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Ecology of ice and snow
These briny channels and the sea ice itself have its ecology, referred to as "sympagic ecology". Residents of temperate or tropical climates often assume
Sympagic_ecology
Study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in the arctic
These briny channels and the sea ice itself have its ecology, referred to as "sympagic ecology". Residents of temperate or tropical climates often assume
Arctic_ecology
Outcome of seawater as it freezes
including bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. These sympagic organisms form the base of food webs. Ice algae, in particular, are a critical
Sea_ice
Algal communities in sea ice, lake ice or terrestrial glacier ice
abundant algae, bacteria and protozoa. Algae in particular dominate the sympagic environment, with estimates of more than 1000 unicellular eukaryotes found
Ice_algae
Species of fish
sea ice. It is hypothesized that juveniles that have hatched late remain sympagic to avoid predation from adult Arctic cod and competition from other juvenile
Boreogadus
Class of bacteria
Marchandon G, et al. (February 2019). "Bacterial community structure in a sympagic habitat expanding with global warming: brackish ice brine at 85-90 °N"
Flavobacteriia
Large flightless seabird endemic to Antarctica
strategies is to dive to around 50 m (160 ft), where it can easily spot sympagic fish like the bald notothen (Pagothenia borchgrevinki) swimming against
Emperor_penguin
Frozen water; the solid state of water
water freezes, the ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria, algae, copepods and annelids. In turn, they
Ice
TEP concentrations were found under arctic sea ice, probably released by sympagic algae. TEP is efficiently recycled in the ocean, as heterotrophic grazers
Transparent exopolymer particles
Transparent_exopolymer_particles
Salt water trapped in sea ice
surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic sea ice". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 243 (1): 55–80. Bibcode:2000JEMBE
Sea_ice_brine_pocket
Groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice
surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic sea ice". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 243 (1): 55–80. Bibcode:2000JEMBE
Sea_ice_microbial_communities
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