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Legal continuity of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
USSR and the three Baltic countries in particular. This legal continuity has been recognised by most Western powers and is reflected in their state practice
State continuity of the Baltic states
State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states
Soviet and Nazi German occupation (1940–1991)
post-1991 State continuity of the Baltic states Territorial changes of the Baltic states United States resolution on the 90th anniversary of the Latvian
Occupation of the Baltic states
Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states
Process of transferring roles and responsibilities as states and their boundaries change
Succession of States in respect of Treaties State continuity of the Baltic states Timeline of historical geopolitical changes Peaceful transition of power
Successor_state
not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states. The annexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered
List of modern sovereign states by date of formation
List_of_modern_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation
Three countries east of the Baltic Sea
The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO,
Baltic_states
doesn't include the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic since according to the theory of state continuity of the Baltic states, the republic of Latvia existed
List_of_wars_involving_Latvia
1990 declaration of independence from the Soviet Union by Lithuania
Restoration of Independence – A similar act in the Estonian SSR State continuity of the Baltic states "LR AT AKTO Dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomos valstybės
Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania
The Soviet occupation of the Baltic states covers the period from the Soviet–Baltic mutual assistance pacts in 1939, to their invasion and annexation
Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)
This is a list of the most populous cities in the three Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The population figures, measured within city limits
List of cities in the Baltic states by population
List_of_cities_in_the_Baltic_states_by_population
1988 proclamation of Soviet Estonian sovereignty during the Singing Revolution
Republic of Latvia Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania State continuity of the Baltic states Dissolution of the Soviet Union Frankowski
Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration
Anti-Soviet resistance during and after World War II
The guerrilla war in the Baltic states was an insurgency waged by Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian) partisans against the Soviet Union from 1944
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states
The Sovietization of the Baltic states is the sovietization of all spheres of life in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania when they were under control of the
Sovietization of the Baltic states
Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states
Missions of exiled Baltic diplomatic services from 1940 to 1991
The Baltic Legations were the missions of the exiled Baltic diplomatic services from 1940 to 1991. After the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states in
Baltic_Legations_(1940–1991)
20 August 1991 event where Estonia restored full independence
Lithuania – A similar Act in the Lithuanian SSR State continuity of the Baltic states Dissolution of the Soviet Union "Estonica.org - Augustiputš ja Eesti
Estonian Restoration of Independence
Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence
The Soviet Union (USSR) occupied most of the territory of the Baltic states in its 1944 Baltic Offensive during World War II. The Red Army regained control
Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)
The three Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – were re-occupied in 1944–1945 by the Soviet Union (USSR) following the German occupation. The
Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)
Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944–1991)
Diplomatic service of Estonia in exile during Soviet occupation of Estonia
government-in-exile State continuity of the Baltic states Embassy without a government Latvian diplomatic service in exile Lithuanian Diplomatic Service Baltic Legations
Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991)
Estonian_Diplomatic_Service_(1940–1991)
Ethnic group
in the Baltic states is a broadly defined subgroup of the Russian diaspora who are ethnic Russians, or are citizens of Russia, and live in one of the three
Russians_in_the_Baltic_states
Intergovernmental organization
The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) is a regional intergovernmental organisation working on three priority areas: regional identity; regional safety
Council of the Baltic Sea States
Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States
not recognize the occupation. This formed the basis for the state continuity of the Baltic states and enabled Lithuanian diplomats stationed in various
List of Lithuanian diplomats (1940–1990)
List_of_Lithuanian_diplomats_(1940–1990)
Latvian governmental service (1940–1991)
annexation of the Baltic States in conformity with the principles of the Stimson Doctrine (US Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles’s Declaration of July 23
Latvian diplomatic service in exile
Latvian_diplomatic_service_in_exile
After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states were under military occupation by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944. Initially, many Estonians
German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II
German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II
1990 Latvian legal document restoring the country's independence
similar Act in the Estonian SSR 1991 Latvian independence and democracy referendum State continuity of the Baltic states Dissolution of the Soviet Union
On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia
On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia
The background of the occupation of the Baltic states covers the period before the first Soviet occupation on 14 June 1940, stretching from independence
Background of the occupation of the Baltic states
Background_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states
the war as the territories were annexed to the USSR. They played a role in maintaining the State continuity of the Baltic states during the period of
List of governments in exile during World War II
List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II
1989 peaceful demonstration in the form of a human chain
The Baltic Way (Lithuanian: Baltijos kelias; Latvian: Baltijas ceļš; Estonian: Balti kett) or Baltic Chain (also "Chain of Freedom") was a peaceful political
Baltic_Way
Branch of the Indo-European language family
The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million
Baltic_languages
Military cooperation project between NATO and Baltic states
Jeremy W. (1 January 2008), "Cooperation among the Baltic States", Continuity and Change in the Baltic Sea Region, Brill, pp. 101–118, ISBN 978-94-012-0575-7
Baltic_Naval_Squadron
Lithuanian American political advocacy group
recognition of the state continuity of the Baltic states, and promote the ultimate goal of independent Lithuania. It was funded by the United States and was
Committee for a Free Lithuania
Committee_for_a_Free_Lithuania
Central Bank of Lithuania
ambiguous status of state continuity of the Baltic states. The United States declined to recognize the Soviet annexation and thus kept the gold immobilized, a
Bank_of_Lithuania
Sovereign countries that are bound by EU laws, rights, and obligations
used to refer to the Central, Southeastern Europe and Baltic European member states that joined in 2004, 2007 and 2013: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia
Member state of the European Union
Member_state_of_the_European_Union
Group of peoples around the Baltic Sea
The Baltic Finnic peoples, often simply referred to as the Finnic peoples, are the peoples inhabiting the Baltic Sea region in Northern and Eastern Europe
Baltic_Finnic_peoples
control of the Commonwealth states". The document entered into force for 11 countries on December 30. On 4 December 1991, 12 republics (except the Baltic states)
Succession, continuity, and legacy of the Soviet Union
Succession,_continuity,_and_legacy_of_the_Soviet_Union
Soviet republic from 1940 to 1991
Lauri (2003). Illegal annexation and state continuity: the case of the incorporation of the Baltic states by the USSR. M. Nijhoff Publishers. p. 76.
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic
1914 document advocating Lithuanian unity
autonomous state under the Russian rule. It was officially ratified on 17 August 1914. The Declaration also emphasized the unique Baltic identity of the Lithuanian
Amber_Declaration
Estonian legal scholar (born 1975)
doctoral dissertation, on the incorporation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union and the doctrine of state continuity, was later reworked into his
Lauri_Mälksoo
Countries of the former Soviet Union
continuity from the original Baltic states, asserting that Baltic sovereignty had continued on a de jure basis due to the belligerent nature of the 1940 Soviet
Post-Soviet_states
1940 prelude to occupation
Chapter 3: "The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/or Prescription", In: Illegal Annexation and State Continuity. The Case of the Incorporation
Soviet_ultimatum_to_Estonia
Irish republican paramilitary group split from the Provisional IRA in 1986
The Continuity Irish Republican Army (Continuity IRA or CIRA), styling itself as the Irish Republican Army (Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann), is an Irish republican
Continuity Irish Republican Army
Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army
terror, since the Germans arrived only a week after the mass deportation of tens of thousands of people from Estonia and other Baltic states. Despite high
German occupation of Estonia during World War II
German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II
Lithuanian governmental service
special mission. State continuity of the Baltic states Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991) Latvian diplomatic service in exile Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Lithuanian_Diplomatic_Service
1918 proclamation restoring the independent State of Lithuania
from the Soviet Union, stressed that it was simply re-establishing the independent state that existed between the world wars, claiming state continuity, and
Act of Independence of Lithuania
Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania
Country in Northern Europe
Lauri (2003). Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden – Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-411-2177-3
Estonia
1939 treaty allowing Soviet troops and military bases within Latvia
Poland, the Soviets pressured Finland and the Baltic states to conclude mutual assistance treaties. The Soviets questioned the neutrality of Estonia following
Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Soviet–Latvian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty
Bilateral relations of Estonia and United States
Baltic States, at the rank of Minister. An embassy in Tallinn was opened on June 30, 1930, with Harry E. Carlson as Chargé d'affaires. Following the Soviet
Estonia–United States relations
Estonia–United_States_relations
Period of Lithuanian history from 1941 to 1945
Implementation. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15232-1. Rauch, Georg von (2006). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 1-85065-233-3
German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II
Geographic region where the proto-Indo-European language originated
the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People, Central European University Press Bomhard, Allan (2019), "The Origins of Proto-Indo-European: The Caucasian
Proto-Indo-European_homeland
Formally declared governmental authority of Estonia between 1944–1992
(1940–91) Baltic Legations (1940–91) Historical Dictionary of Estonia, 2004, p. 332 ISBN 0-8108-4904-6 Marek, Krystyna (1968). Identity and Continuity of States
Estonian_government-in-exile
Several different ideologies associated with indigenous peoples
the ancient Dacians English nationalist support for the theory that English is indigenous to Britain Finnic settlement continuity theory: see Baltic Finns
Indigenism
1941 deportation of people from Soviet-occupied territories
Ineta (2003). "State Continuity, Succession and Responsibility: Reparations to the Baltic States and their Peoples?". Baltic Yearbook of International
June_deportation
1939 treaty allowing Soviet troops and military bases within Estonia
Poland, the Soviets pressured Finland and the Baltic states to conclude mutual assistance treaties. The Soviets questioned the neutrality of Estonia following
Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Soviet–Estonian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty
1926 military coup d'état in Lithuania
France and the United Kingdom were looking for reliable partners in Eastern Europe, and the Baltic states were contemplating a union of their own. On
1926_Lithuanian_coup_d'état
Top-level political division of the Soviet Union
of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53034-7. Ziemele, Ineta (2005). State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and
Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union
Estonian politician (1890–1945)
United Kingdom, Australia and the Vatican still adhere to the concept of the Baltic States". Taylor, Neil (May 2020). Estonia: A Modern History. Oxford
Jüri_Uluots
national holiday in Lithuania. Occupation of the Baltic states Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany Estonian anti-German
Resistance in Lithuania during World War II
Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II
Religion or creed endorsed by the state
in the country. The state respects and protects all the lawful activities of Buddhism. Myanmar: Section 361 of the Constitution states that "The Union
State_religion
State controlled by an external power
Lauri (2003). Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden – Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-411-2177-3
Puppet_state
Overview of health indicators and the healthcare system in Lithuania
better than in other parts of the USSR.[citation needed] Lithuania moved away from a system funded mainly by local and state budgets to a mixed system
Health_in_Lithuania
Territory surrounded by another state
They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts
Enclave_and_exclave
Vassal state of Lithuania (1561–1629) and Poland-Lithuania (1629-1721)
and the dominant political influence of the Baltic German nobility. Lutheranism remained the principal confession despite the Catholic faith of the ruling
Duchy_of_Livonia
Soviet republic from 1940 to 1990
considered the Soviet occupation and annexation illegal and, like the other two Baltic States, claimed state continuity. This legal continuity has been
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic
Highway in Connecticut and Massachusetts, United States
is a 47.36-mile-long (76.22 km) state highway in Connecticut and Massachusetts, United States. It begins in the city of Norwich, Connecticut, and runs
Route 169 (Connecticut–Massachusetts)
Route_169_(Connecticut–Massachusetts)
Indigenous peoples of the United States
Americans, and Indigenous Americans) are the Indigenous peoples of the United States, particularly of the lower 48 states and Alaska. They may also include any
Native Americans in the United States
Native_Americans_in_the_United_States
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
successor state. All fifteen republics became independent states; all except the Baltic states joined the Commonwealth of Independent States. The post-Soviet
Soviet_Union
Military court of the Soviet Union
The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union (Russian: Военная коллегия Верховного суда СССР, romanized: Voennaya kollegiya Verkhovnogo
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union
1939 treaty allowing Soviet troops and military bases within Lithuania
Lithuania was assigned to the German sphere of influence while Latvia and Estonia, the other two Baltic states, were assigned to the Soviets. This different
Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Soviet–Lithuanian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty
The Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania refers to a failed attempt by Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski to overthrow the existing Lithuanian government
1919 Polish coup attempt in Lithuania
1919_Polish_coup_attempt_in_Lithuania
2022). "The Legal Status of the Baltic States in International Law After 1991: Claims and Responses". Illegal Annexation and State Continuity. Brill Nijhoff
Member states of the United Nations
Member_states_of_the_United_Nations
1990 geopolitical event
separation of the other two Baltic states, Latvia and Estonia, from the Soviet Union. The role of the minorities (particularly the Poles) in the blockade
Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania
Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania
Historical event
established by the earlier-adopted Stimson Doctrine, as applied to the Baltics in U.S. Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles's declaration of July 23, 1940
Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944
Failed attempt to establish a monarchy in Finland
guarantee the continuity and order of the state. Lithuania had already taken a similar step in July 1918, electing Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach and Count of Württemberg
Kingdom_of_Finland
1920 treaty between Estonia and the Soviet Union
Tartu Peace Treaty "Introduction to Tartu". Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940, Hurst & Co, 1974, p. 73 Frucht, Richard
Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)
Treaty_of_Tartu_(Estonia–Russia)
Archaeological culture in Central Europe
this context and given its area of occupation, this culture has been claimed as the underlying culture of a Germanic-Baltic-Slavic continuum. Tassi et al
Globular_Amphora_culture
Lauri (2003). Illegal annexation and state continuity: the case of the incorporation of the Baltic states by the USSR. M. Nijhoff Publishers. p. 76.
List of states with limited recognition
List_of_states_with_limited_recognition
Bilateral relations
Estonian). Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017. Mälksoo, Lauri (June 28, 2022), "The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991:
Canada–Estonia_relations
Vassal state of the Holy See
Latvia as an Independent State. Read Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4067-2870-5. O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The History of the Baltic States. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313323553
Terra_Mariana
reasons: The Estonian government as well as most Estonian historians prefer to stress legal continuity between the state declared in 1918, the Estonian
History of Estonia (1920–1939)
History_of_Estonia_(1920–1939)
The transition period of the Soviet Union was declared by the adoption of the Law of the Soviet Union "On the bodies of state power and administration
Transition period of the Soviet Union
Transition_period_of_the_Soviet_Union
Process of displacement of Russian culture
after the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, such as Poland, Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, and the Baltic states. After the Treaty of Moscow
Derussification
Former county of Latvia
Rule: The Case of the Baltic States (edited by D.A. Loeber, V.S. Vardys and L.P.A. Kitehing), originally published by the Institute for the Study of Law
Abrene_county
The Ottoman Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history. Its tributary states would regularly send tribute to the Ottoman
Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
Political term
"Undermining the Cordon Sanitaire: Naval Arms Sales, Naval Building, and Anglo-French Competition in the Baltic, 1918-1940: Poland-Finland-the Baltic States." Unpublished
Cordon sanitaire (international relations)
Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)
Paramilitary force active from 1969 to 2005
splits within the IRA, including the Continuity IRA, which is still active in the dissident Irish republican campaign, and the Real IRA. The original IRA
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army
that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate and that the Soviet Union liberated the countries from the Nazis. They state that the Soviet
Estonia–Russia_relations
Bilateral relations
relations with the UK in exile and later claimed state continuity. British prisoners of war were among Allied POWs held by the Germans in the Stalag Luft
Lithuania–United Kingdom relations
Lithuania–United_Kingdom_relations
Air warfare branch of the German military
of the National People's Army. There is no organizational continuity between the current Luftwaffe of the Bundeswehr and the former Luftwaffe of the Wehrmacht
German_Air_Force
Hypothesis in Indo-European historical linguistics
noting the presence of some Indo-European languages (such as Hittite) in parts of ancient Anatolia, states that "the most likely location of the population
Armenian_hypothesis
Ethnolinguistic groups in South Asia
complex structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (6): 1594–9. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B. doi:10
Indo-Aryan_peoples
list of metro systems which were built under the Soviet Union and continue operating in the post-Soviet states. There were 13 metro systems in 7 of the 15
List of metro systems in the Soviet Union
List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union
of the Soviet Union in 1991, its UN seat was transferred to the Russian Federation, the continuator state of the USSR (see Succession, continuity and
Soviet Union and the United Nations
Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations
Government of Estonia from 1932 to 1933
Britannica: Baltic States — Economy. https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltic-states/Independent-statehood Meie Parlament ja Aeg (National Library of Estonia)
Konstantin Päts's fourth cabinet
Konstantin_Päts's_fourth_cabinet
Head of state of Poland
The constitution confirms for the president the role of securing the continuity of state authority. The position of the presidency has an arbiter function
President_of_Poland
Bilateral relations of Estonia and Greece
and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition". Illegal Annexation and State Continuity. Brill
Estonia–Greece_relations
Part of the occupation of the Baltic states
German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II. Initially, the territory of Latvia was under the military administration of Army Group North, but
German occupation of Latvia during World War II
German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II
Political party in Estonia
values and interests". The Estonian Conservative People's Party program states that it is founded on the continuity of the Republic of Estonia and its Constitution
Conservative People's Party of Estonia
Conservative_People's_Party_of_Estonia
Hypothetical Bronze Age people of West Asia
Journal of Language Relationship, International Scientific Periodical, no. 10 (2013). Russian State University for the Humanities, Institute of Linguistics
Armeno-Phrygians
Ancient Anatolian people of Kussara
lacking a unifying continuity, their descendants scattered and ultimately merged into the modern populations of the Levant and Mesopotamia. The Hittite language—referred
Hittites
Linguistic group
possibly settled in the Baltic states, in which they would leave a profound influence, particularly on the ancient Estonians. During the Iron Age various
North_Germanic_peoples
Ancient Indo-European people from Paeonia
tribes of the nation without delay to Asia. An inscription, discovered in 1877 at Olympia on the base of a statue, states that it was set up by the community
Paeonians
Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden – Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-411-2177-3. "The Soviet Red
Soviet involvement in regime change
Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change
STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
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STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
STATE CONTINUITY-OF-THE-BALTIC-STATES
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