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Tradition of Islamic mystic writing
Sufi literature consists of works in various languages that express and advocate the ideas of Sufism. Sufism had an important influence on medieval literature
Sufi_literature
This Persian influence flooded South Asia with Islam, Sufi thought, syncretic values, literature, education, and entertainment that has created an enduring
Sufism_in_India
1968 book by Idries Shah
Publication place United Kingdom Media type Print Pages 104pp ISBN 978-0-900860-00-3 OCLC 29632 Preceded by Caravan of Dreams Followed by The Way of the Sufi
Reflections_(Shah)
Philosophy in Sufism
that early Sufi literature, in the form of manuals, treatises, discourses and poetry, became the source of Sufi thinking and meditations. Sufi philosophy
Sufi_philosophy
1964 book on Sufism by Idries Shah
The Sufis is one of the best known books on Sufism by the writer Idries Shah. First published in 1964 with an introduction by Robert Graves, it introduced
The_Sufis
Order of Sufism
Rifa'iyya and Tijaniyya. Sufi orders can have sub-orders within them, such as the Ashrafiyya, named after the 13th century illustrious Sufi saint Ashraf Jahangir
Tariqa
Mystic practices in Islam
Arabic term Sufi has been used in Islamic literature with a wide range of meanings by both proponents and opponents of Sufism. Classical Sufi texts, which
Sufism
Sufi tradition in Sindh
abundance of Sufi literature produced in Sindh throughout history. Abdullah Shah Ghazi was a Muslim mystic and one of the earliest Sufis in Sindh who
Sufism_in_Sindh
Book
Dara Shukoh, translated from Sanskrit into Persian, c. 1657. After years of Sufi learning, Dara Shukoh sought to uncover a common mystical language between
Sirr-i-Akbar
book on the subject, The Sufis. Whereas The Sufis eschewed academic norms such as footnotes and an index, The Way of the Sufi provided a full section of
The_Way_of_the_Sufi
Parable illustrating ontological reasoning
of 1st millennium CE or before. The story also appears in 2nd millennium Sufi and Baháʼí Faith lore. The tale later became well known in Europe, with 19th-century
Blind_men_and_an_elephant
1978. The tales, anecdotes and narratives in this collection are used in Sufi schools for the development of insights beyond ordinary perceptions. Although
The_Hundred_Tales_of_Wisdom
Fusus al-Hikam (Arabic: فصوص الحکم, literally The Bezels of Wisdom), also known by the English title The Wisdom of the Prophets, is the work of the Andalusian
Fusus_al-Hikam_(book)
Sufi text on comparative religion
"The Confluence of the Two Seas" or "The Mingling of the Two Oceans") is a Sufi text on comparative religion authored by Mughal Shahzada Dara Shukoh as a
Majma-ul-Bahrain
Book by Idries Shah
stories, anecdotes and jokes drawn from Middle Eastern folklore and the Sufi mystical tradition, which feature the populist Middle Eastern philosopher
The Pleasantries of the Incredible Mulla Nasrudin
The_Pleasantries_of_the_Incredible_Mulla_Nasrudin
1966 folk story collection by Idries Shah
purported birth in the 13th century in what is now modern Turkey. Masters in the Sufi mystical tradition have used these anecdotes and jokes as teaching stories
The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin
The_Exploits_of_the_Incomparable_Mulla_Nasrudin
12th century Persian poem by Farid ud-Din Attar
"Book of God" or "Book of the Divine") is a 12th century Persian poem by the Sufi apothecary-poet Farid ud-Din Attar (c. 1145–1221). It is made of roughly
Ilāhī-Nāma
Written texts in the Persian language
poetry have been utilized by various Sufi and non-Sufi poets. Notable prose texts in Persian mystic literature include Kimiya-yi sa'ādat, Asrar al-Tawhid
Persian_literature
16th century Awadhi epic
extant text among the important works in Awadhi. A famous piece of Sufi literature from the period, it relates an allegorical fictional story about Delhi
Padmavat
disseminated over a 40-year period specifically for people who wished to absorb Sufi patterns of thought and behaviour in the way that he suggested was appropriate
Seeker_After_Truth
12th-century literary work by Al-Ghazali
Bidayat al Hidayah (transl. The Beginning of Guidance; Arabic: بداية الهداية ) was written by Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī during his last
The_Beginning_of_Guidance
16th-century Sufi poem from India
Indian Sufi love poem, written in 1545 by Mir Sayyid Manjhan Shattari Rajgiri. The poem is written in Awadhi dialect. "Gulshan-i 'Ishq", a 1657 Sufi poem
Madhumalati
1968 Sufi book by Idries Shah
Octagon Press as part of his presentation of traditional Eastern teachings and Sufi ideas for contemporary society. New editions of the book were published in
Caravan_of_Dreams_(book)
1994 book by Idries Shah
publications, Learning How to Learn – Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way and Knowing How to Know. "The Commanding Self" (Arabic Nafs-ul-Amara
The_Commanding_Self
2016 book by Idries Shah
interpretation by later ideologists." He also uses illustrations taken from the Sufi mystical tradition; for instance, Al-Ghazali's tale of the "Seven Valleys"
The Elephant in the Dark (book)
The_Elephant_in_the_Dark_(book)
Manuscript of Ibn Arabi's Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya
al-Makkiyya". Visualizing Sufism : studies on graphic representations in Sufi literature (13th to 16th century). Giovanni Maria Martini. Leiden, The Netherlands:
Konya_Manuscript
collection of stories, parables, legends and fables gathered from classical Sufi texts and oral sources spanning a period from the 7th to the 20th centuries
Tales_of_the_Dervishes
Persian poem by Sufi poet Attar
الطیور Maqāmāt-uṭ-Ṭuyūr; 1177) is a Persian poem, in the mathnawi form, by Sufi poet Farid ud-Din Attar, commonly known as Attar of Nishapur. The title is
The_Conference_of_the_Birds
Story occurring in Christian, Muslim and Jewish traditions
and Zulaikha. It became a classical example and the most famous version of Sufi interpretation of Qur’anic narrative material. Jami's example shows how a
Yusuf_and_Zulaikha
1998 book by Idries Shah
previous publications Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way and The Commanding Self. Some of the themes addressed in the book include
Knowing_How_to_Know
14-century book by Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya
Al-Waabil as-Sayyib min al-Kalim at-Tayyib (Arabic: الوابل الصيب من الكلم الطيب ) is a book by Islamic scholar Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya. The book describes
Al-Wabil_al-Sayyib
Book by Shah Abdul Latif
Shah Jo Risalo (Sindhi: شاھ جو رسالو) is a book of poems of the Sindhi Sufi mystic and poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Shah Abdul Latif's poetry was transmitted
Shah_Jo_Risalo
1969 book by Idries Shah
Wisdom of the Idiots is a book of Sufi teaching stories by the writer Idries Shah first published by the Octagon Press in 1969. A paperback edition was
Wisdom_of_the_Idiots
Persian mystical poem by Farid ud-Din Attar
the Christian maiden" is a Persian mystical poem written by the Persian Sufi poet Farid ud-Din Attar. "Shaykh San'an" is the longest story in The Conference
Shaykh Sanan and the Christian maiden
Shaykh_Sanan_and_the_Christian_maiden
Ancient Arabic love story
popularity of the legend has influenced Middle Eastern literature, especially Sufi writers, in whose literature the name Layla refers to their concept of the Beloved
Layla_and_Majnun
written during 1421-1434 AD, by Fakhruddin Nizami of Bidar. It contains a Sufi tale designed to describe the soul's present state and its liberation, in
Kadam_Rao_Padam_Rao
Arabic-language collection of supplicatory prayers and litanies
litanies attributed to Mir Syed Ali Hamadani (1314–1384 CE), a prominent Sufi saint, scholar, and missionary of the Kubrawiya order. Known as Shah-e-Hamadan
Awraad-ul-Fatehah
Indian Sufi saint Naqshbandi order (1583–1651)
regarded as a descendant of the Ahl al-Bayt and is widely known in Sufi literature for his spiritual connection with the Chishtiyya through the saint
Ameer_Abul_Ula
Book by the Persian poet Jami
Baharestan, (in Persian: بهارستان), (pronounced as Bahārestān or Bahaarestaan) (meaning the land of spring, the spring orchard or the spring garden), is
Baharestan_(book)
13th-century philosophical work by Ibn Sab'in
Science 2.1. The aim of the divine knowledge 2.1.2. The Ancients 2.1.3. The Sufis 2.1.4. The Greeks 2.2. The premises of the divine knowledge 2.2.1. On the
Sicilian_Questions
Canadian Islamic studies scholar (born 1980)
Tokat Institute. His research interests include Arabic and Persian Sufi literature, Islamic philosophy, Qur’anic exegesis, translation theory, and cross-cultural
Mohammed_Rustom
Treatise on Sufism by al-Hujwiri
village, Greater Khorasan) are especially mentioned in the book. He met many Sufis during his travels, although he followed the Junaidia order of Junayd Baghdadi
Kashf_al-Mahjub
Collection of Persian poems attributed to Mir Syed Ali Hamadani
forty Persian ghazals attributed to Mir Syed Ali Hamadani (1314–1384 CE), a Sufi saint and scholar of the Kubrawiya order, known as Shah-e-Hamadan in Kashmir
Chahal_Asrar
10th-century literary work by Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
composed this work—detailing the lives of ascetics, devout worshippers, and Sufis, and transmitting their aphorisms on religious and ethical life—in order
Hilyat_al-Awliya'
1978 book by the writer Idries Shah
Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way is a book by the writer Idries Shah that was first published by Octagon Press in 1978
Learning_How_to_Learn
Hagiography of the Sufi shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili
al-safa, is a Persian hagiography of the Sufi shaykh Safi-ad-Din Ardabili (1252–1334), founder of the Safaviya sufi order. The Safvat as-safa was written
Safvat_as-safa
Large collection of poems by Rumi
(دیوان شمس تبریزی), is a collection of poems written by the Persian poet and Sufi mystic Rumi. A compilation of lyric poems written in the Persian language
Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi
Persian biographical book by Farīd al-Dīn 'Aṭṭar
Tazkerat-ol-Owliya, Tezkereh-i-Evliā etc. – is a hagiographic collection of ninety-six Sufi saints (wali, plural awliya) and their miracles (karamat) authored by the
Tazkirat_al-Awliya
Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh
language's greatest pieces of literature, including recorded forms of orally-transmitted folk tales; as well as Sufi literature, including Shah Jo Risalo
Sindhi_language
Islamic and Sufi concept
There are four central ideas in Sufi Islamic psychology, which are the Nafs (self, ego or psyche), the Qalb (heart), the Ruh (spirit), and the 'Aql (intellect)
Sufi_psychology
Persian poetic work on Sufism by Rumi
of Islamic wisdom, but primarily focuses on emphasizing inward personal Sufi interpretation. In contrast to Rumi's Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi, the Masnavi
Masnavi
wheresoever you be” “Let him who desires to sit with God sit with the Súfís” The Merchant and the Parrot which gave him a message to the parrots of
List of stories in the Masnavi
List_of_stories_in_the_Masnavi
1970 book by Idries Shah
Dermis Probe is a collection of teaching stories and proverbs drawn from Sufi tradition. The book also contains a section of supporting notes; "These notes
The_Dermis_Probe
Early-13th century fairy tales by Amir Khusro
his death.[citation needed] Legend has it that Amir Khusro's mentor and Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya had fallen ill. To cheer him up, Amir Khusro started
The Tale of the Four Dervishes
The_Tale_of_the_Four_Dervishes
Term in Sufism
Dhawq (Arabic: ذوق, "taste") is a concept in Sufi mysticism that refers to the direct, inner experience of spiritual reality. While the term appears in
Dhawq
Republic of Turkey, banned the Sufi orders in 1925. Iranian reformer Ahmad Kasravi participated in burning Sufi literature. Though Sufism has declined in
Persecution_of_Sufis
Sufi saints or wali (Arabic: ولي, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) played an instrumental and foregrounding role in spreading Islam throughout the world. In the
List_of_Sufi_saints
Persian tragic romance by Nizami Ganjavi
rhetoric and poetic atmosphere of this tradition, with the absence of the Sufi influences, which are seen in Nizami's epic poetry. According to the Encyclopædia
Khosrow_and_Shirin
Work by Al-Hakim_al-Tirmidhi
Khatim al-Awliya' (Arabic: خاتم الأولياء, ALA-LC: Khatim al-Awliyāʼ, 'The Seal of the Saints') is a work by al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi. It was authored around
Khatim_al-Awliya'
Maliki fiqh book by Ibn Ashir
Matn Ibn Ashir or Al-Murshid al-Mu'een is a Maliki fiqh book written by Ibn Ashir (1582 – 1631 CE) for learning Islam in North Africa. Abd al-Wahid ibn
Al-Murshid_al-Mu'een
Muslim Sufi saint and mystic
it was written, it has been held up as one of the masterpieces of Sufi literature. Jili conceived of the Absolute Being as a Self, a line of thinking
Abd_al-Karim_al-Jili
Islamic term for the spiritual ecstasy
measured recitation, signing or chanting of spiritual verses or poetry. Sufi literature describes wajd as "states which come upon the heart unexpectedly."
Wajd
Heavenly beings who directly attend to God
Gallorini, Louise. THE SYMBOLIC FUNCTION OF ANGELS IN THE QURʾĀN AND SUFI LITERATURE. Diss. 2021. p. 125. Schöck, Cornelia (1996). "Die Träger des Gottesthrones
Cherub
12th century Persian work about the Sufi mystic Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khay
Mysteries of Unification") is a book of 12th century Persian literature about the Sufi mystic Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr. Thought to be written by Muhammad
Asrar_al-Tawhid
Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam
The Naqshbandi order (Persian: نقشبندیه) is a major Sufi order within Sunni Islam, named after its 14th-century founder, Baha' al-Din Naqshband. Practitioners
Naqshbandi_Order
Book by Robert Irwin
Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixties is a 2011 autobiography by Robert Irwin, a British historian, novelist, and writer on Arabic literature. In the
Memoirs_of_a_Dervish
Angel in Abrahamic religions
978-1-317-09592-7, p. 111. Gallorini, L. (2025). The Functions of Angels in Sufi Literature (Vol. 218). Brill. p. 125 Burge, Stephen. 2015. Angels in Islam: Jalal
Gabriel
Pakistani Urdu-language novelist and military physician (1956–2024)
multiple genres, including the novel, short story, travel writing, and Sufi literature, with a recurring interest in Pakistani history and Islamic biography
Abdal_Bela
Book by Idries Shah
The Book of the Book is a book by Idries Shah. The majority of the book's 200 pages are blank, with the remaining nine pages telling the story of a book
The_Book_of_the_Book
Mythical communication of divine knowledge through birds to humans
In Abrahamic and European mythology, medieval literature and occultism, the language of the birds is postulated as a mystical, perfect divine language
Language_of_the_birds
Sufi mystic and poet (1207–1273)
Islamic literature, falling behind only the Quran. Rumi's works are widely read today across his native Greater Iran as well as in Turkey, where the Sufi brotherhood
Rumi
Book by Ibn Arabi
al-Ashwāq) is a collection of 61 self-standing nasībs by the Andalusian Sufi mystic Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn al-ʿArabī (1165–1240). Ibn al-ʿArabī, Dhakhāʾir al-Aʿlāq:
Tarjumān_al-Ashwāq
Poem in praise of Muhammad
needed] The Burda was accepted within Sufi Islam and was the subject of numerous commentaries by mainstream Sufi scholars such as Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
Al-Burda
2025 Hindi-language book
inscriptions, the book documents the contributions of key Sufi figures and the role of Sufi institutions in the cultural and spiritual life of the region
Bihar_Aur_Sufivad
Collection of Islamic prayers
Dalāʼil al-khayrāt wa-shawāriq al-anwār fī dhikr al-ṣalāt ʻalá al-Nabī al-mukhtār (Arabic: دلائل الخيرات وشوارق الأنوار في ذكر الصلاة على النبي المختار
Dala'il_al-Khayrat
Supernatural creatures in Arabian folklore
Muslim exegesis. A&C Black. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-826-44957-3. Gallorini, L. (2025). The Functions of Angels in Sufi Literature. Niederlande: Brill. p. 117
Hinn_(mythology)
13th-century spiritual work by Ibn Arabi
romanized: Kitâb Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya) is the major work of the philosopher and Sufi Ibn Arabi, written between 1203 and 1240. The Andalusi thinker exposes his
Al-Futuhat_al-Makkiyya
Soviet-Russian orientalist (1890–1957)
Islamic literature and culture in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. From 1923 through 1929 Bertels published twenty-seven articles in the field of Sufi studies
Evgenii_Eduardovich_Bertels
Book by al-Suyuti in defense of Ibn 'Arabi
Tanzih al-Sufiyya List of Sunni books Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society Sufi literature Sufi studies History of Sufism Burhan al-Din al-Biqa'i was a Shafi'i-Ash'ari
Tanbih al-Ghabi bi-Tabri'at Ibn 'Arabi
Tanbih_al-Ghabi_bi-Tabri'at_Ibn_'Arabi
11th-century Kurdish poet
who wrote in Kurmanji and considered a pioneer in classical Kurdish Sufi literature and a founder of the Kurdish literary tradition. Hariri was born in
Ali_Hariri
List of notable Sufis
This list article contains names of notable people commonly considered as Sufis or otherwise associated with Sufism. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
List_of_Sufis
The Magic Monastery is a collection of teaching stories from the Sufi mystical tradition, by the writer Idries Shah, together with some stories by the
The_Magic_Monastery
Treatise by sufi saint Fakhr al-din Zarradi
al-din Zarradi, a sufi saint and disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya in Persian language. The book is based on the Usul of Sama, a sufi gathering. He proved
Usul_al-Sama
Collection of letters by Mir Syed Ali Hamadani
Persian-language letters written by Mir Syed Ali Hamadani (1314–1384 CE), a prominent Sufi scholar, missionary, and saint of the Kubrawiya order. Known as Shah-e-Hamadan
Risalah_Maktubaat
the book's subtitle Studies in Experientialism suggests, these illustrate Sufi thinking in action, rather than in theory. On the principle that it is for
Thinkers_of_the_East
Building for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood
A Sufi lodge is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or tariqa and is a place for spiritual practice and religious education
Sufi_lodge
1957 book by Idries Shah
However, these scholarly works, and the vastly more influential work, The Sufis, which was to follow in 1964, by their nature entailed keeping his own personality
Destination_Mecca
Padshah Begum (r. 1631–1658, 1669–1681)
well.) As a patron of Sufi literature, she commissioned translations and commentaries of many works of classic Sufi literature. Shah Jahan fell seriously
Jahanara_Begum
Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam
(Arabic: الطريقة القادرية, romanized: al-Ṭarīqa al-Qādiriyya) is a Sunni Sufi order (tariqa) founded by Abdul Qadir Gilani (1077–1166, also transliterated
Qadiri_Order
Persian-language treatise written by Mir Syed Ali Hamadani
ethics, governance, and Islamic spirituality written by the 14th-century Sufi scholar and missionary Mir Syed Ali Hamadani (1314–1384 CE). The work, one
Zakhirat-ul-Muluk
Muslim scholar and Shia imam (c.702–765)
special prominence among Sufi orders: a number of early Sufi figures are associated with al-Sadiq; he is praised in the Sufi literature for his knowledge of
Ja'far_al-Sadiq
2007 book by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2022-12-27. Safavi 2012, pp. 249–252. Hermansen, Marcia (2009). "Sitting with Sufis/ The Garden of Truth". The Christian Century. Archived from the original
The_Garden_of_Truth
Supernatural beings in Arab culture and Islam
mentioned in the Quran. Although jinn do not play any major role in Sufi literature, their existence is never doubted. They feature in poetic anecdotes
Jinn
Muslim world folklore character
him an "incomparable teacher", particularly in his book Beelzebub's Tales. Sufi philosopher Idries Shah published several collections of Nasruddin stories
Nasreddin
Literature written in the Bengali language
from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017. "Sufi Literature". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Sen
Bengali_literature
1978 non-fiction book by Idries Shah
other major works: Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way and The Hundred Tales of Wisdom. It has since been republished by The
A_Perfumed_Scorpion
Turkish verse romance by Sheikh Ghalib
Hüsn ü Aşk consists of 2,101 verses and is an allegory of major themes in Sufi Islam. Hüsn ü Aşk tells the tale of two lovers, Hüsn (lit. "Beauty") and
Hüsn_ü_Aşk
Figure in Abrahamic religions
ISBN 9789004098343. Gallorini, L. (2025). The Functions of Angels in Sufi Literature (Vol. 218). Brill. p. 68 Vicchio 2008, pp. 175–176. Vicchio 2008, pp
Satan
American author, translator, and lecturer (1953–2018)
the area of Islamic studies and a specialist in Persian language and Sufi literature. He was the editor of Mawlana Rumi Review, a publication of the Rumi
Leonard Lewisohn (Islamic studies scholar)
Leonard_Lewisohn_(Islamic_studies_scholar)
1045–6 treatise on Sufism by al-Qushayri
1046) Arabic manual of Sufism written by the Shafi'i–Ash'ari scholar and Sufi master Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri (d. 465 AH / 1072 CE). The work was written
Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya
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