men of Athens; the people of the Middle Ages; in the days of Herod.
n.
Commonwealth.
n.
The whole body of people in a state; the public.
n.
a general assembly of the people to consider and order matters of the commonwealth; also, a local court.
v. i.
See Thee.
n.
Specifically, the form of government established on the death of Charles I., in 1649, which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, ending with the abdication of the latter in 1659.
n.
The state thus governed, as the Hebrew commonwealth before it became a kingdom.
prep.
Denoting possession or ownership, or the relation of subject to attribute; as, the apartment of the consul: the power of the king; a man of courage; the gate of heaven.
adv.
By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; -- used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform.
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