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Conceptual model for human error in aviation
In aviation, the SHELL model (also known as the SHEL model) is a conceptual model of human factors that helps to clarify the location and cause of human
SHELL_model
Model of the atomic nucleus
nuclear shell model utilizes the Pauli exclusion principle to model the structure of atomic nuclei in terms of energy levels. The first shell model was proposed
Nuclear_shell_model
Principal energy levels in atomic physics
"K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on further and further from the nucleus. The shells correspond
Electron_shell
Topics referred to by the same term
Shell model can mean: Nuclear shell model, how protons and neutrons are arranged in an atom nucleus Electron shell, how electrons are arranged in an atom
Shell_model
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
empirical results. The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom, compared to the valence shell model. As a theory, it can be derived
Bohr_model
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
of Nuclides – IAEA in Java or HTML Article on the "nuclear shell model", giving nuclear shell filling for the various elements. Accessed September 16, 2009
Atomic_nucleus
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up shell in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Shell or Shells may refer to: Shell (structure), a thin structure Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete
Shell
Form of computer-aided engineering
model and reality. Shell models must be manifold (having no holes or cracks in the shell) to be meaningful as a real object. For example, in a shell model
3D_modeling
Predicted set of isotopes of relatively more stable superheavy elements
vicinity of the predicted closed neutron shell at N = 184. These models strongly suggest that the closed shell will confer further stability towards fission
Island_of_stability
Formula to approximate nuclear mass based on nucleon counts
known as magic numbers, are the foundation of the nuclear shell model. The liquid-drop model was first proposed by George Gamow and further developed by
Semi-empirical_mass_formula
Structure of the atomic nucleus
with full shells is exceptionally stable, as will be explained. As with electrons in the electron shell model, protons in the outermost shell are relatively
Nuclear_structure
Magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus
states with life-times of few picoseconds or less. According to the shell model, protons or neutrons tend to form pairs of opposite total angular momentum
Nuclear_magnetic_moment
Specific form of single page web application
architectural approach called the App Shell Model. In this model, service workers store the Basic User Interface or "shell" of the responsive web design web
Progressive_web_app
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
spontaneous fission." Maria Goeppert Mayer later proposed the nuclear shell model for the nucleus. The nuclides that can sustain a fission chain reaction
Nuclear_fission
Principle of atomic physics
with lower n. A version of the aufbau principle known as the nuclear shell model is used to predict the configuration of protons and neutrons in an atomic
Aufbau_principle
Component of an atomic nucleus
nucleons and their interactions by approximations and models, such as the nuclear shell model. These models can successfully describe nuclide properties, as
Nucleon
Mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom
configuration was first conceived under the Bohr model of the atom, and it is still common to speak of shells and subshells despite the advances in understanding
Electron_configuration
Japanese anti-aircraft shell
San-shiki-dan (三式弾; "Type 3 shell") was a World War II-era combined shrapnel and incendiary anti-aircraft round used by the Imperial Japanese Navy. They
San Shiki (anti-aircraft shell)
San_Shiki_(anti-aircraft_shell)
British multinational oil and gas company
Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company, headquartered in London, England. Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on
Shell_plc
Characterization of nuclide stability
nuclear shell model, which implies that the atomic nucleus is built up in "shells" in a manner similar to the structure of the much larger electron shells in
Valley_of_stability
Number of protons or neutrons that make a nucleus particularly stable
Numbers' were coined." These magic numbers were the bedrock of the nuclear shell model, which Mayer developed in the following years together with Hans Jensen
Magic_number_(physics)
German–American physicist (1906–1972)
Argonne National Laboratory. She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics
Maria_Goeppert_Mayer
Atomic spectral line shift
earlier: the appropriate nuclear theory and in particular the nuclear shell model were developed only in the late 1940s and early 1950s. As to the experimental
Isomeric_shift
Activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission
properties as given by the liquid drop model and (2) the quantum mechanical energy associated with filling the shell model orbitals. For the nuclear bulk properties
Fission_barrier
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
the nucleus, leading to a shift in their energy levels in the nuclear shell model. In the field of spintronics, spin–orbit effects for electrons in semiconductors
Spin–orbit_interaction
Nuclear shell model
The Nilsson model is a nuclear shell model treating the atomic nucleus as a deformed sphere. In 1953, the first experimental examples were found of rotational
Nilsson_model
Force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms
Petr; Ormand, W. Erich (2003). "Ab initio shell model with a genuine three-nucleon force for the p-shell nuclei". Physical Review C. 68 (3) 034305.
Nuclear_force
constitute a more fundamental approach compared to e.g. the nuclear shell model. Recent progress has enabled ab initio treatment of heavier nuclei such
Ab initio methods (nuclear physics)
Ab_initio_methods_(nuclear_physics)
Model for predicting molecular geometry
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory (/ˈvɛspər, vəˈsɛpər/ VESP-ər, və-SEP-ər) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual
VSEPR_theory
Coupling in quantum physics
electron spins is of importance in quantum chemistry. Also in the nuclear shell model angular momentum coupling is ubiquitous. In astronomy, spin–orbit coupling
Angular_momentum_coupling
Shell calculation tool in nuclear physics
literature. It provides a very useful tool for extending shell model calculations across shells, for systems involving both particles and holes. The Pandya
Pandya_theorem
Payload-carrying projectile
A shell, in a modern military context, is a projectile whose payload contains an explosive, incendiary, or other chemical filling. Originally it was called
Shell_(projectile)
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
Bash (short for "Bourne Again SHell") is an interactive command interpreter and command language developed for Unix-like operating systems. Supported
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using the nuclear shell model, developed in large part by Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen
Nuclear_physics
Measure of internal forces in an atomic nucleus
describe approximately the forces applied on each nucleon, in the nuclear shell model for the structure of the nucleus. The potential is a logistic function
Woods–Saxon_potential
Cryptographic network protocol
The Secure Shell Protocol (SSH Protocol) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. Its most
Secure_Shell
Topics referred to by the same term
of shells in continuum mechanics The nuclear shell model in quantum mechanics This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shell theory
Shell_theory
Israeli nuclear physicist (1925–2026)
Nuclear Shell Theory, co-author Amos de-Shalit (1963) Academic Press, (reprinted by Dover Publications) Simple Models of Complex Nuclei: The Shell Model and
Igal_Talmi
Ammunition that starts fires on impact
contain an incendiary charge intended to ignite explosives within the shell. Although not intended to start fires, tracer bullets can have a mild incendiary
Incendiary_ammunition
1914 confirmation of the atom's quantum nature
model for atoms that had been proposed the previous year by Niels Bohr. The Bohr model was a precursor of quantum mechanics and of the electron shell
Franck–Hertz_experiment
Command-line interpreter for Unix operating system
Unix shells were the Bourne shell and the C shell. Both shells have been used as the coding base and model for many derivative and work-alike shells with
Unix_shell
Subatomic particle with no charge
a nucleus form a quantum mechanical system according to the nuclear shell model. Protons and neutrons of a nuclide are organized into discrete hierarchical
Neutron
Particle motion in a non-uniform electric field due to dipole-field interactions
hand side by 2. These models ignores the fact that cells have a complex internal structure and are heterogeneous. A multi-shell model in a low conducting
Dielectrophoresis
Radioactive decay by emitting a nucleus
two-center shell model level energies as input data for the shell and pairing corrections. Either the liquid drop model or the Yukawa-plus-exponential model extended
Cluster_decay
Symmetry of spatially mirrored systems
parity, and nucleon configurations can be predicted using the nuclear shell model. As for electrons in atoms, the nucleon state has odd overall parity
Parity_(physics)
Canadian and American theoretical physicist
pioneering research on deuteron stripping (direct reactions), the nuclear shell model, and statistical spectroscopy. He and his student Malcolm H. Macfarlane
James_Bruce_French
Series Of PDAs Produced Between 1993 And 2008
Ubuntu for the clam-shell models C3x00 et al., SL-6000 was started in 2008. Arch Linux ARM has been ported in 2015 on the C3x00 models. For the Sharp and
Sharp_Zaurus
Hypothetical substance in nuclear physics
N.; Hu, B. S.; Zuo, W.; Xu, F. R. (2019). "Ab initio no-core Gamow shell-model calculations of multineutron systems". Physical Review C. 100 (5) 054313
Neutronium
Nuclear physics classification method
semi-empirical mass formula and explained by some other nuclear models, such as the nuclear shell model. This difference of nuclear binding energy between neighbouring
Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei
Type of semi-automatic shotgun
further shells fed into the gun go into the magazine. This function known colloquially as the Speed Load feature was not found on earlier models but was
Browning_Auto-5
Isotope of calcium
2β and the only one simple enough to be analyzed with the sd nuclear shell model. It also releases more energy (4.27 MeV) than any other 2β candidate
Calcium-48
American physicist
by the shell model. It occurred to Rainwater that this could be explained and the differences between the liquid drop and nuclear shell models could be
James_Rainwater
Subatomic particle with positive charge
originally considered to be elementary particles, in the modern Standard Model of particle physics, protons are known to be composite particles, containing
Proton
Pump-action shotgun
2+5⁄8 inch or 2+3⁄4 inch models. Any shells larger are not recommended. An average Model 1897 can hold 5 or 6 shotgun shells in the magazine tube. When
Winchester_Model_1897
Study of the deformation of solids that touch each other
(e.g., linear or nonlinear solid in two- or three dimensions, beam or shell model). By restating the normal stress σ n {\displaystyle \sigma _{n}} in terms
Contact_mechanics
Pump-action shotgun made by Remington Arms Company
original fifteen models offered, Remington currently produces dozens of models for civilian, law enforcement, and military sales. The maximum shell length that
Remington_Model_870
Relative abundance of chemical elements
20, 28, 50, 82, and 126) and are therefore predicted by the nuclear shell model to be unusually abundant. The high abundances of the remaining six (
Oddo–Harkins_rule
German theoretical physicist (born 1933)
the theory of nuclear reactions. He examined nuclear reactions in the shell model under inclusion of continuum states and developed a microscopic statistical
Hans-Arwed_Weidenmüller
Swiss psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and author (1948–2017)
samuel-widmer.ch (in German) www.kirschbaumbluete.ch (in German) the Core-Shell-Model, explained more detailed (in German) Literature by Widmer / Nicolet (in
Samuel_Widmer
Shotgun
fire a modern 2¾-inch shotgun shell in older Model 12s. While a 2¾-inch shell will often chamber in the short chambered Model 12s this will result in excessive
Winchester_Model_1912
Nucleosynthesis pathway
barium, and lead, which, according to quantum mechanics and the nuclear shell model, are particularly stable nuclei, much like the noble gases are chemically
S-process
American physicist
Physical Society in 1972. She worked on computations in the nuclear shell model at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Halbert attended Cornell University
Edith_Halbert
American physicist and academic administrator (1927–2019)
administrator at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research concerned shell model calculations in nuclear physics. Gertrude Bessie Urey was born on September
Elizabeth_Baranger
high-explosive shell, model 1917 type D, achieved a range of 11 km compared to the 8 km of earlier models (1900 and 1915). The effectiveness of these shells was
French artillery during World War I
French_artillery_during_World_War_I
Polish physicist
the nuclear shell model, and the development of a semi-empirical mass formula. Although the original formulation of the nuclear shell model predates Świątecki
Władysław Świątecki (physicist)
Władysław_Świątecki_(physicist)
Japanese model and actress
Ghost in the Shell (2017) as the Red-robed Geisha. Rila Fukushima was born in Tokyo, Japan. Originally attempting to secure a position as a model agent at
Rila_Fukushima
Smallest unit of a chemical element
quantum shells. These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus; filled shells, such as the filled shell of
Atom
Danish physicist (1922–2009)
be explained by then-current models such as the liquid drop model developed by Niels Bohr amongst others. The shell model, developed in 1949 by Maria Goeppert
Aage_Bohr
Lever-action shotguns
shotgun known as the Model 1893 (an early production version of the Model 1897), after the introduction of smokeless powder. Shotgun shells at the time used
Winchester_Model_1887/1901
Action with unintended consequences
Behavior-shaping constraint Error-tolerant design Human reliability Poka-yoke SHELL model User error Technique for human error-rate prediction Fallacy To err is
Human_error
American scientist and activist (1901–1994)
independent particle model as in the usual shell model. In an interview given in 1990 Pauling commented on his model: Now recently, I have been trying to determine
Linus_Pauling
2010 BBC documentary
fixed number of electrons: 2 in the first shell; 8 in the second shell; 18 in the third shell, and so on, each shell holding an increasing number of electrons
Chemistry:_A_Volatile_History
Transformation of a nuclide to another
transferred between the projectile and target. These are useful in studying outer shell structure of nuclei. Transfer reactions can occur: from the projectile to
Nuclear_reaction
Physicist. Nobel laureate in Physics 1963 for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus together with J. Hans D. Jensen. The unit for the
List of German inventors and discoverers
List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers
Cross-platform shell based on .NET technology
PowerShell is a shell program developed by Microsoft for task automation and configuration management. As is typical for a shell, it provides a command-line
PowerShell
Naval gun
Motte-Picquet The modèle 100 TR of the La Fayette-class frigate Surcouf 100 mm shell, model 1957 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun: contemporary standard naval gun for British
French_100_mm_naval_gun
Israeli-American theoretical physicist
application of the auxiliary-field Monte Carlo approach, known as the shell model Monte Carlo (SMMC) method, for the microscopic calculation of nuclear
Yoram_Alhassid
Mathematical parameter used to describe planetary magnetic field lines
where the shell crosses the magnetic Equator, of the equivalent dipole. B is measured in gauss. In a centered dipole magnetic field model, the path along
L-shell
Hypothetical compact astrophysical object
Matthew R. Edwards even suggest a shell universe model based on Ni's solutions in order to reduce the Hubble Tension. A shell collapsar may be void inside
Shell_collapsar
Hypothetical astronomical object alternative to black holes
introduced to bypass structural instability issues. That model suggests that multiple gravastar shells can be nested inside one another like Matryoshka dolls
Gravastar
with a non-standard ordering of single particle levels in the nuclear shell model. Such an area was first described in 1975 by French physicists carrying
Island_of_inversion
Medisch Centrum Groningen (https://umcgresearch.org/). Liquid-drop model Nuclear shell model Arima, A.; Iachello, F. (1975-10-20). "Collective Nuclear States
Interacting_boson_model
2017 video game
free-to-play game monetized through 3D mechanics, Shell Shockers is updated regularly using the games as a service model. Following the game's release, it was met
Shell_Shockers
Branch of psychology
year are published by Hogrefe. Applied psychology Pilot decision making SHELL model "Aviation Psychology". TheFreeDictionary.com. Wickens, Christopher D
Aviation_psychology
Chemical element with atomic number 118 (Og)
fission barrier for nuclei with about 280 nucleons. The later nuclear shell model suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an island of
Oganesson
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 126 (Ubh)
fission barrier for nuclei with about 280 nucleons. The later nuclear shell model suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an island of
Unbihexium
American actor and model
(2005), Silk (2007), Funny Games (2007), I Origins (2014), and Ghost in the Shell (2017). In television, he portrayed Henry Parker in the teen drama Dawson's
Michael_Pitt
US service rifle from late 1800s
The Springfield Model 1873 was a trapdoor breechblock service rifle produced by the Springfield Armory for the United States military. It was the first
Springfield_model_1873
Nuclide that does not undergo radioactive decay
quantum shells. These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus; filled shells, such as the filled shell of
Stable_nuclide
Nuclear physicist (born 1943)
Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel in 1966, with a thesis titled "Shell-Model Binding Energies of Nuclei in the Zr Region," under the supervision of
Shalom_Shlomo
American photographer and author (born 1946)
Lee Shell (born December 3, 1946) is an American photographer and author who was convicted of involuntary manslaughter for the death of his model, Marion
Bob_Shell
Large language model developed by Google
Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models (LLMs) developed by Google DeepMind, and the successor to LaMDA and PaLM 2. Comprising Gemini Pro
Gemini_(language_model)
United States-based subsidiary of Shell plc
Shell USA, Inc. (formerly Shell Oil Company, Inc.) is the United States–based wholly owned subsidiary of Shell plc, a British transnational corporation
Shell_USA
Geometry of global positioning systems
be made using a simplified model of the ionosphere. This model assumes that the ionosphere is a thin, uniform-density shell about the Earth, located near
Ionospheric_pierce_point
Semi-automatic shotgun
the fresh shell and loading it into the chamber. The Model 1100 can fire any 2+3⁄4-inch (7.0 cm) shell without adjustment in the standard models, and both
Remington_Model_1100
Semi-automatic shotgun
ceased production of it in 2020. The Model 11-87 is a gas operated semi-automatic shotgun. Upon firing a shell, some of the high-pressure gases from
Remington_Model_11-87
Ukrainian physicist (1904–1994)
and E. Gapon proposed the idea of the shell distribution of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (nuclear shell model). In 1933 on the initiative of D. Ivanenko
Dmitri_Ivanenko
2002 anime television series
Shell: Stand Alone Complex is a Japanese anime television series produced by Production I.G and based on Masamune Shirow's manga Ghost in the Shell.
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
Ghost_in_the_Shell:_Stand_Alone_Complex
Form of radioactive decay
and exceeding unity, where stability against fission is lost altogether. Shell effects and nucleon pairing effects may further affect observed half-lives
Spontaneous_fission
Quantum number parameterizing spin and angular momentum
−1. The spins I of different nuclei are interpreted using the nuclear shell model. Even-even nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons, such
Spin_quantum_number
SHELL MODEL
SHELL MODEL
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hill, from southeastern Middle English hell ‘hill’, a dialect form characteristic of Kent and Sussex.English : from a personal name, Helle, which may have been a variant of Elie (a Middle English form of Elias), or perhaps a short form of a personal name formed with Hild- as the first element (see Hilliard for example), or perhaps from the female personal name Helen.German : nickname from Middle High German hell ‘bright’, ‘shining’.German : variant of Helle 3.
Girl/Female
American, Anglo, Assamese, Australian, Bengali, British, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu
From the Ledge Meadow; Meadow on the Ledge; Little Rock; Ewe; Female Sheep; Style; Manner; Method; Language
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a brisk or active person, from Middle English snell ‘quick’, ‘lively’, in part also representing a survival of the Old English personal name Snell or the cognate Old Norse Snjallr.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Surname or Lastname
North German
North German : topographic name for someone who lived near a marsh, from an old dialect word stel ‘bog’, where the land was built up on mudflats (behind the dyke) for cattle grazing. The word later assumed the meaning ‘small farm’.English (West Yorkshire) : variant of Still 2, possibly also of Steel.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English
Meadow on a Ledge
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Shelley.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Mountain
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Nold.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Cultured
Girl/Female
Anglo Saxon English American
From the ledge meadow.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Ãsketill, ÃSKELL means "divine kettle."
Girl/Female
Welsh
Shell.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Good Character
Girl/Female
Hindu
A way to do work
Boy/Male
Hindu
Character, Custom, Nature
Surname or Lastname
English (Gloucestershire)
English (Gloucestershire) : unexplained.Americanized spelling of Schill.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Shell, a place in Worcestershire, so named from Old English scylf ‘bank’, ‘shelf’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ornamental name from German Schelle ‘bell’.Americanized spelling of German Schall or Schill.
Male
English
Short form of English unisex Shelley, SHELL means "clearing near a ledge/slope."
Boy/Male
English American
Meadow on a ledge.
SHELL MODEL
SHELL MODEL
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
A Creeper
Boy/Male
Danish, French, German, Swedish
God of Thunder
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Flute
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Famous
Boy/Male
Buddhist, Hindu, Indian
Dharma Way
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Mythological, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Without Grief
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Victorious
Boy/Male
Tamil
The Moon
Girl/Female
Muslim
Praise
Boy/Male
French, German, Hebrew, Spanish
Supplanter; Form of Jacob
SHELL MODEL
SHELL MODEL
SHELL MODEL
SHELL MODEL
SHELL MODEL
n.
A shrapnel shell; shrapnel shells, collectively.
n.
A shell or pod.
n.
The covering, or outside part, of a nut; as, a hazelnut shell.
a.
Abounding with shells; consisting of shells, or of a shell.
v. t.
To throw shells or bombs upon or into; to bombard; as, to shell a town.
n.
A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell.
n.
A light boat the frame of which is covered with thin wood or with paper; as, a racing shell.
v. i.
To cast the shell, or exterior covering; to fall out of the pod or husk; as, nuts shell in falling.
n.
A genus of bivalve shells; the hammer shell.
v. t.
To strip or break off the shell of; to take out of the shell, pod, etc.; as, to shell nuts or pease; to shell oysters.
n.
Any pteropod shell.
v. i.
To fall off, as a shell, crust, etc.
v. i.
To exercise the sense of smell.
n.
The outer husk, pod, or shell, as of oats, pease, etc.; sheal; shell.
v. t.
To put under cover; to sheal.
a.
Having no shell.
v. t.
To shell.
n.
Any bivalve mollusk which secretes a shelly tube around its siphon, as the watering-shell.