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Arguments against income taxation in the United States
Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments are assertions that the imposition of the U.S. federal income tax is illegal because the Sixteenth Amendment
Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments
Tax_protester_Sixteenth_Amendment_arguments
Tax protester arguments are arguments made by people, primarily in the United States, who contend that tax laws are unconstitutional or otherwise invalid
Tax_protester_arguments
Someone who refuses to pay a tax claiming it is invalid
section of the tax code; see the Tax protester arguments article for an overview). Law Professor Allen D. Madison has described tax protesters as "those who
Tax_protester
Person who resists paying U.S. taxes
taxpayer Tax choice Tax resistance Tax protester constitutional arguments Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments David F. Burg. A World History of Tax Rebellions:
Tax protester history in the United States
Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States
1913 amendment
The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Arguments that U.S. federal income tax violates the U.S. Constitution
Tax protesters in the United States advance a number of constitutional arguments asserting that the imposition, assessment and collection of the federal
Tax protester constitutional arguments
Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments
Statutory argument used by tax protesters in the United States
taxes. Rather, petitioner has raised only the tired, discredited arguments which are characterized as tax protester rhetoric. A petition to the Tax Court
Tax_protester_861_argument
Form of taxation in the United States
income tax since the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1913, and 42 U.S. states impose state income taxes. Income taxes are levied
Income tax in the United States
Income_tax_in_the_United_States
2006 American film
ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, has upheld this argument. See tax protester arguments about taxation of labor
America:_Freedom_to_Fascism
1985 book by William J. Benson and Martin J. "Red" Beckman
the Sixteenth Amendment, and had been determined to be insignificant. (See Tax protester constitutional arguments.) Arguments that the Sixteenth Amendment
The_Law_that_Never_Was
Supreme law of the United States
February 3, 1913, with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, Congress gained the authority to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states
Constitution of the United States
Constitution_of_the_United_States
Government revenue systems at all levels
"No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be Laid unless in proportion to the Census ..." The Sixteenth Amendment provided that "Congress shall have
Taxation_in_the_United_States
Provision of the United States Constitution
ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913. The text of the amendment was clear in its aim: The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on income
Taxing_and_Spending_Clause
Non-profit education and research organization
People Congress, Inc. Tax protester arguments Tax protester constitutional arguments Tax protester statutory arguments Tax protester history We The People
We_the_People_Foundation
Tax paid directly to the government by the person on whom it is imposed
taxpayer's argument—that because of the Sixteenth Amendment, wages were not taxable—was rejected by the Court; taxpayer's argument that an income tax on wages
Direct_tax
Tax on an entity's holdings of assets
178, 45–2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶10,239 (1945). Jensen, Erik M. (2004) "Interpreting the Sixteenth Amendment (By Way of the Direct-Tax Clauses)" 21 Const
Wealth_tax
Higher tax on richer sources
Act of 1861, which had imposed a flat income tax of 3% on annual incomes above $800. The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted
Progressive_tax
Range of legal and illegal activities that reduce tax paid
taxpayer’s argument – that because of the Sixteenth Amendment, wages were not taxable – was rejected by the Court; taxpayer’s argument that an income tax on wages
Tax_noncompliance
American building contractor and activist (1902–1993)
direct levy or tax upon the income of the people, but that Federal tax legislation enacted after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment had given rise
Arthur_Porth
American lawyer (1949–2012)
raised in his motions for dismissal have been repeatedly coined as tax protester arguments. On December 26, 2007, Cryer instituted a civil suit against the
Tom_Cryer
Tax deduction in the United States
The first permanent income tax was established by the Revenue Act of 1913, after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
State_and_local_tax_deduction
1920 United States Supreme Court case
the shareholder was not income to the shareholder under the Sixteenth Amendment. An income tax that was imposed by the Revenue Act of 1916 on such a dividend
Eisner_v._Macomber
1991 United States Supreme Court case
reversed the conviction of John L. Cheek, a tax protester, for willful failure to file tax returns and tax evasion, who was convicted again during retrial
Cheek_v._United_States
Ban on alcohol from 1920 to 1933
They pushed the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. President Herbert Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague
Prohibition in the United States
Prohibition_in_the_United_States
American businesswoman (1896–1975)
other aspects of income tax in the United States. She was also a fervent supporter of voting reform and the Equal Rights Amendment. Born in Des Moines, Iowa
Vivien_Kellems
American political activist (1954–2022)
Constitution provided for a federal income tax, and posed the tax protester argument that the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was never
Michael_Badnarik
(died 2010) was a tax protester who was imprisoned after having been convicted on twenty-nine counts of United States federal tax crimes. Simkanin owned
Richard_Michael_Simkanin
Political powers reserved for U.S. states
period, a federal income tax was imposed, first during the Civil War as a war measure and then permanently with the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913. Before this
States'_rights
First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. It was proposed following the often bitter 1787–88
United_States_Bill_of_Rights
annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "The Sixteenth Amendment," The Revolution, April 29, 1869, p. 266. Quoted
Women's suffrage in the United States
Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States
American legal scholar (born 1952)
propose amendments has been called for. The amendments, summarized by number below, would: Disallow federal income taxes (repeal Sixteenth Amendment), as
Randy_Barnett
president of the American Woman Suffrage Association. 1869: The Anti-Sixteenth Amendment Society is formed. 1870: The Utah Territory grants suffrage to women
Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States
Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States
U.S. presidential administration from 1909 to 1913
approve the amendment, and later that month Secretary of State Knox declared that the United States had ratified the Sixteenth Amendment. After Taft left
Presidency of William Howard Taft
Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft
Clause of the United States Constitution
(when the House protests on Origination Clause grounds) Taxing and Spending Clause (authorizes Congress to levy taxes) Sixteenth Amendment (expands ability
Origination_Clause
U.S. state
reputation as a low-tax state and is usually ranked as one of the five states with the lowest tax burden on residents. Despite being low-tax, it is ranked third
Tennessee
Chief Justice of the United States from 1888 to 1910
Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895) ruled a federal income tax to be unconstitutional; the Sixteenth Amendment later superseded the decision. Fuller's opinion in
Melville_Fuller
in competition with its citizens. Repeals the Sixteenth Amendment, income tax, estate tax, and gift tax, and limits the government only to Constitutionally
Political positions of Ron Paul
Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul
Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, extended power of taxation to include income taxes. The Nineteenth, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-sixth amendments
Powers of the United States Congress
Powers_of_the_United_States_Congress
1890s–1920s US political reform movement
income tax with the Sixteenth Amendment, direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth Amendment, prohibition of alcohol with the Eighteenth Amendment, election
Progressive_Era
President of the United States from 1865 to 1869
pattern for the remainder of his presidency. Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In
Andrew_Johnson
U.S. presidential administration from 1913 to 1921
states. Following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, Democratic leaders agreed to attach an income tax provision to their tariff reduction bill
Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson
U.S. presidential administration from 1861 to 1865
progressive tax structure and those who favored a flat tax. The act established a five percent tax on incomes greater than $600, a ten percent tax on incomes
Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln
Division of powers between national, state, tribal and local governments
near the end of dual federalism's lifespan, both the Sixteenth and the Seventeenth Amendment bolstered the power of the national government, and divided
Federalism in the United States
Federalism_in_the_United_States
Government system where political power lies with the people
(1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the
Democracy
Phase of U.S. party politics, c. 1896–1932
federal board. Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 removed constitutional doubt about a federal income tax, allowing tariffs to become a less
Fourth_Party_System
Prime Minister of India since 2014
Kashmir. The same year it introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, prompting widespread protests and spurring the 2020 Delhi riots in which Muslims were
Narendra_Modi
Government of Gujarat (2001–2014)
Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations of communalism. Tax breaks and land for businesses were easier to obtain
Chief ministership of Narendra Modi
Chief_ministership_of_Narendra_Modi
American politician and jurist (born 1947)
the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court of Alabama rejected each of these arguments as well, and ruled on April 30, 2004, that
Roy_Moore
U.S. state
Alabama was home to many native tribes. It was a Spanish territory from the sixteenth century until the French acquired it in the early eighteenth century.
Alabama
Fifteenth Amendment enfranchised black men. NWSA refused to work for its ratification, arguing, instead, that it be "scrapped" in favor of a Sixteenth Amendment
Feminism_in_the_United_States
U.S. state
state income tax, in a 73–44 vote. If approved, the amendment would have allowed the state legislature to impose a graduated income tax based on annual
Illinois
new constitutional amendments – the Sixteenth through Nineteenth – resulted from progressive activism, bringing the federal income tax, direct election
History_of_the_United_States
1954–1968 U.S. social movement
Following the American Civil War (1861–1865), the three Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery and granted citizenship to
Civil_rights_movement
American politician (1865–1940)
become the Sixteenth Amendment. Borah also had a hand in the other constitutional amendment to be ratified in 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment, providing
William_Borah
English lawyer and judge (1552–1634)
profoundly influenced the Third and Fourth amendments to the United States Constitution while necessitating the Sixteenth. The surname "Coke", or "Cocke", can
Edward_Coke
English charter of freedoms made in 1215
of Magna Carta, dividing the Charter into 37 numbered clauses. The mid-sixteenth century funerary monument Sir Rowland Hill of Soulton, placed in St Stephens
Magna_Carta
American politician, statesman, and Nobel Laureate (1845–1937)
tax amendment, which was ratified as the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution: It is said that a very large part of any income tax under
Elihu_Root
President of the United States from 1909 to 1913
constitutional amendment, which passed both houses in early July, was sent to the states, and by 1913 was ratified as the Sixteenth Amendment. In the conference
William_Howard_Taft
Principle to separate religious and civil institutions
First Amendment, the following was said: August 15, 1789. Mr. [Peter] Sylvester [of New York] had some doubts. … He feared it [the First Amendment] might
Separation of church and state
Separation_of_church_and_state
King of England from 1509 to 1547
("The Kynges Ballade"). It is also frequently said that Henry wrote the sixteenth-century English folk song "Greensleeves". However, it is certain he did
Henry_VIII
Principle or practice of not causing harm to others
Discourse on Voluntary Servitude (sixteenth century) and P.B. Shelley's The Masque of Anarchy (1819) contain arguments for resisting tyranny without using
Nonviolence
American politician (1902–2003)
from the Treasury Department and increased taxes on wine. On May 26, 1999, the Senate voted on an amendment to a spending bill exonerating Husband E. Kimmel
Strom_Thurmond
Literary and art genre with a style of humor based on parody
found to be in breach of the new amendment can face 2–5 years imprisonment. As of June 2018, the Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body)
Satire
new revenues generated by the federal income tax (bolstered by the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913) made tariffs much less important in
Protectionism in the United States
Protectionism_in_the_United_States
Period of Thai history
tax collector system. Both the British and the Americans sent their delegates (Brooke and Balestier) to Bangkok in 1850 to propose treaty amendments but
Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)
Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782–1932)
Island in the Mediterranean and region of Italy
fifteenth century the construction of the church of San Francesco and in the sixteenth century of the cathedral began. Renaissance architecture, although poorly
Sardinia
American politician (1792–1868)
his attention on defeating the Confederacy, financing the war with new taxes and borrowing, crushing the power of slave owners, ending slavery, and securing
Thaddeus_Stevens
Social community of South Asia
according to Vaidya) and the "great Rajput tradition" that started in sixteenth-century Rajasthan instead "raise the question of similarities between
Rajput
Chief Justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941
Nationally, because of Hughes's opposition to the Adamson Act and the Sixteenth Amendment, most former Progressive Party leaders endorsed Wilson. By election
Charles_Evans_Hughes
Americans of Mexican ancestry
in the United States. Although its origins can be traced back to the sixteenth century, the bulk of Mexican American literature dates from post-1848
Mexican_Americans
American minister and civil rights activist (1929–1968)
scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are
Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
State in Northeast India
Kanak Lal, An Early History of Kamarupa, From the Earliest Time to the Sixteenth Century, Guwahati: Lawyers Book Stall Barua, Kanak Lal, Studies in the
Assam
Hostility or prejudice towards Catholics
"Blaine Amendments", forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools. In 2002, the United States Supreme Court partially vitiated these amendments, when
Anti-Catholicism
U.S. state
Andalucia and a Way to the Orient: the American Southeast During the Sixteenth Century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 278. ISBN 0-8071-1552-5
Florida
Distortion of historical record
documents, because these documents run counter to their arguments; again, they amend their arguments, if this is the case, or, indeed, abandon them altogether
Historical_negationism
Soldier who fights for hire
etc. On 18 August 2006, the US Comptroller General rejected bid protest arguments that the United States Army contracts violated the Anti-Pinkerton
Mercenary
Country in East Africa
by Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 138/1998, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 254/2001, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 321/2003
Ethiopia
of two amendments to the United States Constitution. The Sixteenth Amendment authorized a federal income tax, while the Seventeenth Amendment, ratified
History of the United States (1865–1917)
History_of_the_United_States_(1865–1917)
1944 Clark lectures by C. S. Lewis; Lewis, English Literature in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1954) p. 1, OCLC 256072 Carlton, Charles (2011). This
History_of_England
Ownership of people as property
Retrieved February 6, 2021. "The 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution". National Constitution Center – The 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Retrieved
Slavery
Country in the Horn of Africa
states such as Aussa, Tadjourah and Rahayto. The Oromo invasion in the sixteenth century caused the most severe social and economic disruption to the Muslim
Djibouti
President of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022
the country's tax system in an effort to make the country's tax system fairer, simpler, and more efficient. In December 2017, he signed Tax Reform for Acceleration
Rodrigo_Duterte
name was and remains important because the Act was not a constitutional amendment and did not change the name of the state. If it had purported to do so
Names_of_the_Irish_state
Culturally recognised union between people
Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-61643-809-8. The Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century were unwilling to call marriage a sacrament because they did not
Marriage
property taxes for farmers and homeowners, the state income tax, and chain store taxes, tavern reform, ratification of a child labor amendment, and a state
History_of_Minnesota
Month in 1909
for women's suffrage and an example for protestors ever since. The proposed Sixteenth Amendment (income tax) passed the U.S. Senate unanimously, 77–0
July_1909
April 1866, Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment, and Johnson again vetoed it, but a two-thirds majority in each chamber
History of civil rights in the United States
History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States
US Supreme Court justice from 1890 to 1910
vote.) The Pollock decision, which was in effect overruled by the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, has conventionally been condemned as unfaithful
David_J._Brewer
Country in South Asia
Anuradhapura period. The Portuguese Empire established a colony in the sixteenth century, during a period of political upheaval in the Kingdom of Kotte
Sri_Lanka
are none. The English term 'atheist' was used at least as early as the sixteenth century and atheistic ideas and their influence have a longer history
History_of_atheism
Islamic law
would receive, while for all other non-Muslim males the proportion is one-sixteenth. Fatwa issued 14 February 1989 I would like to inform all the intrepid
Sharia
Country within the United Kingdom
ruling against the argument. Following the Supreme Court decision, the Scottish Government stated that it wished to make amendments to the Scotland Act
Scotland
Social stratification conferring status
14–16. ISBN 978-971-550-261-0. Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press
Caste
Country in South America
relations. Protests started on 28 April 2021 when the government proposed a tax bill that would greatly expand the range of the 19 percent value-added tax. The
Colombia
National trade union center in Turkey
DİSK and TÜRK-İŞ organised street protests, HAK-İŞ joined them at a press conference against the bill, and the amendment was withdrawn. Birelma calls it
Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions
Confederation_of_Turkish_Trade_Unions
Philippine presidential administration from 2016 to 2022
He initiated liberal economic reforms, including reforming the country's tax system. He also established freedom of information under the executive branch
Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte
Yusuf Fadl (1967). The Arabs and the Sudan: from the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century. Edinburgh U.P. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-85224-023-6. Morgan, Robert
History of slavery in the Muslim world
History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world
British Radical and Liberal statesman (1811–1889)
which raised food prices and protected landowners' interests by levying taxes on imported wheat. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846. Bright also worked
John_Bright
resistance were articulated by Scots, particularly George Buchanan, in the sixteenth century, but James VI of Scotland advanced the theory of the divine right
History of the constitution of the United Kingdom
History_of_the_constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom
in the Americas. Indeed, West Africans scarcely figured at all in the sixteenth-century English agenda for the New World." Wood, Origins of American Slavery
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States
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TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
TAX PROTESTER-SIXTEENTH-AMENDMENT-ARGUMENTS
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