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Taxonomy of languages
Subgrouping in linguistics is the division of a language family into its constituent branches. In standard linguistic theory, subgroupings are determined
Subgrouping
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term family is
Language_family
Geolinguistic region sharing areal features of Asia
Indosphere is a term used for areas of Indian linguistic influence in the neighboring Southern Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian regions. It is commonly
Indosphere
Group of Semitic Languages
International Handbook, Chapter V, page 425 Aaron D. Rubin (2008). "The subgrouping of the Semitic languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (1). Blackwell
West_Semitic_languages
Language family spoken in Egypt and Sudan
treats Nubian as a primary family and notes that a conclusive external subgrouping has not been demonstrated. Nile Nubian languages are spoken chiefly along
Nubian_languages
Language family native to Eurasia
is a more accurate representation. Most approaches to Indo-European subgrouping to date have assumed that the tree model is by-and-large valid for Indo-European;
Indo-European_languages
Tribe of fish
tunas or tuna) are saltwater fish belonging to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae (mackerel) family. The Thunnini comprise 15 species
Tuna
Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea
spelling rules as Tigrigna, is an Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is primarily
Tigrinya_language
Large language family mostly of Southeast Asia and the Pacific
boundaries between branches. The first major step towards high-order subgrouping was Dempwolff's recognition of the Oceanic subgroup (called Melanesisch
Austronesian_languages
Primary branch of Sinitic spoken in southern China and Taiwan
Min is a diverse group of Sinitic languages with about 75 million native speakers. These languages are spoken in China in a region centered on modern Fujian
Min_Chinese
Group of Austronesian languages
The West Barito languages are a group of half a dozen Dayak (Austronesian) languages of Borneo, Indonesia. They are named after the Barito River. The languages
West_Barito_languages
Geographical grouping of Indo-European languages
The Paleo-Balkan languages are a geographical grouping of various Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans and surrounding areas in ancient
Paleo-Balkan_languages
Proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family
The Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (CEMP) languages form a proposed branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages consisting of over 700 languages (Blust
Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
The South Sulawesi languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. They are primarily spoken in the Indonesian provinces of South Sulawesi
South_Sulawesi_languages
Ethio-Semitic language
Amharic is an Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language
Amharic
Family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages
"Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. dissertation). Stanford University. Thurgood, Graham (2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan
Loloish_languages
United Kingdom-based think tank
"Beta", and "Gamma" tiers. The three tiers are further divided into subgroupings using plus and minus signs. The categorization is based upon the author's
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network
Language family of Northeastern Europe
The Finnic languages, also known as Baltic Finnic languages, constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic
Finnic_languages
Subgrouping of esoteric Buddhist mantras
(Chinese: 十咒, pinyin: Shízhòu, rōmaji: Jusshu, Vietnamese: Thập Chú), is a subgrouping of esoteric Buddhist mantras or dharanis in Chinese Buddhism, Japanese
Ten_Small_Mantras
Indo-European language
(2008). "The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages". In Preisach, Christine; Burkhardt, Hans; Schmidt-Thieme
Greek_language
Condition involving social and behavioral differences
Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen S (23 April 2013). "Subgrouping the Autism 'Spectrum': Reflections on DSM-5". PLOS Biology. 11 (4) e1001544
Autism
Subgroup of the Algonquian languages
Common Delaware, a further subgroup. The amount of evidence for each subgrouping varies, and the incomplete record for many parts of the Eastern Algonquian
Eastern_Algonquian_languages
repeating the analysis of a study within subgroups of subjects defined by a subgrouping variable. For example: smoking status defining two subgroups: smokers
Subgroup_analysis
Subfamily of the Algic languages of North America
different languages, uncertain) Eastern Algonquian is a true genetic subgrouping. The Plains Algonquian and the Central Algonquian groups are not genetic
Algonquian_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
dissertation. The Visayan subgrouping is Zorc's own work, while the Bikol subgrouping is from McFarland (1974) and the Mansakan subgrouping from Gallman (1974)
Central_Philippine_languages
Proposed grouping of West Germanic dialects
Elbe Germanic, also called Irminonic or Erminonic, is a proposed subgrouping of West Germanic languages introduced by the German linguist Friedrich Maurer
Elbe_Germanic
Bantu languages spoken by the Nguni people
have been more complex. The linguistic use of the label (referring to a subgrouping of Bantu) is relatively stable. From an English editorial perspective
Nguni_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
prehistory and internal subgrouping of Malayic". In John Bowden; Nikolaus Himmelmann (eds.). Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology. Canberra:
Malayic_languages
Type of group therapy
by a technique called functional subgrouping. Rather than individual members working alone, functional subgrouping requires that all members of a system
Systems-centered_therapy
Dialect of Mandarin
Jianghuai Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 江淮官話; simplified Chinese: 江淮官话; pinyin: Jiānghuái Guānhuà) is one of the most divergent and least mutually-intelligible
Jianghuai_Mandarin
Proposed branch of the Austronesian language family
"Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 13 (1/2): 457–509
Philippine_languages
Proposed group of Semitic languages
Semitic Languages. ISBN 9781136115882. Faber, Alice (1997). "Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.). The Semitic Languages
Central_Semitic_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of
Celebic_languages
Group of West Germanic languages
Germanic, also known as Ingvaeonic (/ˌɪŋviːˈɒnɪk/ ING-vee-ON-ik), is a subgrouping of West Germanic languages that consists of Old Frisian, Old English
North_Sea_Germanic
Italian-derived Jewish dialect continuum
speakers today. The dialects are one of the Italian languages and are a subgrouping of the Judeo-Romance Languages. Some words have Italian prefixes and
Judeo-Italian_dialects
Cultural region in Nigeria
several southern Nigerian states; culturally, it has included several subgroupings, including the Awka-Enugu-Nsukka, Anioma-Enuani, the Umueri-Aguleri-Anam
Igboland
Infraorder of wasps
Proctotrupomorpha is a major subgrouping of the Apocrita within the Hymenoptera, containing mainly small parasitic wasps. It contains the major groupings
Proctotrupomorpha
Clade of marine crocodylomorphs
that some members lived in freshwater. The clade contains two major subgroupings, the Teleosauroidea and Metriorhynchoidea. Teleosauroids are not greatly
Thalattosuchia
Language branch
Pileni Eastern Polynesian Pawley, Andrew (1966). "Polynesian languages: A subgrouping based on shared innovations in morphology". Journal of the Polynesian
Nuclear_Polynesian_languages
Ancient Western Balkanic tribes
The Illyrians (Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυριοί, Illyrioi; Latin: Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European-speaking people who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula
Illyrians
Season of a sports league or competition, generally a specific one year period
and is divided into "conferences"—not the North American concept of subgroupings within a larger competition, but rather separate competitions involving
Season_(sports)
Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia
the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Kambera is a member of Bima-Sumba subgrouping within Central Malayo-Polynesian inside Malayo-Polynesian. The island
Kambera_language
Proposed branch of the Austronesian language family
The Central Malayo-Polynesian languages (CMP) are a proposed branch in the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The languages
Central Malayo-Polynesian languages
Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Hypothetical ancient Mesoamerican language
Maya inscriptions. While there has been some controversy with Mayan subgrouping, there has been a general agreement that the following are the main five
Proto-Mayan_language
Gur language spoken in Ghana
of the Mole Dagbon and the Sissala (16%) of the Grusi are the major subgroupings in the region. The people of Wa are believed to have migrated from The
Wali_language_(Gur)
Subregion of Oceania
or near relative of his chief [...]. Green, Roger (1966). "Linguistic Subgrouping within Polynesia: The Implications for Prehistoric Settlement". The Journal
Polynesia
Austroasiatic language spoken in Malaysia
Semelai people. It belongs to the Southern branch of the Aslian language subgrouping. The Semelai people reside predominantly around the Bera, Serting and
Semelai_language
Political and socioeconomic ideology
and labourist parties. In general, they agree that there are various subgroupings within far-left politics, such as the radical left and the extreme left
Communism
Indo-European language
quantitative linguistic techniques that appeared to obtain an Albanian subgrouping with Germanic, a result which the authors had already reasonably downplayed
Albanian_language
Ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census
Polish" as a specific subgrouping of the 5,084,407 white people recorded in Scotland at the last UK census. Other subgroupings in Scotland's census are
White_Polish
Finnic language
lesser extent from Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (all of which are subgroupings of Indo-European). Furthermore, a certain group of very basic and neutral
Finnish_language
Group of languages
virtually force us to posit a West Germanic clade", although "the internal subgrouping of both North Germanic and West Germanic is very messy, and it seems
West_Germanic_languages
Language family native to Asia
posit several dozen small coordinate families and isolates; attempts at subgrouping are either geographic conveniences or hypotheses for further research
Sino-Tibetan_languages
Syllabic script used for writing Mycenaean Greek
inscribed objects other than tablets. When it is possible to identify a subgrouping of the series, based on shape, vocabulary, format, or scribal hand, it
Linear_B
American linguist (1913–2008)
extensively on the reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian phonology and on subgrouping within the language family, the latter principally by means of lexicostatistics
Isidore_Dyen
Oceanic language spoken on Bougainville
Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. It falls within the Oceanic languages, a subgrouping of the Austronesian language family. According to Malcolm Ross, Teop
Teop_language
Ethnic group
Arabic and its linguistic classification". Aaron D. Rubin (2008). "The subgrouping of the Semitic languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (1): 61–84
Arabs
Language family
(2011). The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Proto-Binandere. TransNewGuinea.org.
Greater_Binanderean_languages
Language family of the Philippines
16. Zorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research
Bisayan_languages
Indigenous language family of western Canada and the US
family, although linguists today generally accept the Olympic branch as a subgrouping within the Coast Salish division. The Interior Salish languages have
Salishan_languages
Major subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Malayo-Polynesian are controversial. The most influential proposal for the internal subgrouping of the Malayo-Polynesian languages was made by Robert Blust who presented
Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Union territory of India
on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022. Manoharan, S (1983). "Subgrouping Andamanese group of languages". International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics
Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
David Paul (1977). CRCL (ed.). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44. Canberra:
Tagalog_language
Self-intersecting uniform polyhedron
All the uniform polyhedra are listed below by their symmetry groups and subgrouped by their vertex arrangements. Regular polyhedra are labeled by their Schläfli
Uniform_star_polyhedron
Austroasiatic language
related to Vietnamese than other Mon–Khmer languages, and a Viet– Mường subgrouping was established, also including Thavung, Chut, Cuoi, and others. The
Vietnamese_language
Division of the Semitic languages of the Levant
*ʕal(aj), 'on, against' *jiθ, 'there is/are' Aaron D. Rubin (2008). "The subgrouping of the Semitic languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (1): 61–84
Northwest_Semitic_languages
Canon of the greatest Chinese novels
Four Classic Novels in Chinese opera Classic Chinese Novels (traditional Chinese: 古典小說; simplified Chinese: 古典小说; pinyin: gǔdiǎn xiǎoshuō) are the best-known
Classic_Chinese_Novels
Branch of the Indo-European language family
Swedish, and Afrikaans, have moved toward a largely analytic type. The subgroupings of the Germanic languages are defined by shared innovations. It is important
Germanic_languages
Austronesian language family of Taiwan
Li presents the following criteria as evidence for an East Formosan subgrouping. Merger of *C and *t as /t/ Merger of *D and *Z as /r/ or /l/ in Basay
East_Formosan_languages
Genus of flowering plants
recognized species sections within the Rydbergis subgenus, but that other subgroupings might be appropriate instead. This and other phylogenic research led
Physalis
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
between and subgrouping of the different Afroasiatic branches. Whereas Marcel Cohen (1947) claimed he saw no evidence for internal subgroupings, numerous
Afroasiatic_languages
Overview of a variety of Chinese spoken in Hunan province
dichotomy. In particular, Chen and Bao (2007, 2012) have proposed a five-way subgrouping of Xiang based on novel lexical criteria, which posits that the Hengyang
Hengyang_dialect
Various Tai languages used by the Zhuang people of southern China
Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009): N, M, I, C, B, F, H, L, P
Zhuang_languages
Semitic language
ISBN 9783110251586. Kim, Ronald (2008). "Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered". Journal of the American Oriental
Aramaic
Ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census
Romanichal Travellers or Irish Travellers, and their respective related subgroupings, who identify as, or are perceived to be, white people in the United
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
White:_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller
Afro-Asiatic language group of Ethiopia
between Sheko and Nayi to be due to retentions rather than evidence of subgrouping. Güldemann (2018) accepts that Dizoid is more likely to be related to
Dizoid_languages
and the Permiaks, which are individually divided into their own unique subgroupings. The Komi primarily live in the Komi Republic, though much of the population
Ethnic_groups_in_Europe
linguistics. It is a quantitative, non-cladistic approach to language subgrouping. The aim of historical glottometry (HG) is to address the limitations
Historical_glottometry
Related Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
language. The Coast Salish culture group can be broken up into four main subgroupings: Homalco Klahoose Island Kʼómoks (historically) Pentlatch shíshálh (Sechelt)
Coast_Salish_peoples
Austronesian languages of Taiwan
original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019. Blust, Robert (1999). "Subgrouping, Circularity and Extinction: Some Issues in Austronesian Comparative
Formosan_languages
Indigenous South American language family
but all the living Arawakan languages, at least, seem to need to be subgrouped with languages already found within Maipurean as commonly defined. The
Arawakan_languages
Literature written in the English language
British Poetry Revival was a wide-reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings that embraces performance, sound and concrete poetry. The Mersey Beat
English_literature
Branch of the Min Chinese languages
2020-06-15. Kwok, Bit-Chee (2018). Southern Min: comparative phonology and subgrouping. Routledge studies in East Asian linguistics. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge
Southern_Min
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Northern Luzon languages is still uncertain. Yang, Doris Hsiao-Fang (2002). Subgrouping and Reconstruction of Batanic Languages (PDF) (MA thesis). Providence
Batanic_languages
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
2022) Zorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research
Davaoeño_language
Polynesian language spoken in Hawaii
Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian Languages". Linguistic Subgrouping and Lexicostatistics. Janua Linguarum. The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 9789027930545
Hawaiian_language
Extinct order of hoofed mammals
genera in 14 families having been described, divided into two major subgroupings, Typotheria and Toxodontia. Notoungulates first diversified during the
Notoungulata
Northwestern Iranian dialect continuum
Central Kurdish, Southern Kurdish, Zaza, and Gorani, and avoid the subgrouping Zaza–Gorani. Professor Zare Yusupova has carried out much work and research
Kurdish_language
Large dialect continuum from the Levant and Mesopotamia
California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9. Rubin, Aaron (2008-01-01). "The subgrouping of the Semitic languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. doi:10.1111/J
Canaanite_languages
Group of indigenous languages of North America
Apachean, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai) Neither subgrouping has found any significant support among other Athabaskanists. Details
Athabaskan_languages
Austronesian language of the Philippines
(2013). Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Surigaonon_language
Family of languages spoken in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan
location missing publisher (link), and Faber, Alice (2005). "Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages". The Semitic Languages. Routledge. pp. 6–7
Ethio-Semitic_languages
Austronesian language family of Borneo
(2013). Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction (PhD dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawai'i
Murutic_languages
Genus of flowering plants
with Dykes (1913), have subdivided them. Dykes referred to the major subgroupings as sections. Subsequent authors such as Lawrence (1953) and Rodionenko
Iris_(plant)
Compilation of concepts primarily for the purposes of lexicostatistics
Lexicostatistical test lists are used in lexicostatistics to define subgroupings of languages, and in glottochronology to "provide dates for branching
Swadesh_list
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
lexicon. Robinson & Lobel (2013:148) propose the following internal subgrouping for the Northeastern Luzon languages. Northeastern Luzon Dupaningan Agta
Northeastern_Luzon_languages
5000–3000 BC Chinese archaeological culture
PMID 31019300. S2CID 129946000. Bradley, David (27–28 October 2018). "Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages". 10th International Conference on Evolutionary
Yangshao_culture
Language group
(December 2019). "The Bilabial-to-Linguolabial Shift in Southern Oceanic: A Subgrouping Diagnostic?". Oceanic Linguistics. 58 (2): 292–323. doi:10.1353/ol.2019
Espiritu_Santo_languages
Group of dialects of northern Sweden
Norrland dialects (Swedish: norrländska mål) make up one of the six major dialect groupings of the Swedish language. It comprises most dialects traditionally
Norrland_dialects
Language family
the "Kuki-Chin" label is very insensitive. Thurgood, Graham (2003). "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact
Kuki-Chin_languages
SUBGROUPING
SUBGROUPING
SUBGROUPING
SUBGROUPING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : possibly an unflattering nickname for a boastful, swaggering person (one who huffs and puffs).German (Hüffer) : from the Germanic personal name Hugifrid, composed of hug ‘head’, ‘mind’, ‘spirit’ + frid ‘peace’.North German (Hüffer) : status name for a prosperous small farmer. Compare South German Huber.German : probably an American spelling of Hof or Hoff.
Girl/Female
Sikh
Brave heart
Male
Egyptian
, the son of an early Egyptian king.
Girl/Female
Latin
Venus's surname.
Boy/Male
Muslim
To live, Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Indian
Blossoming.
Girl/Female
French Greek
One who brings victory.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Arley, ARLIE means "rocky meadow."Â
Girl/Female
Muslim
Tender, Supple, Resilient
Girl/Female
Tamil
One of devis names, Name of a Goddess
SUBGROUPING
SUBGROUPING
SUBGROUPING
SUBGROUPING
SUBGROUPING