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Written texts in the Persian language
article contains Persian text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Persian literature comprises written
Persian_literature
Written works composed in Middle Persian
Middle Persian literature is the corpus of written works composed in Middle Persian, that is, the Middle Iranian dialect of Persia proper, the region in
Middle_Persian_literature
Western Iranian language
refer to Iran's standard Persian. However, the name Persian is still more widely used. The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has maintained that the
Persian_language
Legendary Persian Character
Farhād (Middle Persian: Frahāt, Persian: فرهاد) is a famous character in Persian literature and Persian mythology. The story of his love with Shirin is
Farhad_(Persian_literature)
Sanskrit as the language of politics, literature, education, and social status in the subcontinent. The spread of Persian closely followed the political and
Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
Final-stage classification of the Persian language
New Persian (Persian: فارسی نو), also known as Modern Persian (Persian: فارسی نوین), is the current stage of the Persian language spoken since the 8th
New_Persian
Eastern variety of Persian
'sweetness'; in language, literature and poetry, 'uẕūbat also means 'euphonious' or 'melodic'. Hafez, the 14th-century Persian poet, referencing Bengal:
Dari
Persian dialects spoken by Jews in Iran
derogatory sense. There is an extensive Judeo-Persian poetic religious literature, closely modeled on classical Persian poetry. The most famous poet was Mowlānā
Judeo-Persian
The influence of Persian literature in Western culture is historically significant. In order to avoid what E.G. Browne calls "an altogether inadequate
Persian literature in Western culture
Persian_literature_in_Western_culture
Official regulatory institution of the Persian language
The Academy of Persian Language and Literature (APLL; Persian: فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی, Farhangestân-e Zabân-o Adab-e Fârsi) is the regulatory body
Academy of Persian Language and Literature
Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature
Iranian ethnic group
in the ancient Near East and beyond. Persians have contributed greatly to art and science, and Persian literature is one of the world's most prominent
Persians
derived from a variety of sources, including ancient Iranian languages, Persian literature, Islamic tradition, and foreign languages. Hereditary surnames became
Persian_name
Old form of chess
Shatranj (Persian: شطرنج, pronounced [ʃaˈtˤrandʒ]; from Middle Persian chatrang) is an old form of chess, as played in the Sasanian Empire. Its origins
Shatranj
Texts related to the Iranian religion
Middle Persian (Pahlavi), which includes a range of Middle Persian literature. The Avesta is the oldest extant primary source of Zoroastrian literature, although
Zoroastrian_literature
Distinctive culture in West Asia
ninth century a new Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. Tahirids and Saffarids continued using Persian as an informal language
Turco-Persian_tradition
Writing system used for the Persian language
the Arabic script. Classical Persian literature and poetry were affected by this simultaneous usage of Arabic and Persian. A new influx of Arabic vocabulary
Persian_alphabet
but is continuously being expanded and includes Persian poets as well as poets who write in Persian from Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Georgia, Dagestan, Turkey
List of Persian-language poets and authors
List_of_Persian-language_poets_and_authors
Iranian economist, writer and researcher
his studies of Persian history and literature at a professional academic level. He began studying the life and works of the modern Persian writer, Sadeq
Homa_Katouzian
Poem or ode that deals with love
introduced into Persian literature during the 10th century, adopting the structural and thematic framework of the Arabic ghazal. Early Persian ghazals maintained
Ghazal
Zoroastrian literature describing cosmographical beliefs include the Avesta (especially in its description of Avestan geography) and, in later Middle Persian literature
Zoroastrian_cosmology
Beitol moghadas (Persian: قدس - بیت المقدس) refer to the city of Jerusalem. This name is used in some Persian poems, ancient literature of Persia, geographical
Quds_in_Persian_literature
Modern Iranian literatures include Persian literature, Ossetian literature, Kurdish literature, Pashto literature, and Balochi literature, among others
Iranian_literature
Society strongly influenced by Persian culture
society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art or identity. The term Persianate is a neologism credited
Persianate_society
Iranian author and translator (b. 1967)
Anvar (Persian: لیلی انور; born 28 May 1967) is an Iranian-born French writer and translator, specializing in Persian poetry and mystic literature. She
Leili_Anvar
Ancient wise man in Islamic tradition
transferred to Luqman. There are many stories about Luqman in Persian, Arabic and Turkish literature. In the pre-Islamic era, Arab tradition included the figure
Luqman
Demons in Middle Eastern beliefs
Islamic scripture, such as shayṭān,ʿifrīt, and ṭāġūt. In Islamic Persian literature demons are not referred to by their Arabic names only but frequently
Div_(mythology)
Cultural synthesis of Indian and Persian culture
identity which built upon Persian and Indic languages, literature and arts, which formed the basis of an Indo-Muslim civilization. Persian was the official language
Indo-Persian_culture
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment or education to the reader
History_of_literature
Cultural practices common among various peoples of the Muslim world
other parts of Central Asia. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian; works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and
Islamic_culture
Ancient Arabic love story
romances in Arabic literature and inspired adaptations throughout the Islamic world. "The Layla-Majnun theme passed from Arabic to Persian, Turkish, and Indic
Layla_and_Majnun
The Persian term for riddle is chīstān (Persian: چیسْتان), literally 'what is it?', a word that frequently occurs in the opening formulae of Persian riddles
Persian_riddles
Persian satire refers to satires in Persian literature. The Arabic poetic genre of hija (satirical poetry) was introduced after the Islamic conquest of
Persian_satire
"applied especially to Persians", and the distinction of the two terms is found already in pre- and early Islamic literature (ʻAjam Temtemī). "In general
Anti-Iranian_sentiment
languages including Armenian, Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Ethiopic, and more, an entire genre of literature was dedicated to the exploits of Alexander in
Alexander the Great in Islamic tradition
Alexander_the_Great_in_Islamic_tradition
Iranian academic (1931–2023)
Firouzkuhi/ Mosaffa; Persian: امیربانو کریمی; 31 December 1931 – 31 December 2023) was an Iranian academic and professor of Persian literature, specialising
Amir_Banoo_Karimi
Iranian writer
Azar (Persian: اسماعیل آذر, born 9 December 1944, Isfahan, Iran) is a professor of Persian literature and director of the Department of Persian Language
Esmaeel_Azar
Assamese, Odia, and Maithili appeared. Thereafter literature in various dialects of Hindi, Persian and Urdu began to appear as well. In 1913, Bengali
Indian_literature
Academic journal
International Journal of Persian Literature (IJPL) is an annual peer-reviewed academic journal covering Persian poetics, poetry, classical Persian philology, prose
International Journal of Persian Literature
International_Journal_of_Persian_Literature
Metres of Persian poetry
Persian metres (Persian: وزن شعر فارسی) refer to the quantitative metrical patterns of long and short syllables used in traditional Persian poetry. Historically
Persian_metres
Literature with influences based on Islamic religion
like Indonesian literature, Somali literature, Pakistani literature, and Persian literature would all qualify as Islamic literature. A second definition
Islamic_literature
Encyclopaedia of Persian Language and Literature (Persian: دانشنامه زبان و ادب فارسی, Dāneshnāme-ye Zabān-o Adab-e Fārsi) is a Persian-language encyclopedia
Encyclopaedia of Persian Language and Literature
Encyclopaedia_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature
Epic poem by Ferdowsi
piece of work in Persian literature. Western writers have also praised the Shahnameh and Persian literature in general. Persian literature has been considered
Shahnameh
Literature in Iran encompasses a variety of literary traditions in the various languages used in Iran. Modern literatures of Iran include Persian literature
Literature_in_Iran
Medieval Indian literature
The literature of the Delhi Sultanate began with the rise of Persian-speaking people to the throne of the Sultanate of Delhi, naturally resulted in the
Delhi_Sultanate_literature
classical Persian literature, the most representative type of "Insha is identified as "Rasail", meaning "letters". Generally "Rasail" literature can be categorized
Insha
Azerbaijani) poet who wrote in Persian language in the light of a general trend of borrowing religion, language and literature from Persians by the Tatars (i.e.
Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan
Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan
Country in West Asia
the great literatures of humanity, including Goethe's assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature, Persian literature has its roots
Iran
Iranian award of honor
Medal of Persian Literature (Persian: نشان ادب پارسی Nešān-e Adab-e Pārsī) is one of the badges of honor in Iran, established by Council of Iran Ministers
Medal_of_Persian_Literature
Subspecies of bird
it from the true shaheen of Persian literature (the Barbary falcon). Shaheen and other variations come from Middle Persian šāhēn (literally "majestic,
Shaheen_falcon
Variety of Persian language
Language and Literature delivered a pronouncement on the name of the Persian language, rejecting any use of the word Farsi (instead of English Persian, German
Iranian_Persian
Set of five poems by Nizami
text to come to light. CHARLES-HENRI DE FOUCHÉCOUR, "IRAN:Classical Persian Literature" in Encyclopædia Iranica Graves, Margaret S. (1 January 2002). "Words
Khamsa_of_Nizami
curriculum. Afghan literature is highly influenced by Persian and Arabic literature in addition to that of Central and South Asia. Afghan literature dates back
Afghan_literature
Overview of Iran's shift towards Islam and Islamic culture
cultural, scientific, and political structure; the blossoming of Persian literature, philosophy, medicine, and art became major elements of Islam in Iran
Islamization_of_Iran
Persian contemporary poet, literary scholar, and translator
Pennsylvania and teaching Persian literature at the University of Pennsylvania. She previously taught Persian literature and language at Oxford University
Fatemeh_Shams
Turco-Mongol empire (1370–1507)
According to Beatrice Manz, in the literature of the Timurid era the realm was formally referred to as Iran-o-Turan (Persian: ایران و توران) in the same manner
Timurid_Empire
highly influenced by Persian and Arabic literature, and used the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. The history of the broader Turkic literature spans a period of
Turkish_literature
India Latin in Western Europe Greek in the Byzantine Empire Middle Persian literature of the late Sassanid period Tiberian Hebrew as written by the Masoretes
Early_medieval_literature
Persian poet (940–1025)
greatest epic of the Persian-speaking countries. Ferdowsi is celebrated as one of the most influential figures of Persian literature and one of the greatest
Ferdowsi
Tradition of Islamic mystic writing
Sufism had an important influence on medieval literature, especially poetry, that was written in Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Turkic, Sindhi and Urdu. Sufi doctrines
Sufi_literature
Southwestern Iranian language
Middle Persian. Since almost all surviving Middle Persian literature is in this particular late form of exclusively written Zoroastrian Middle Persian, the
Middle_Persian
Written works of art
Moroccan literature Oman literature Pakistani literature Palestinian literature Persian literature Qatari literature Saudi literature Syrian literature Tunisian
Outline_of_literature
Iranian-American linguist and critic
editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Persian Literature and is known for his works on Persian poetry, Iranian and Semitic philology and linguistics
Alireza_Korangy
Iranian scholar (born 1940)
Mohyeddin Ghomshei (Persian: حسین محیالدین قمشهای; born 4 January 1940) is an Iranian scholar, philosopher, author, and lecturer on literature, art, and mysticism
Hossein_Elahi_Ghomshei
Annual literary award
The Persian Speculative Art and Literature Award was an annual literary award in the field of speculative fiction in the Persian language. Established
Persian Speculative Art and Literature Award
Persian_Speculative_Art_and_Literature_Award
Fairy-like spirit in West and Central Asian folklore of Persian origin
the parīs, do not have connotations of beauty however. In Middle Persian literature, comets have been identified with parī. Comets and planets were associated
Parī
Persian tragic romance by Nizami Ganjavi
influence of the legend of Farhad is not limited to literature, but permeates the whole of Persian culture, including folklore and the fine arts. Farhad's
Khosrow_and_Shirin
Literary genre of biographies about holy people
Zarathustra, which is found in Middle Persian or Pahlavi texts including the Dēnkard and the Wizidagiha, and in New Persian texts including the Zaratosht-nama
Persian_hagiography
Casari, Mario (2023). "The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature". In Ashtiany, Mohsen (ed.). Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500:
Iskandarnama
Poetry by Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi
(Classical Persian: اسکندرنامه Iskandarnāma, lit. 'Book of Alexander') is a poetic production in the Alexander Romance tradition authored by the Persian poet
Iskandarnama_(Nizami)
Five-Masters (or Panj Ostād پنج استاد) refers to five influential masters of Persian literature, Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, Malekoshoara Bahar, Jalal Homaei, Abdolazim
Five-Masters
Indian linguist
Notes Persian Ghazal: Tradition and Dimensions, Vol. I & II Indology and Persian Literature Humanism and Universal Brotherhood in Persian Literature, Vol
Azarmi_Dukht_Safavi
1930s novella by Sadegh Hedayat
Sadegh Hedayat's The Blind Owl developed as a groundbreaking work in Persian literature, shaped significantly by his European education and exposure to Western
The_Blind_Owl
Cursive Middle Iranian script
Psalter Pahlavi Pazend Avestan alphabet Manichaean script Middle Persian literature dly[w]š ZY / [ʾt]wr[p]ʾtkʾn / ʾm[ʾ]lkl Dari[u]š ī / [Ād]ur[b]ādagān
Book_Pahlavi
6th-century Iranian sage and dignitary
of the expression. His name appears in several important works in Persian literature, most notably in the Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings"). The historian
Bozorgmehr
Mythical winged serpent in Iranian mythology
ezhdeha (Persian: اژدها) or azhdar (اژدر) is a mythical creature in Iranian mythology, roughly equivalent to the dragon. In Persian literature, they are
Azhdaha
International. Although it is currently illegal to distribute Christian literature in Persian, Persian Contemporary Translation, also known as Tarjome-ye Tafsiri (Interpretative
Bible translations into Persian
Bible_translations_into_Persian
Fire is in the Avesta as Atash or Atar, in Pahlavi literature atour or atakhsh; or in Persian literature, fire is known as azar or athash. The guardian angel
Fire in ancient Iranian culture
Fire_in_ancient_Iranian_culture
Casari, Mario (2023). "The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature". In Ashtiany, Mohsen (ed.). Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500:
Alexander the Great in the Shahnameh
Alexander_the_Great_in_the_Shahnameh
Collection of Middle Eastern folk tales
tales trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, and Mesopotamian literature. Most tales, however, were originally folk stories from the
One_Thousand_and_One_Nights
Sufi mystic and poet (1207–1273)
influential figure in Sufism, and his thought and works loom large both in Persian literature and mystic poetry in general. Today, his translated works are enjoyed
Rumi
Story occurring in Christian, Muslim and Jewish traditions
Zulaika seems first to have achieved a developed an independent form in Persian literature around the tenth century CE: there is evidence for a lost narrative
Yusuf_and_Zulaikha
Language regulatory body in Tajikistan
founder of Persian-Tajik literature Abuabdullo Rudaki, the institute was named in his honour. Academy of Persian Language and Literature Academy of Sciences
Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature
12th century Persian work about the Sufi mystic Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khay
it is also considered a landmark work of Sufi literature as well as one of the most outstanding Persian prose works of the 12th century. A copy of this
Asrar_al-Tawhid
Greco-Egyptian astrologer, probably of the 1st century
eventually became associated in Persian literature with richly illustrated books and collections of marvelous images. The Persian poets Khaqani and Nizami Ganjavi
Teucer_of_Babylon
Parable illustrating ontological reasoning
The parable or references appear in bhasya (commentaries, secondary literature) in the Hindu traditions. For example, Adi Shankara mentions it in his
Blind_men_and_an_elephant
819–999 Sunni Iranian empire in Central Asia
formation of the Turko-Persian culture. The Samanids were patrons of the arts, leading to advancements in science and literature, and as a result attracted
Samanid_Empire
Iranian historian and linguist (1920–2018)
and a volume entitled Persian Literature. He was also an editor of a sixteen-volume series named History of Persian Literature. He had won several international
Ehsan_Yarshater
Wife of Khosrau II
palace. Long after her death Shirin became an important heroine of Persian literature, as a model of a faithful lover and wife. She appears in the Shahnameh
Shirin
Tajik literature Turkmen literature Uzbek literature Uyghur literature West Asian literature Persian literature Arabic literature Jewish literature Turkish
Asian_literature
13th-century poem by Rumi
Rumi's ghazal 163, which begins Beravīd, ey harīfān "Go, my friends", is a Persian ghazal (love poem) of seven verses by the 13th-century poet Jalal-ed-Din
Rumi_ghazal_163
Afghan writer and scholar of Persian literature
Mohammad Yaqub Yasna (Persian: محمد یعقوب یسنا) is an Afghan writer, poet and scholar of Persian literature. His publications include studies of the Shahnameh
Yaqub_Yasna
Prophet and son of Jacob in Islam
(Al-Aziz(Potiphar)'s wife in the Old Testament) became a popular subject of Persian literature and was elaborated over centuries. The story of Yusuf in the Qurʾān
Joseph_in_Islam
Oasis region in Central Asia
and Kazakhs.[citation needed] Khwarazm and her cities appear in Persian literature in abundance, in both prose and poetry. Dehkhoda for example defines
Khwarazm
State in Shirvan (861–1538)
the 12th century, when their realm served as the focal point for Persian literature, attracting distinguished poets such as Khaqani, Nizami Ganjavi, Falaki
Shirvanshahs
Ancient Sanskrit text of fables from India
Stephen Austin, Bookseller to the East-India College Also online at Persian Literature in Translation Wollaston, Arthur N. (transl.) (1877), The Anwar-I-Suhaili
Panchatantra
Iranian fermented milk drink
longer fermentation period. Doogh has historically been referenced in Persian literature as the representation of a "sour version" of milk. It is present in
Doogh
Japanese writer and translator (1947–1991)
10 June 1947 – 11 July 1991) was a Japanese scholar of Arabic and Persian literature and history and the Japanese translator of Salman Rushdie's novel
Hitoshi_Igarashi
Achaemenid satrap and pretender to throne (died 329 BC)
Bessus or Bessos (Old Persian: *Bayaçā; Ancient Greek: Βήσσος), also known by his regnal name Artaxerxes V (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçāʰ; Ancient
Bessus
Miyāna, āwāniwīsī, wāžanāma wa yāddāšthā). Mašhad: Intišārāt-i Tarāna. Middle Persian literature Middle Persian Persian mythology The Silk Roads v t e
Mah_Farwardin_Roz_Khurdad
Iranian scholar of Persian literature and culture (1904–1970)
Tehran, born Ziyaa' Boshrooye-i ضياء بشرويهای) was a scholar of Persian literature, Iranian linguistics and culture, and an expert on Rumi (Molana Jalaleddin
Badiozzaman_Forouzanfar
PERSIAN LITERATURE
PERSIAN LITERATURE
Male
Iranian/Persian
Persian name BARAZ means "exalted."
Girl/Female
Greek Latin
From Persia.
Boy/Male
Persian
Followers of ancient Persian religion.
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name PARVANA means "butterfly."
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name ARZU means "desire."
Boy/Male
Persian Muslim
A Persian.
Boy/Male
Persian
Name of a Persian king.
Female
Persian/Iranian
Variant spelling of Persian Shahrazad, SHEHERAZADE means "city-person."
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name ATEFEH means "affection."
Male
Iranian/Persian
Persian name ASHTAD means "justice."
Female
Persian/Iranian
Variant spelling of Persian Shahrazad, SHAHRIZAD means "city-person."
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name AZAR means "fire."
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name ROSHANI means "lustrous."
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name ZAREEN means "golden."
Biblical
same as Persia
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name MOJGAN means "eyelashes."
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Greek, Latin
Woman from Persia; Persian Woman
Female
Persian/Iranian
Persian name NAHID means "immaculate."
Male
Iranian/Persian
Persian name RASHNE means "judge."
Female
Greek
(Î ÎÏσις) Greek name PERSIS means "Persian woman." In the bible, this is the name of a Christian woman mentioned by Paul in his epistle to the Romans.
PERSIAN LITERATURE
PERSIAN LITERATURE
PERSIAN LITERATURE
PERSIAN LITERATURE
PERSIAN LITERATURE
PERSIAN LITERATURE
PERSIAN LITERATURE
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