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Historical currency using sea shells
Shell money is a medium of exchange similar to coin money and other forms of commodity money, and was once commonly used in many parts of the world. Shell
Shell_money
Common name for a group of sea snails
the African coast from Ras Hafun, in Somalia, to Mozambique. Cowrie shell money was important in the trade networks of Africa, South Asia, and East Asia
Cowrie
Species of gastropod
bright orange-colored ring on the back or upper side of the shell, was commonly used as shell money much like Monetaria moneta. Occasionally the ring part
Monetaria_annulus
squid are eaten in many countries, to the employment of molluscs as shell money and to make dyestuffs and musical instruments, for personal adornment
Human interactions with molluscs
Human_interactions_with_molluscs
Species of gastropod
"money cowrie" because the shells were historically widely used in many Pacific and Indian Ocean countries as shell money before coinage was in common
Monetaria_moneta
Natural lagoon in Malaita, Solomon Islands
of mainland Malaita. The islands in the lagoon are renowned for their shell money minting process, their "shark worship" beliefs, their shipbuilding skills
Langa_Langa_Lagoon
Object or record accepted as payment
Societies in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia used shell money—often, the shells of the cowry (Cypraea moneta L. or C. annulus L.). According
Money
Island in Solomon Islands
protected their descendants. Langalanga is also the main source of the shell money now made in Solomon Islands. In Malaita legend, the first settlement
Laulasi_Island
Island country in Melanesia
Malaitan shell-money, manufactured in the Langa Langa Lagoon, is the traditional currency used in Malaita and throughout the Solomon Islands. The money consists
Solomon_Islands
Company with few, if any, actual assets or operations
purposes such as tax evasion, hiding stolen assets, or money laundering. Anonymity, in the context of shell companies, relates to anonymity of beneficial owners
Shell_corporation
Historic Chinese funerary ritual
burial money tended to be actual money. Graves that were dated to the Shang dynasty period have been discovered that contain thousands of cowrie shells, for
Chinese_burial_money
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
A seashell (or sea shell), also known simply as a shell, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an animal or organism that lives in the sea
Seashell
Shell or sea snails
idols and other crafts by carving natural conch shells by hands. Conch shells have been used as shell money in several cultures. Some American Aboriginals
Conch
British multinational oil and gas company
Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company, headquartered in London, England. Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on
Shell_plc
Traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands Indigenous tribes of North America
Atlantic hard-shelled clam, but has expanded to include white shell beads hand-fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell. In New York, wampum
Wampum
Currency from items of intrinsic value
Commodity money is money whose value comes from a commodity of which it is made. Commodity money consists of objects having value or use in themselves
Commodity_money
Historical coinage of China
cowrie shells, ant nose money, spade-shaped money and knife-shaped money. Before the Spring and Autumn period, during the Shang dynasty, cowrie shells had
Zhou_dynasty_coinage
money in Tibet started in ancient times, when Tibet had no coined currency of its own. Bartering was common, gold was a medium of exchange, and shell
Historical_money_of_Tibet
Phylum of invertebrate animals
mother of pearl, Tyrian purple dye, and sea silk. Their shells have also been used as money in some preindustrial societies. A handful of mollusc species
Mollusca
Island country in South Asia
2014. Hogendorn, Jan. The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. pp. 23–24. Hogendorn, Jan and Johnson Marion (1986). The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African
Maldives
Historic form of currency
the early twentieth century.[citation needed] See also: Shell money § Oceania and Australia Shell beads were commonly used for both ornamentation and as
Trade_beads
Province of Solomon Islands
shell disks which are drilled and placed on strings. It can be used as payment for bride price, funeral feasts and compensation, with the shell-money
Malaita_Province
Material used in Native American jewelry
to tooth shells or tusk shells used in indigenous jewelry, adornment, and commerce in western Canada and the United States. These tusk shells are a kind
Dentalium_shell
Class of shelled marine molluscs
called tusk shells or tooth shells. They have a worldwide distribution and are the only class of exclusively infaunal marine molluscs. Shells of species
Tusk_shell
Species of mollusc
as early as circa 1000 AD, in the Morro Bay area. They were used as shell money rather than food. Chumash people Turgeon, D.D.; Quinn Jr, J. F.; Bogan
Dentalium_neohexagonum
Common name for several kinds of bivalve mollusc
America to manufacture wampum, a type of sacred jewellery; and to make shell money. Edible: Ark clams, family Arcidae (most popular in Indonesia and Singapore)
Clam
Country in Oceania
Guinea, a Tribe Still Uses Shells as Money". Vice. Archived from the original on 7 January 2026. Retrieved 10 July 2025. "Shell money 1953–98". Royal Collection
Papua_New_Guinea
Standardization of money
ingots, ivory, various forms of weapons, livestock, the manilla currency, shell money, and ochre and other earth oxides. The manilla rings of West Africa were
Currency
Process of concealing the origin of money
launder the proceeds of crime. Shell companies and trusts: Trusts and shell companies disguise the true owners of money. Trusts and corporate vehicles
Money_laundering
Organisation in the Solomon Islands
valuables such as shell money baskets, traditional artefacts and other objects of significance in the history of Isatabu. Sums of money were collected from
Moro_Movement
Part of in Solomon Islands
shell disks which are drilled and placed on strings. It can be used as payment for bride price, funeral feasts and compensation, with the shell-money
Lau_Lagoon
Book by James Ferguson
leaving it a land-locked, resource-poor country, whose citizens could make money only by working in South African mines. The work was dangerous and sporadic
The_Anti-Politics_Machine
Species of gastropod
Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Retrieved 2018-12-01. Knobbed Whelk: Shell Money Archived 2011-11-25 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011-11-28. "Anatomy
Knobbed_whelk
Topics referred to by the same term
Abuta District, Hokkaidō, a district of Hokkaidō, Japan Strung disk shell money formerly used in New Guinea This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Abuta_(disambiguation)
Ethnic group
Ngalum tribe began engaging in trade with coastal tribes. The Ngalum used shell money as currency and they called it siwol. They obtained siwol from the southern
Ngalum_people
Confidence trick
The shell game (also known as thimblerig, three shells and a pea, the old army game) is a public gambling game that challenges players to follow the movement
Shell_game
Species of mollusc
pretiosum), commonly known as the Wampum tuskshell or the Indian money tusk is a species of tusk shell in the family Dentaliidae. It was first described by George
Antalis_pretiosa
Retrieved 2025-12-30. Johnson, Marion; Hogendorn, Jan S. (1986). The Shell money of the slave trade. African studies series. London New York Melbourne:
List_of_currencies_in_Africa
Japanese money
important items of commodity money came from the southern seas: shells. Since then however, the shell has become a symbol for money in many Chinese and Japanese
Japanese_currency
1390–1914 state in Central Africa; Portuguese vassal from 1857
Portuguese to establish a colony in Luanda, the source of the nzimbu shell money used by the kingdom. In addition, Kongo provided the Portuguese with
Kingdom_of_Kongo
Unit of mass equal to 4.25 grams (0.137 ozt)
in the trans-Saharan trade and coexisted with the use of cowries as shell money. The mithqāl in another more modern calculation is as follows: Nakhud
Mithqal
Sign language of Papua New Guinea
have married in the traditional way, involving complex exchanges of shell money between kin, and have children, some of whom are deaf, so the sign system
Rossel_Island_Sign_Language
early currencies, starting as a commodity exchange to cowrie shells, copper coins, paper money and modern Chinese currencies and digital currencies shows
History_of_Chinese_currency
Form of agreement carried out between a buyer and seller
Is Money?". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2022. Jan Hogendorn; Marion Johnson (1986). The Shell Money
Financial_transaction
1925 essay by Marcel Mauss
Routledge, 1987 [orig. pub. 1950]). Jacques Derrida, Given Time 1: Counterfeit Money (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1992 [orig. pub. 1991])
The_Gift_(essay)
Seashell
A bivalve shell is the enveloping exoskeleton or shell of a bivalve mollusc, composed of two hinged halves or valves. The two half-shells, called the
Bivalve_shell
Direct reciprocal exchange of goods or services without the use of money
exchange, such as money. Barter is considered one of the earliest systems of economic exchange, used before the invention of money. Economists usually
Barter
1944 book by Karl Polanyi
this is too narrow a focus. The market, once it considers land, labor and money as fictitious commodities, and including them "means to subordinate the
The Great Transformation (book)
The_Great_Transformation_(book)
Trade among Indigenous people of North America
years using different material goods and/or currency. Shell beads (also referred to as shell money) have been used for around 9,000–10,000 years in the
Native_American_trade
Ceremonial exchange system in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea
consist of red shell-disc necklaces (veigun or soulava) that are traded to the north (circling the ring in clockwise direction) and white shell armbands (mwali)
Kula_ring
Academic field
wampum and shell money, that they encountered. These special purpose monies were used to facilitate trade, but were not the "universal" money of market-based
Economic_anthropology
Island in Papua New Guinea
Island. Commonly traded items would have included pigs, pottery, and shell money. British and American whaling vessels visited the island in the nineteenth
Nissan_Island
and vegetable market (including fresh coconut water), which also sells shell money, and other local crafts such as palm-frond broomsticks, jewellery, coconut
Honiara_Central_Market
American ethnographer and explorer (1867–1920)
Stone Money: Uap of the Carolines (1910). "The Tattooing of the Men of Fashion," drawing by Furness. Illustration from The Island of Stone Money: Uap of
William_Henry_Furness_III
Person living a mobile and international lifestyle
practice minimalism in order to support their frequent moving. Rather than money and possessions, they focus on experiences, happiness, self discovery and
Global_nomad
Chinese dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC)
divination texts inscribed on oracle bones, which were usually either turtle shells or ox scapulae. More than 20,000 oracle bones were discovered during the
Shang_dynasty
commodity money, that is, objects that have value in themselves as well as value in their use as money. Ancient China, Africa, and India used cowry shells. The
History_of_money
Malaitan shell-money, manufactured in the Langa Langa Lagoon, is the traditional currency used in Malaita and throughout the Solomon Islands. The money consists
Culture_of_Oceania
Island (sandspit) in Angola
Retrieved 1 March 2013. Hogendorn, Jan; Johnson, Marion (1986). The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511563041
Ilha_de_Luanda
Financial institution without a physical presence
order to prevent money laundering, Subtitle A of the USA PATRIOT Act specifically prohibits such institutions, with the exception of shell banks that are
Shell_bank
German merchant and senator
successful was the Kaurischneckenhandel, trade of cowries, then used as shell money. Scarce in West Africa, cowries were purchased cheaply in the Seychelles
William_Henry_O'Swald
price may be paid with golden-edged clam shells. In other regions, the bride price is paid in lengths of shell money, pigs, cassowaries or cash. Elsewhere
Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea
Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean
Yap are noted for possessing an unusual currency. Besides the ordinary shell money, there is a sort of stone coinage, consisting of huge calcite or limestone
Caroline_Islands
Primary island of Malaita Province in Solomon Islands
65. Pei-yi Guo (1 January 2006). ""Making Money": Objects, Productions, and Performances of Shell Money Manufacture in Langalanga, Solomon Island".
Malaita
Japanese anime television series
The Ghost in the Shell (Japanese: 攻殻機動隊 THE GHOST IN THE SHELL, Hepburn: Kōkaku Kidōtai) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Science Saru
The Ghost in the Shell (2026 TV series)
The_Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2026_TV_series)
Economist, philosopher and historian (1886–1964)
ISBN 0-333-39629-4 Adaman, Fikret, Pat Devine, eds. Economy and Society: Money, Capitalism and Transition. Black Rose Books, 2002. Additional subtitle:
Karl_Polanyi
2023 film by Craig Gillespie
Dumb Money is a 2023 American biographical comedy-drama film, directed by Craig Gillespie and written by Lauren Schuker Blum and Rebecca Angelo. It is
Dumb_Money
Branch of agriculture concerned with raising livestock
often meat of the herds and often trade by-products like wool and milk for money and food. Pastoralists do not exist at basic subsistence. Pastoralists often
Pastoralism
Species of gastropod
California's Santa Barbara Channel Islands, indicating that they were used for shell money in Native American trade. The historic Chumash people called them anchum
Callianax_biplicata
because women's participation is minor and Kula shells lack cosmological authentication. It is not Kula shells but women's cloth wealth that is connected with
Inalienable_possessions
Exchange of goods or labour
includes some forms of 'gift-exchange,' as well as purchases with 'primitive money.' The exchange is less social, and is dominated by the material exchange
Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)
Belief that the amount available for distribution is limited
limited amount of "good" to go around. In other words, the amount of land, money, etc. available is held to be finite, so every time one person profits,
Limited_good
West African state from 1712 to 1861
traded across the Sahara or towards the coast. They exchanged guns, shell money, horses, salt, gold, cloth, and slaves. Mungo Park, passing through the
Ségou_Empire
Connected group of individuals
system. Early money consisted of commodities; the oldest being in the form of cattle and the most widely used being cowrie shells. Money has since evolved
Society
German malacologist and chemist
ISBN 978-0-520-26772-5. Hogendorn, Jan; Johnson, Marion (2003-09-18). The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-521-54110-7
Maria_Schilder
Topics referred to by the same term
New Guinea, site of the 1943 Battle of Mount Tambu Tambu or Tabu, the shell money of the Tolai people. Tambu, a 1979 novel by Robert Asprin Tambu, a fictional
Tambu
Artist from Buka Island, Papua New Guinea (c. 1900–1965)
ancestor figure. Guérian is depicted wearing an upe, kapkap (shell ornament), and shell money, accompanied on his journeys by a series of animals. Several
Somuk
Social theory asserting that value systems perpetuate poverty
not change their lifestyles or values, but merely funnel greater sums of money into bottomless, self-destructing pits. This fatalistic view has wide acceptance
Culture_of_poverty
Island in Papua New Guinea
Melanesian and Micronesian ancestry and patrilineal descent rules operate. Shell money, sourced on islands to the north, was used as a means of exchange. Sago
Rambutyo_Island
Group of Malaysian indigenous people
trousers. If we live here (in Pos Lebir), we need money, if we have money we buy a lot. But if we have no money, no problem, we reject possessions. When we
Batek_people
Ancestral homeland of the Lenape people
meanings: the land that the Lenapes called their country, or 'land of the shell money' (wampum). Secaucus – 'black snakes'. Weehawken – 'place of gulls'. Whippany
Lenapehoking
Museum
The Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum & Aquarium is a museum and aquarium devoted to seashells, conchology, and malacology, including the paleontological
Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum
Bailey-Matthews_National_Shell_Museum
Museum in the Federated States of Micronesia
collection included educational materials, paintings and traditional shell money. In 2015 the museum welcomed visitors from the University of Hawaiʻi
Yap_Living_History_Museum
American cultural anthropologist (1938–2019)
Napoleon A. (1970), "Ecological and Adaptive Aspects of California Shell Money", Annual Report of the UCLA Archaeological Survey, vol. 12, pp. 1–25
Napoleon_Chagnon
Form of physical currency made of paper, cotton or polymer
Paper money, often referred to as a note or a bill (North American English), is a type of negotiable promissory note that is payable to the bearer on
Paper_money
Lushootseed-speaking people of Puget Sound
currency used by the Snohomish was shell money, called dentalium or solax. While many tribes had to trade for shells, the Snohomish were able to gather
Snohomish_people
Friction Idiophone from New Ireland
for the use of the Livika. Even students reported that they paid with shell money for practicing with the Livika. The apprenticeship ended with a consecration
Livika
British anthropologist
on the productive economy, the division of labor, and the management of money. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2008 and served
Jane_I._Guyer
1665–1709 war of succession between rival houses of the Kingdom of Kongo
stronger than ever with control of Luanda, source of Kongo's nzimbu shell money. More and more, Kongo had to rely on Dutch support, which was not as
Kongo_Civil_War
Unit of currency in British India
doi:10.1086/250171. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 153692183. "India, Cowry Shell Money, 18th–19th Century". Alvin – Platform for Digital Collections and Digitized
Pie_(monetary_subunit)
Overview of and topical guide to Maldives
Comparative Dravidian Grammar, p. 27-28 J Hogendorn and M Johnson, The Shell Money of the Slave Trade, p. 20-22 Ibn Batuta, Travels in Asia and Africa,
Outline_of_the_Maldives
Town in Puntland, Somalia
such as Bosaso, Galkayo and Garowe, with towns in the south. Puntland Shell money Chittick, Neville (1975). An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Horn:
Hafun
American boxer and boxing promoter (born 1977)
Machine November 19, 2005. The Sweet Science. Retrieved January 1, 2022. "The Shell Game". Retrieved April 25, 2025. "Boxing:Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Contemporary
Floyd_Mayweather_Jr.
Mode of exchange where valuables are given without rewards
reciprocity, gifts are not given in an explicit exchange of goods or services for money, or some other good or service. This contrasts with a market economy or
Gift_economy
Soccer stadium in Houston
Shell Energy Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Houston, Texas, United States. It is home to Houston Dynamo FC of the Major League Soccer and
Shell_Energy_Stadium
Subfield of anthropology
The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. Retrieved 2023-05-04. Shell-Duncan, Bettina, and Ylva Hernlund (2000). Female "circumcision" in Africa:
Applied_anthropology
Ethnic group
the Yolam House at Bultem and the Telefolip exists, and that is how shell money and other valuable items came to the Telefol. The Telefol defeated the
Telefol_people
Debate between substantivist and formalist economic models
premise that can never be contradicted or disproven. If they do not maximize money then it must be pleasure or some other value. To quote: "This post hoc reasoning
Formalist–substantivist debate
Formalist–substantivist_debate
Motor fuel brand of Shell plc
Shell V-Power is the brand name given to Shell's enhanced high specification fuels for road motor vehicles including "Shell V-Power Nitro+" and "Shell
Shell_V-Power
Canadian literary critic
Era (University of California Press, 1982). Art and Money (University of Chicago Press, 1995). Shell co-founded Harvard's Longfellow Institute, devoted
Marc_Shell
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