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Suite of system components for Linux
systemd is a software suite for system and service management on Linux built to unify service configuration and behavior across Linux distributions. Its
Systemd
Device manager for the Linux kernel
that allows access to device information; it was incorporated into the systemd 183 software bundle. User space daemon udevd that manages the virtual /dev
Udev
UEFI boot manager
systemd-boot is a free and open-source boot manager, previously known as gummiboot. gummiboot was developed by the Red Hat employees Kay Sievers and Harald
Systemd-boot
Linux distribution
rolling-release Linux distribution based on Arch Linux that avoids using systemd, instead allowing users to choose between OpenRC, runit, s6, and dinit
Artix_Linux
Linux message-oriented middleware
such as GDBus (GNOME), QtDBus (Qt/KDE), dbus-java and sd-bus (part of systemd). D-Bus is an inter-process communication (IPC) mechanism initially designed
D-Bus
Resource limit method in Linux
other software that uses cgroups, such as Docker, Firejail, LXC, libvirt, systemd, Open Grid Scheduler/Grid Engine, and Google's developmentally defunct
Cgroups
UNIX system component
more modern init system, with most employing the init provided by the systemd project. Some distributions have elected to create their own System V-init
Init
Event-based Linux init daemon
Upstart was placed in maintenance mode, and other init daemons, such as systemd, were recommended in place of Upstart. Ubuntu moved away from Upstart with
Upstart_(software)
Computer program that runs as a background process
or systemd, the super-server daemon will perform those functions for the process, except for old-style daemons not converted to run under systemd and
Daemon_(computing)
Bootstrap: Building from source all the way down". guix.gnu.org. "End of systemd support". Hyperbola Project. 5 August 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
Comparison of Linux distributions
Comparison_of_Linux_distributions
Desktop environment for Linux and BSD
though XWayland. In May 2011 Lennart Poettering proposed systemd as a GNOME dependency. As systemd is available only on Linux, the proposal led to a discussion
GNOME
German software engineer
original author of PulseAudio, Avahi and systemd. Interview with LCA TV interview with Poettering about systemd at linux.conf.au (Perth, Australia); 2014-01
Lennart_Poettering
Family of Unix-like operating systems that use the Linux kernel
include the following: A bootloader, for example GNU GRUB, LILO, SYSLINUX or systemd-boot. This is a program that loads the Linux kernel into the computer's
Linux
Patched software backdoor
system, it alters the behavior of OpenSSH's SSH server daemon by abusing systemd, allowing an attacker with a specific Ed448 private key to gain administrator
XZ_Utils_backdoor
Computer programmer
programmer, best known for developing the udev device manager of Linux, systemd and the Gummiboot EFI bootloader. Kay Sievers made major contributions
Kay_Sievers
Independent distribution developed entirely by volunteers
pkgsrc and other BSD ports collections. In 2014, Void Linux switched from systemd to runit. In May 2018, the project was moved to a new website and code
Void_Linux
Value identifying a user account in Unix and Unix-like operating systems
range 65000–65533. Systemd defines a number of special UID ranges, including 60001-60513: UIDs for home directories managed by systemd-homed 61184-65519
User_identifier
Linux distribution based on Debian
alternative init systems to avoid lock-in by systemd. Devuan offers sysvinit, runit and OpenRC as alternatives to systemd. With the release of Debian 8, some developers
Devuan
Mode of operation in computer operating systems
used in the Version 7 Unix was first replaced by runlevels and then by systemd states on most major distributions. After the Linux kernel has booted,
Runlevel
Scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor
default window manager of KaOS, which abandoned KDE Plasma in order to avoid Systemd. List of display servers § Wayland Officially all lowercase, as: niri niri-wm/niri
Niri
Protocol to run DNS queries using TLS
configuration changes. systemd-resolved is a Linux-only implementation that can be configured to use DNS over TLS, by editing /etc/systemd/resolved.conf and
DNS_over_TLS
Multi-stage initialisation process of operating system
runlevel. systemd is a modern alternative to SysV init. Like init, systemd is a daemon that manages other daemons. All daemons, including systemd, are background
Booting_process_of_Linux
System configuration file for disk partitions
findmnt), but it's not limited to them — it is also processed by systemd via systemd-fstab-generator for automatic mounting during boot. The fstab file
Fstab
Lightweight systemd free Linux distribution
less powerful x86-based systems. Unlike Debian, antiX does not use the systemd init system; instead, it provides an ISO image in which Runit is set as
AntiX
Binary file format
wrapper like Debian-based distributions binfmt-support package or systemd's systemd-binfmt.service. An executable file type can be added by writing a
Binfmt_misc
Feature of multi-user operating systems
straight forward solution to elegant multi-seat are kmscon/systemd-consoled in combination with systemd-logind. The available desktop environments such as GNOME
Fast_user_switching
Linux distribution
allocator is regarded as somewhat slow Dinit as the init system, instead of systemd FreeBSD userland tools, rather than GNU coreutils turnstile, a work in
Chimera_Linux
Login system for Unix and Unix-like operating systems
manager synonymously. systemd, an init daemon for Linux, has an integrated login manager; its login daemon is called logind. systemd's login manager is a
Login_manager
Fatal system error screen
on Windows". Stellar. Retrieved February 14, 2025. "Release systemd v255 · systemd/systemd". GitHub. Retrieved December 11, 2023. "Add tool to display
Blue_screen_of_death
Partition used by Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
other hand, FAT32 is always expected on fixed drives. GRUB 2, elilo and systemd-boot serve as conventional, full-fledged standalone UEFI boot managers
EFI_system_partition
Userspace virtual console for Linux operating system
fork maintained by Aetf since 2011. There was a successor project called systemd-consoled, but that project was later dropped in July 2015. Kmscon supports
Kmscon
Networking protocol for clock synchronization
implementation was sponsored by the Linux Foundation. systemd-timesyncd is the SNTP client built into systemd. It is used by Debian since version "bookworm"
Network_Time_Protocol
Web-based server administration software
Linux, CentOS, Debian, OpenSUSE, Arch Linux, and Ubuntu. Cockpit uses systemd to configure and monitor parts of the system, firewalld for the firewall
Cockpit_(software)
Any file that contains a reference to another file or directory
than other symbolic links. Dangling symlinks are intentionally created by systemd as key-value data storage when the value is small enough. The symlink name is
Symbolic_link
Free general-purpose operating system
release, evaluating options such as systemd, Upstart, and OpenRC. The decision, made in February 2014 in favor of systemd, sparked debate within the community
Debian
Protocol
Server 2008, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10. It is also implemented by systemd-resolved on Linux. LLMNR is defined in RFC 4795 but was not adopted as
Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution
Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution
Utility to manage DNS resolver configuration in Unix-like systems
by systemd-resolved on modern operating systems, which provides a stub resolver in addition to managing resolv.conf. Fedora Linux switched to systemd-resolved
Resolvconf
Operating system for mobile devices
Android is an operating system developed by Google, designed primarily for smartphones and tablets (touchscreen-based mobile devices originally; later
Android_(operating_system)
Fedora OS release dates
GNU Compiler Collection 4.6 Responsibility for booting is taken up by Systemd LLVMpipe replacing Mesa software rasterizer Inclusion of BoxGrinder software
Fedora_Linux_release_history
Computer feature
time instead of UTC by automatically processing the /etc/adjtime file. systemd can be used to wake a system and run a task at a specific time. In Microsoft
Real-time_clock_alarm
Software deployment system for Linux by Canonical
developed by Canonical for operating systems that use the Linux kernel and the systemd init system. The packages, called snaps, and the tool for using them, snapd
Snap_(software)
System call of the Linux kernel
systemd, readahead binary (as part of the boot sequence) was replaced by systemd-readahead. However, support for readahead was removed from systemd in
Readahead
Feature for a Linux environment in Windows
WSL as a Windows Store app Version Comment 0.47.1 First version 0.67.6 systemd support 1.0.0 Generally available; Windows 10 support
Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux
Disk encryption software
system to be unlocked using a touch screen. For systems running systemd, the systemd-homed component can be used to encrypt individual home directories
Linux_Unified_Key_Setup
Linux standard for directory structure
to resort to workarounds, such as using /dev/.udev, /dev/.mdadm, /dev/.systemd or /dev/.mount directories, even though the device directory is not intended
Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard
General-purpose programming language
PCRE PROJ Quartz 2D Raylib Redland RDF S2n-tls Setcontext SFML SDL SQLite systemd Tk VDPAU Vorbis VTD-XML Win32 API Wimlib Windows.h WolfSSH WolfSSL X Toolkit
C_(programming_language)
Purely functional package manager for the GNU system
uses to extend the base operating system in a defined way. In contrast to systemd, a userspace shepherd process runs as the user. Central to the Shepherd
GNU_Guix
Technologies for automatic network connection configuration
includes Microsoft's own implementation of LLMNR. Systemd implements both mDNS and LLMNR in systemd-resolved. Where no DHCP server is available to assign
Zero-configuration_networking
Rolling release Linux distribution
is now enabled by default in the installation process. The migration to systemd as its init system began in August 2012, and it became the default on new
Arch_Linux
Linux distribution
December 2021. "Release Announcements". Nixos.org. Retrieved 2023-12-09. "Systemd branch merged". Nixos.org. Retrieved 2025-10-15. "Frequently Asked Questions
NixOS
Configuration file for Domain Name System resolver
utility resolvconf. In systemd based Linux distributions using systemd-resolved.service, /etc/resolv.conf is a symlink to /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv
Resolv.conf
Mid-weight family of operating systems
both Wayland and X11 sessions available. All releases are available with Systemd. The Xfce, Xfce-AHS, and Fluxbox releases are also available in sysVint
MX_Linux
Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox
GNU Core Utilities, and systemd, respectively. This makes Alpine one of the few Linux distributions not to be based on systemd. For security, Alpine compiles
Alpine_Linux
Feature of the Linux kernel that partitions kernel resources
the init system systemd uses namespaces to secure system services. Directives such as PrivateNetwork=yes or PrivateTmp=yes in a systemd service file instruct
Linux_namespaces
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
process, process 1. root 1 0.0 0.2 37140 20440 ? Ss 04:44 0:18 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize=53 rhgb $ kill -s SIGKILL 1
Bash_(Unix_shell)
History of the Ubuntu operating system
2015. With this release, systemd became the default init implementation, replacing Upstart. Though Shuttleworth dislikes systemd, the change was made due
Ubuntu_version_history
Hash functions
since 3.11) Raku Ruby (SipHash 1-3) Swift Rust Operating systems Linux systemd OpenBSD FreeBSD OpenDNS WireGuard The following programs use SipHash in
SipHash
Component of UNIX systems
followed by the command intended to be executed (with root permission). Systemd provides an alternate interface to polkit called run0. The polkitd daemon
Polkit
Type of daemon generally run on Unix-like systems
first connection to the sub-daemon). inetd launchd systemd ucspi-tcp xinetd Lennart, Poettering. "systemd for Developers I". Pid Eins. Retrieved 26 April
Super-server
Free and open-source operating system for smartphones, based on Alpine Linux
the maintainers announced that postmarketOS would migrate from OpenRC to systemd as its init system for select user interfaces. As of 2025, it is work-in-progress
Nura_(operating_system)
Free and open-source software distribution
able to build their products on top of the Mer core. There is support for systemd, Wayland, Hybris, and other current FOSS software. Zephyr is an attempt
Mer_(software_distribution)
Linux software utility
Data deduplication Flatpak InterPlanetary File System SquashFS zsync "systemd/casync". Retrieved 9 May 2018. "The casync filesystem image distribution
Casync
Linux distribution
based on Arch Linux since version 6.0. Starting with version 6.0, it has systemd as its init system. For more recent versions, a 64-bit processor is required
SystemRescue
Issues concerning use of operating systems which use Linux
controversy with the project's perspective on security and the adoption of systemd by leading Linux distributions. Critics of Linux on the desktop have frequently
Criticism_of_Linux
Ubuntu or Debian-based Linux distribution
but with a 'functional logind' from systemd. LMDE 3 (named Cindy) completed the switch from sysvinit to systemd. It was based on Debian Stretch and was
Linux_Mint
Linux distribution
compilation of its system components, and uses systemd as its primary init system, with tight integration between systemd and various Container Linux's internal
Container_Linux
Init scheme and service supervisor for UNIX-like systems
for: Artix Linux (Arch based) Devuan (Debian based derivative without systemd, since version 3.1.0) Gentoo Linux Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre (Arch and
Runit
Software security mechanism
Linux kernel seccomp, cgroups and namespaces features. Notably used by Systemd, Google Chrome, Firefox and Firejail. Android was one of the first mainstream
Sandbox_(computer_security)
Way of using computer memory
D., Mozilla Firefox, ... System components init daemon: OpenRC, runit, systemd, ... System daemons: polkitd, smbd, sshd, udevd, ... Windowing system:
User_space_and_kernel_space
Firewall management software
listing required Kernel helper modules. The syntax resembles that of systemd's service files. A simple service file for a web server listening on TCP
Firewalld
Free Unix-like operating system kernel
distributions bundle the kernel with system software (e.g., the GNU C Library, systemd, and other Unix utilities and daemons) and a wide selection of application
Linux_kernel
Topics referred to by the same term
adapt quickly and improvise to solve problems. System D or systemd may also refer to: systemd, a computer startup system for Linux Système D, an album by
System_D_(disambiguation)
Finnish and American software engineer (born 1969)
points clear, has drawn criticism from Intel programmer Sage Sharp and systemd developer Lennart Poettering, among others.[failed verification] On Sunday
Linus_Torvalds
List of software distributions using the Linux kernel
Stahie, Silviu (28 November 2014). "Fork Debian Project Announces the Systemd-less OS Devuan". Softpedia. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014
List_of_Linux_distributions
service?, Google Code Help, accessed December 15, 2010. "Systemd-journal-gatewayd.service". "systemd-journal-remote.service". www.freedesktop.org. "IETF Mesh
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
Userspace virtual filesystem software for the GNOME desktop environment
system, the Linux kernel notices and sends out an event to user-space. systemd-udevd receives such events and responds to them according to its quite
GVfs
Type of operating system service management
feature-complete Linux init Monit runit Supervisor: A Python implementation s6: Low-level process and service supervision Systemd "Runit - benefits".
Process_supervision
Init system for Unix-like computer operating systems
"OpenRC - ArchWiki". wiki.archlinux.org. Retrieved 2025-07-21. "Adding systemd for PostmarketOS". Retrieved 2025-06-13. "Project rebrand". Nura. Retrieved
OpenRC
Relationship between software
init system systemd is based on a set of configurations that declare the dependencies of the modules to be started: at boot time systemd analyzes all
Transitive_dependency
Arbiter on a node in a packet switching communication network
packet scheduler uses a FIFO implementation called pfifo_fast, although systemd since its version 217 changes the default queuing discipline to fq_codel
Network_scheduler
Linux distribution
Internacional Software Livre (Porto Alegre, Brazil). On 5 August 2017, support for systemd was dropped in favor of OpenRC as its default init system to support the
Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre
Linux distribution
additional device drivers. OpenELEC 4.0 also switched its init system to systemd. In March 2016, OpenELEC was forked after "creative differences", taking
OpenELEC
Linux distribution based on Arch Linux offering only free software
06-pre-complete parabola-armv7h-systemd-cli-2020.02-image parabola-x86_64-systemd-cli-2022.04-netinstall parabola-i686-systemd-cli-2024.02[needs update] Repository
Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre
Operating system distribution
is based on Fedora 28, upstream Linux kernel 4.18, GCC 8.2, glibc 2.28, systemd 239, GNOME 3.28, and the switch to Wayland. The first beta was announced
Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
Computer operating mode, often used for repair or troubleshooting
startup key combinations". Apple Support. Retrieved 2025-05-11. "systemd.special". systemd documentation. "What is a runlevel?". Retrieved November 17, 2010
Single-user_mode
Debian-based Linux distribution
considering to change from Debian to Devuan, mainly because of problems with systemd. As of 21 January 2019, the Parrot team has begun to phase out the development
Parrot_OS
Free and open-source mobile operating system based on LineageOS
/e/ (also known as /e/ OS and /e/OS, formerly Eelo) is a fork of LineageOS, an Android-based mobile operating system, and associated online services. /e/
/e/_(operating_system)
Type of Linux installation
Linux distributions: Gentoo Linux Source Mage GoboLinux CRUX "Version 13.1-systemd". 1 September 2026. Retrieved 3 September 2026. "iii. LFS Target Architectures"
Linux_from_Scratch
Operating system based on the Linux kernel
components. Commonly, it includes a package manager, an init system (such as systemd, OpenRC, SysVinit, or runit), GNU tools and libraries, documentation, Internet
Linux_distribution
German funder of open source software
430 RubyGems & Bundler: €668,400 Samba: €688,800 Sequoia PGP: €900,000 systemd: €455,000 WireGuard: €209,000 Yocto Project: €759,000 In 2025, the Hans
Sovereign_Tech_Agency
GNU version of the Emacs text editor
method for Google Drive. New single-line horizontal scrolling mode. A systemd user unit file is provided. Support for 24-bit colors on capable text terminals
GNU_Emacs
Network Time Protocol implementation
has included an SNTP client and server based on OpenNTP. systemd-timesyncd – A Linux and systemd specific client implementation of SNTP. Precision Time
Ntpd
Web page displayed to new users of a network
options and IPv6 NDP router advertisements. RFC 8910 was implemented in systemd-networkd v254 in July 2023. NetworkManager discussions have also explored
Captive_portal
Configuration file format
flavour. freedesktop.org *.desktop entries are written in an INI flavour. systemd *.service unit configuration files are written in INI. Netatalk's afp.conf
INI_file
Program that emulates a video terminal
/etc/inittab or by an X display manager. A number of Linux distributions use systemd instead of init, which also allows virtual console configuration. Typical
Terminal_emulator
"Thales Vormetric Data Security Platform" (PDF). IBM. "Journal File Format". systemd.io. Retrieved 2025-08-03. "Ion Binary Encoding". Retrieved 2025-08-07.
List_of_file_signatures
resigned as a result of controversies around the migration of Debian to systemd.[failed verification] Wichert Akkerman is a Dutch computer programmer who
List of Debian project leaders
List_of_Debian_project_leaders
Linux distribution developed by Canonical
the newest upstream Linux kernel available at release time, and uses the systemd service manager. Is offered as certified, optimised images on AWS, Microsoft
Ubuntu
Design language and theme of the GNOME desktop environment
Ryan (May 25, 2011). "First look: Fedora 15 arrives with GNOME 3.0 and systemd". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 2, 2022. Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (May
Adwaita_(design_language)
Real-time observability platform
Nagios plugins and custom scripts. For log management, Netdata uses the systemd journal format as a unified storage backend. A tool called log2journal
Netdata
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