Search references for RUNIC MAGIC. Phrases containing RUNIC MAGIC
See searches and references containing RUNIC MAGIC!RUNIC MAGIC
Ancient or modern magic performed with runes or runestones
the name of "Rune-Yoga" (also "Runic Yoga", "Stadhagaldr"). In 1990, Stephan Grundy, a.k.a. Kveldulf Gundarsson, described runic magic as the active
Runic_magic
Ancient Germanic letters
after which they are named (ideographic runes). Runology is the academic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history
Runes
Runic inscription with uncertain meaning
historical runic magic or is a metaphor (or metonym) for it. It is the most common of the early runic charm words. The word disappeared from runic inscriptions
Alu_(runic)
5.32°E / 60.398; 5.32 The Bergen rune charm is a runic inscription on a piece of wood found among the medieval rune-staves of Bergen. It is noted for
Bryggen_Runic_inscription_257
Symbols used in the writing system of early Frisians and Anglo-Saxon peoples
contains runic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes. Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian
Anglo-Saxon_runes
2009 video game
Runes of Magic (RoM) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by the Taiwanese developer Runewaker Entertainment and adapted
Runes_of_Magic
Set of modern runic letters created by Guido von List
Secret of the Runes, that the "runic futharkh (= runic ABC) consisted of sixteen symbols in ancient times." He also referred to the Armanen runes as the 'Armanen
Armanen_runes
Poem in the Poetic Edda
concern runic magic, explaining the use of runes in various contexts. In stanza 5, Sigrdrífa brings Sigurd ale which she has charmed with runes: Biór fori
Sigrdrífumál
Practice of supernatural beings and forces
Psionics – Science fiction theme of 1950s and 1960s Runic magic – Ancient or modern magic performed with runes or runestones Scrying – Seeking visions in a reflective
Magic_(supernatural)
Set of letter symbols used in magic
experienced practitioners. Runic inscriptions – Inscription made in a runic alphabet Runic magic – Ancient or modern magic performed with runes or runestones Constructed
Magical_alphabet
Magical symbol
Symbols believed to possess magical properties Runic magic – Ancient or modern magic performed with runes or runestones Seal of Solomon – Signet ring attributed
Sigil
Runic lead plaque
between the 8th and 11th centuries CE. It is notable for its Old English runic inscription that has led to the widely accepted interpretation of the item
Near_Fakenham_plaque
2011 novel by Colin Meloy
Johns Bridge does appear briefly, as the Ghost Bridge, conjured by a rune magic spell. In a question-and-answer session with Meloy and Ellis, a young
Wildwood_(novel)
Old Norse runic charm from 1073
The Canterbury charm is an Old Norse runic charm inserted in the lower margin of an Anglo-Saxon manuscript (London, British Library, Cotton Caligula A
Canterbury_charm
Literary form
article contains runic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes. Rune poems are proverbial
Rune_poem
Rings inscribed with futhorc runes, 9th or 10th century
"An ancient Runic ring, found near the Picts Well, 1773". The ring bears a unique variant of ȳr, which more closely resembles that rune's appearance in
Anglo-Saxon_runic_rings
11th century artifact from Sweden
wolf remains calm. Use the magic charm! The inscription has been noted to have striking similarities with other Viking-age runic healing-charms, such as
Sigtuna_amulet_I
Germanic word for spell or incantation
finds of galders written in runes, so-called runic galders (Swedish: rungalder), in addition to other forms of runic magic. Runic galders are found, among
Galder_(incantation)
Bone piece with runic inscription
common in rune writing to follow the formula of “I so-and-so” when engraving an object with runic inscriptions. List of names of Odin Runic magic Wikimedia
Lindholm_amulet
Mees, Bernard (2006), Runic Amulets and Magic Objects, Boydell Press, pp. 124–26, ISBN 1-84383-205-4 Larson, Patrick (2005). "Runes". In McTurk, Rory (ed
Ribe_healing-stick
Russian metal band
their inspiration. The lyrics deal with magic and the occult, mainly Hermeticism, Hermetic Qabalah, Runic magic, paganism, bon and the legacy of Ancient
Imperial_Age_(band)
Skull fragment inscribed with runes
bored in it and it is inscribed with transitional Younger Futhark runes. The runic inscription retains two character shapes from the Elder Futhark, ᚺ
Ribe_skull_fragment
Fantasy series by Patrick Rothfuss
own magic systems, mixing alchemy, sympathetic magic, sygaldry (a form of runic magic combined with medieval engineering), and naming (a type of magic that
The_Kingkiller_Chronicle
of the runes into roman letters is: §QA [... (h)AþuwolAfA] §QB [... sAte] §QC [... (s)tA(b)A þr(i)a] §QD [fff] List of runestones Runic magic MacLeod
Gummarp_Runestone
Inscription made in a runic alphabet
A runic inscription is an inscription made in one of the various runic alphabets. They generally contained practical information or memorials instead of
Runic_inscriptions
5th-century runestone in Sweden
catalog as runic inscription G 88, is a Swedish runestone which dates from about 400 AD. It is notable for its listing of each of the runes in the Elder
Kylver_Stone
Runic spindle-whorl
article contains runic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes. The Saltfleetby
Saltfleetby_spindle-whorl
Letter of Old English and some Scandinavian languages
modern Icelandic or normalized orthography. Þ was originally taken from the runic alphabet and is described in the First Grammatical Treatise from the 12th-century:
Thorn_(letter)
11th-century runic amulet
The Kvinneby amulet (Öl SAS1989;43) is an 11th-century runic amulet found in the mid-1950s buried in the village of Södra Kvinneby in Öland, Sweden. The
Kvinneby_amulet
Renaissance magic Retrocognition, see also Precognition Rhabdomancy Rose Cross Rosicrucianism Rougarou, see also Werewolf Runecasting Runestone Runic magic Rusalka
List_of_occult_terms
Symbols believed to possess magical properties
the Galdrabók, dating from the 17th century and later. Galdr Hex sign Runic magic "Galdrastafir. Icelandic Magical Staves. Aegishjalmur, Vegvisir, Lukkustafir
Icelandic_magical_staves
North Germanic language
by a profound margin. The language is called "runic" because the body of text appears in runes. Runic Old East Norse is characteristically conservative
Old_Norse
Fantasy tabletop role-playing game
roll under his fire rune affinity. The exact divisions of magic vary from edition to edition; RQG addresses spirit magic, rune magic, and sorcery. Other
RuneQuest
American runologist, writer, and occultist
Samuel Weiser. ISBN 978-0877285489. —— (1986). Runes and Magic: Magical Formulaic Elements in the Older Runic Tradition (doctoral dissertation). Germany:
Stephen_Flowers
Japanese light novel series
prayer beads, khakkhara (shakujou), or a club. Rune magic It is described similarly to common Rune magic. The anime series is shown out of chronological
Rental_Magica
1990–1994 novel series by Weis and Hickman
potential for magic, they developed runes to harness it. Originally, there was only one group, the Sartan. The Sartan used magic by drawing runes on the ground
The_Death_Gate_Cycle
Þorgautr contains as a name element the Norse god Thor. Runic magic Jansson, Sven B. (1987). Runes in Sweden. Stockholm, Gidlund. ISBN 91-7844-067-X. p.
Ledberg_stone
Proto-Norse word, translated as magician or rune master
the Syntax of theOlder Runic Inscriptions. Kulturhistorisk museum (KHM). p. 34. Retrieved 5 August 2017. Mees, B. (2003). "Runic 'erilaR'". North-Western
Erilaz
Old Norse poem
Roman numerals in the manuscript. There is no explicit mention of runes or runic magic in the Ljóðatal excepting in the twelfth song (stanza 158), which
Hávamál
Historical linguistic group of people originating in Scandinavia
Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 978-0313027253. Archived
Norsemen
2009 video game
Alice sealed the witches away by using their own rune magic against them. After the battle, rune magic was considered to be lost and forbidden. Liddell
A_Witch's_Tale
German occult writer
has authored books in the hermetic as well as the runic tradition. His two principle works on runic topics are Runenmagie: Handbuch der Runenkunde (1955)
Karl_Spiesberger
Norse runic formula
The thistle mistletoe formula is a pagan Norse Runic formula, involving several rhyming words ending in -istill (typically at least þistill and mistill;
Thistle_mistletoe_formula
Miniature wargame
driven by their obsession with gold and honor, known for thir powerful runic magic and combat skills. The Fyreslayers were removed as their own independent
Warhammer_Age_of_Sigmar
Historical religious tradition
Turville-Petre 1975, pp. 11, 48–50. Simek, "Runes", p. 269: "Odin is the god of runic knowledge and of runic magic." Turville-Petre 1975, pp. 64–65. DuBois
Old_Norse_religion
Collection of Old Norse poems
Midsummer Hörgr Heathen hof Vé (shrine) Gothi Early Germanic calendars Runic magic Seeress (Germanic) Galdr Death in Norse paganism Society Berserker Jarl
Poetic_Edda
Scandinavian runic alphabet
medieval runes, or the futhork, was a Scandinavian runic alphabet that evolved from the Younger Futhark after the introduction of stung (or dotted) runes at
Medieval_runes
mother. Clary, using her power to create runes, creates a rune with the ability to create a Portal a magic and conveys herself and Luke to Idris, and
List of The Mortal Instruments characters
List_of_The_Mortal_Instruments_characters
12th-century runic amulet from Sweden
NOR1998;25". www.runinskrifter.net. Retrieved 2022-07-07. "Runic inscription U NOR1998;25". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department
Sigtuna_rib
Pseudoscientific racial grouping
more fascinated with Zoroastrianism, still others are adherents of the 'Runic Magic' Laruelle 2008, pp. 285–286. Suslov, Mikhail; Kotkina, Irina (2020).
Aryan_race
Viking Age runic inscription in Sweden
Östergötland Runic Inscription 43 or Ög 43 is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age runic inscription carved on a rockface in Ingelstad, just north
Östergötland Runic Inscription 43
Östergötland_Runic_Inscription_43
Perpetual calendar based on the 19-year-long Metonic cycle of the Moon
A Runic calendar (also Rune staff or Runic almanac) is a perpetual calendar, variants of which were used in Northern Europe until the 19th century. A typical
Runic_calendar
1997 video game
limited variety. Tibia's magic system is text-based. There are two types of magic: instant magic and rune magic. Instant magic uses spells that, once cast
Tibia_(video_game)
2009 video game
useful equipment or potions. Magic in Risen can be divided to two broad types: Crystal Magic and Rune Magic. With Crystal Magic, player can launch magical
Risen_(video_game)
Late runic script
progressively replace the runes. At the end of the 16th century, the Dalecarlian runic inventory was almost exclusively runic, but during the following
Dalecarlian_runes
European ethnic group
Midsummer Hörgr Heathen hof Vé (shrine) Gothi Early Germanic calendars Runic magic Seeress (Germanic) Galdr Death in Norse paganism Society Berserker Jarl
Normans
Runestone
the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 90-04-12396-2. MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006). Runic Amulets and Magic Objects.
Stentoften_Runestone
Scandinavian lineage
Midsummer Hörgr Heathen hof Vé (shrine) Gothi Early Germanic calendars Runic magic Seeress (Germanic) Galdr Death in Norse paganism Society Berserker Jarl
Norse_clans
2025 video game
RuneScape: Dragonwilds is an open-world survival game. It is a spin-off from the MMORPG RuneScape, taking place within the same fantasy world of Gielinor
RuneScape:_Dragonwilds
Alleged Icelandic sorcerer
testified in his defense that although Jon might have attempted to use rune magic, so called Galdrar, he had neither the strength nor the intelligence to
Jón_Rögnvaldsson
Circa 500 CE artifact found in Sweden
associated with magic; however, this is a stock explanation for runic text that has not yet been interpreted. Kylver Stone Runic magic Sjælland bracteate
Vadstena_bracteate
Triangular motif formed of three interlaced arcs or loops
Celtica vol. 23 (1999), pp.174–187 Cunningham, Scott (2004) [1988], "Rune Magic", Wicca: A Guide to the Solitary Practitioner, Woodbury, MN, U.S.A.: Llewellyn
Triquetra
Norwegian archdiocese at Nidaros is dated 30 November 1154. Thirteenth-century runic inscriptions from the merchant town of Bergen in Norway show little Christian
Christianization of Scandinavia
Christianization_of_Scandinavia
German occultist
Runic-Wisdom: History, World-View, Rune-Yoga, Divination, the Sidereal Pendulum and the Runic-Zodiac, 2005. Criticized by Sweyn Plowright, The Rune Primer
Friedrich_Marby
2006 video game
Heroes of Might and Magic V is the fifth installment of the Heroes of Might and Magic fantasy turn-based strategy video game series. The game was released
Heroes_of_Might_and_Magic_V
Runestone in Greenland
(1967). Norse Medieval Cryptography in Runic Carivings. Glendale, California: Norseman Press. pp. 98–102. Runic inscription from Greenland (Text only in
Kingittorsuaq_Runestone
Gods in Germanic paganism
(2004). "Gods and Mythological Beings in the Younger Futhark" (PDF). Runes, magic and religion: a sourcebook. Fassbaender. Mierow, Charles Christopher
Æsir
Hammer of the god Thor in Norse mythology
Classics. ISBN 978-0-19-967534-0 MacLeod, Mindy & Bernard Mees. 2006. Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Boydel & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84383-205-8 McKinnell
Mjölnir
to learn the ways of rune magic because of her connection to the Brimmed Caps, which gains her a dubious reputation in the magic community. While initially
List of Witch Hat Atelier characters
List_of_Witch_Hat_Atelier_characters
2006 video game
cannot physically attack, they rely on magic to do so. The player can use various magical spells by drawing runes on the DS's touch screen; drawing them
LostMagic
Japanese manga series by Clamp and its adaptations
their quest, the girls discover their respective element-based magic and awaken the three Rune-Gods (魔神, Mashin), creatures who can take the form of giant
Magic_Knight_Rayearth
September 22, 2012. "Evening of Light :: Article :: Uthark - Modern esoteric rune magic". www.eveningoflight.nl. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved
Uthark_theory
Standing army in the service of the Kings of England, 1013–1051
ö See also Runic inscriptions interactive map Runic inscriptions Rune Poems Runestones Runic magic Modern runic writing Pseudo-runes Staveless runes
Thingmen
2001 video game
RuneScape is a fantasy massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Jagex. Created by Andrew Gower with assistance
RuneScape
Magical artifact in Finnish mythology
Karelian runic singer Jaakko Huovinen, Samma is the thing where all runes and sorcery originate from. The Sammas appears in the Estonian and Finnish runic songs
Sampo
Japanese light novel series and its adaptations
Akashic Records of Bastard Magic Instructor (Japanese: ロクでなし魔術講師と禁忌教典(アカシックレコード), Hepburn: Roku de Nashi Majutsu Kōshi to Akashikku Rekōdo) is a Japanese
Akashic Records of Bastard Magic Instructor
Akashic_Records_of_Bastard_Magic_Instructor
Colombian gnostic writer
p. 259. ISBN 0-9742755-0-6. Samael Aun Weor (1969). "Rune GIBUR". Esoteric Course of Runic Magic. Robinson, Marnia (2009-06-23). Cupid's Poisoned Arrow:
Samael_Aun_Weor
Germanic god associated with thunder
Retrieved 6 November 2020. MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006). Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-205-4. Archived from the original
Thor
Magic word
AGLA begins appearing in magical writings." AGLA is found in at least 31 runic inscriptions. During the Middle Ages, the word was reinterpreted in the
AGLA
Burgundy in 1857. It has a runic inscription consisting of a horizontal partial listing of the first twenty of the twenty-four rune sequence of the Elder Futhark:
Charnay_Fibula
is a list of rune-row inscriptions. These are runic inscriptions containing a sequence of runes in order. Based on the first six runes typically in the
List_of_rune-row_inscriptions
2002 video game
Leaders can aid their army units with a variety of special abilities and rune magic. Each side also requires a strategist; the better the strategist, the
Suikoden_III
AD&D supplement by Gary Gygax
November 2, 2022. Mearls, Mike (October 5, 2015). "Prestige Classes and Rune Magic". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015
Unearthed_Arcana
2013 video game
and receive boons for dungeon runs; and Lucain's Tower, which documents rune magic unlocked by the player. Outside of town, players can explore nine dungeon
Dragon's_Crown
Tabletop role-playing game
one's abilities. The Splugorth are also masters of Rune Magic (such as the creation of the fabled rune weapons), an offshoot of Bio-Wizardry. They are an
Rifts_(role-playing_game)
Runestone in Uppsala Municipality, Sweden
1000. List of runestones MacLeod, Mindy and Bernard Mees (2006). Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Woodbridge: Boydell, ISBN 9781843832058, p. 110 Archived
Krogsta_Runestone
Medieval runic inscriptions in Bergen, Norway
the most important runic find in the twentieth century. Before the find of these inscriptions, there was doubt whether the runes were ever used for anything
Bryggen_inscriptions
Ancient Persian heavy cavalry adopted by various subsequent states
T. Sulimirski, ISBN 9780500020715 Helmut Nickel, Tamga and Runes, Magic Numbers and Magic Symbols, The Metropolitan Art Museum 1973 Bivar, A. D. H. (1972)
Cataphract
2026 Japanese anime series
Magic Knight Rayearth (Japanese: 魔法騎士(マジックナイト)レイアース, Hepburn: Majikku Naito Reiāsu) is a 2026 Japanese anime television series based on the manga series
Magic Knight Rayearth (2026 TV series)
Magic_Knight_Rayearth_(2026_TV_series)
Klaus (2004). "Gods and Mythological Beings in the Younger Futhark". Runes, Magic and Religion: A Sourcebook. Studia Medievalia Septentrionalia. Vol. 10
Danish_Runic_Inscription_120
Austrian philologist and religious studies scholar
und Kulte der Germanen, München, C.H. Beck, 2004 ISBN 3-406-50835-9 Runes, Magic and Religion: A Sourcebook (with John McKinnell und Klaus Düwel), Wien
Rudolf_Simek
Style of literary fiction and art
Magical realism, magic realism, or marvellous realism is a style or genre of fiction and art that presents a realistic view of the world while also incorporating
Magical_realism
Viking Age runic inscription in Sweden
Södermanland runic inscription 140 (Sö 140) is a Viking Age runestone inscribed in Old Norse with the Younger Futhark runic alphabet. It and Sö 139 stand
Södermanland runic inscription 140
Södermanland_runic_inscription_140
Modern pagan religion
using runes; as part of this, items bearing runic markings might be pulled out of a bag or bundle, and read accordingly. Sometimes, each runic letter
Heathenry (new religious movement)
Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)
Third novel in the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series by Rick Riordan
disabilities. In exchange for working for Mimir, he received the ability to work rune magic. Blitzen (Blitz) - Another friend of Magnus, a svartalf (dwarf). He is
The_Ship_of_the_Dead
Interpretations of the Marvel character
Jarnbjorn in place of Mjolnir. Rune King Thor is a version of Thor who hung himself from the tree of Yggdrasil to obtain rune magic. After dying, Thor ends up
Alternative versions of Thor (Marvel Comics)
Alternative_versions_of_Thor_(Marvel_Comics)
Kannazuki Arin) is the Trinity Seven of Ira (Anger) and user of Chaotic Rune magic, whose appearance is strikingly similar to Hijiri. She has a stoic personality
List of Trinity Seven characters
List_of_Trinity_Seven_characters
Danish Runic Inscription 48 or DR 48 is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age memorial runestone from Hanning, which is about 8 km (5 miles) north
Danish_Runic_Inscription_48
The Skern Runestone, designated as Danish Runic Inscription 81 or DR 81 in the Rundata catalog, is a Viking Age memorial runestone located in the small
Skern_Runestone
Novel by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman
too, still knows the secrets of rune-magic. Kleitus poisons Haplo so that the corpse will be left undamaged, the runes free to be studied at Kleitus's
Fire_Sea
travel, tourism, insurance
RUNIC MAGIC
RUNIC MAGIC
Male
Danish
, a wild boar.
Female
English
English name derived from the Old Saxon runic letter jera, JERA means "year."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Wakeful, Magician
Boy/Male
Muslim
Wakeful, Magician
Boy/Male
Tamil
Magician
Boy/Male
Tamil
Young girl
Boy/Male
Arabic
The lightning. Al Borak was the legenday magical horse that bore Muhammad from earth to the...
Girl/Female
Irish
From each meaning “steed, horse.†The daughter of a king of the Irish province of Connacht, she was renowned for both her beauty and her fashion sense. “A smock of royal silk she had next to her skin, over that an outer tunic of soft silk and around her a hooded mantle of crimson fastened on her breast with a golden brooch.â€
Boy/Male
Tamil
Magician
Girl/Female
Tamil
Proficient, Magical, An aspirant, Seeker
Surname or Lastname
German
German : occupational name from Middle High German, Middle Low German wicker ‘soothsayer’, ‘magician’.German : from an Old High German personal name composed of the elements wīg ‘battle’, ‘war’ + heri ‘army’.English : topographic name for someone who lived or worked in an outlying settlement, from a derivative of Old English wīc (see Wick).
Boy/Male
Indian
Myth name of a God of magic
Surname or Lastname
English
English : German : from the personal name Keno, derivative of Konrad.German : patronymic from the Frisian personal name Keno; alternatively, but less likely, from a derivation of the old Nordic root gan ‘spell’, ‘magic’, which was used in personal names.
Boy/Male
Latin
From Augustus meaning magic majestic, dignity, or venerable.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Proficient, Magical, An aspirant, Seeker
Boy/Male
Latin
From Augustus meaning magic majestic, dignity, or venerable.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Magic
Girl/Female
Muslim
Magic, Flower
Boy/Male
Hindu
Young girl
Girl/Female
Norse
Odin's magic ring.
RUNIC MAGIC
RUNIC MAGIC
RUNIC MAGIC
RUNIC MAGIC
RUNIC MAGIC
RUNIC MAGIC
RUNIC MAGIC
n.
Same as Tunicle.
n.
Style of writing or printing; handwriting; the peculiar form of letters used by a particular person or people; as, an inscription in the Runic character.
n.
A natural covering; an integument; as, the tunic of a seed.
a.
Of or pertaining to the ancient Carthaginians.
n.
A broad stripe of purple on the fore part of the tunic, worn by senators in ancient Rome as an emblem of office.
a.
Characteristic of the ancient Carthaginians; faithless; treacherous; as, Punic faith.
a.
Funicular.
a.
Having a tunic, or mantle; of or pertaining to the Tunicata.
a.
Of a red color; reddish; as, the erythroid tunic (the cremaster muscle).
n.
An under-garment worn by the ancient Romans of both sexes. It was made with or without sleeves, reached to or below the knees, and was confined at the waist by a girdle.
n.
An ancient manner of writing; ancient writings, collectively; as, Punic paleography.
a.
Pertaining to, or obtained from, rue (Ruta); as, rutic acid, now commonly called capric acid.
n.
See Mantle, n., 3 (a).
n.
A membrane, or layer of tissue, especially when enveloping an organ or part, as the eye.
n.
A chiton, or loose, ungirded tunic, falling in straight folds.
a.
Of or pertaining to a rune, to runes, or to the Norsemen; as, runic verses; runic letters; runic names; runic rhyme.
a.
Covered with a tunic; covered or coated with layers; as, a tunicated bulb.
n.
A salt of rutic acid.
n.
Any similar garment worm by ancient or Oriental peoples; also, a common name for various styles of loose-fitting under-garments and over-garments worn in modern times by Europeans and others.
n.
A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce.
travel, tourism, insurance