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The Ratification Cases, officially titled as Javellana v. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973; 50 SCRA 30), was a 1973 Supreme Court
Ratification_Cases
Process of putting into effect a documentation in international law
Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent. In international law, ratification is the process by which a state declares its
Ratification
25th legislative term of the Philippines
"citizens' assemblies". The ratification of the constitution was challenged in what came to be known as the Ratification Cases. By the middle of the 1930s
Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971
Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_of_1971
1973 referendum
Constitution had been ratified by the Filipino people and thereby was in effect. These results were challenged during the Ratification Cases heard by the Supreme
1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite
1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite
Chief Justice of the Philippines from 1966 to 1973
days earlier to express his dissent over the court's decision in the Ratification Cases, which upheld the 1973 Constitution, and paved the way for extending
Roberto_Concepcion
Filipino lawyer and politician (1930–2025)
defended the validity of the 1973 Constitution of the Philippines in the Ratification Cases. He was the Chairman of the United Nations General Assembly Legal
Estelito_Mendoza
First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
opponents of the ratification of the Constitution objected that it contained no bill of rights. So, in order to secure ratification, Madison agreed to
United_States_Bill_of_Rights
1788 Convention ratifying the U.S. Constitution
the Virginia ratifying convention and their vote on ratification. A total of 170 delegates were elected. Of these, 168 voted on ratification: 89 for, 79
Virginia_Ratifying_Convention
Proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution
ERA three short of the necessary 38 states for ratification. Even so, there are ongoing efforts to ratify the amendment. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee
Equal_Rights_Amendment
1868 amendment addressing citizenship rights and civil and political liberties
rescind their ratification: Alabama: July 13, 1868 Georgia: July 21, 1868 (after rejection November 9, 1866) Upon receiving Georgia's ratification on July 27
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Description of amendment procedure
deadlines for the ratification of proposed amendments, but most amendments proposed since 1917 have included a deadline for ratification. Legal scholars
Article Five of the United States Constitution
Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution
Supreme law of the United States
Federalist Papers, in support of ratification. Before year's end, three state legislatures voted in favor of ratification. Delaware was first, voting unanimously
Constitution of the United States
Constitution_of_the_United_States
1870 amendment prohibiting denial of voting rights on the basis of race
and sent it to the states for ratification. After a bitter struggle that included attempted rescissions of ratification by two states, the Fourteenth
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Constitution was questioned before the Philippine Supreme Court in the Ratification Cases. The constitution was upheld. Marcos' dictatorship would continue
1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election
Convention of the Council of Europe
The Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality (E.T.S. No. 043) is a convention
Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Cases_of_Multiple_Nationality_and_on_Military_Obligations_in_Cases_of_Multiple_Nationality
1919 amendment establishing prohibition of alcohol; null and void since 1933
This was the first amendment to impose a deadline date for ratification. If ratification did not occur before the deadline date, the amendment would
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
International treaty in Europe
to the Convention, including those which have not ratified Protocol 13. Accordingly, the ratification of this Protocol is now essentially symbolic: it
European Convention on Human Rights
European_Convention_on_Human_Rights
other entity that ratifies, accedes to, approves, or succeeds to the treaty. In general, multilateral treaties are open to ratification by any state. Some
List of treaties by number of parties
List_of_treaties_by_number_of_parties
1939 United States Supreme Court case
amendment and the most recent state ratification thereof assuming that, as a consequence of that most recent ratification, the legislatures of (or conventions
Coleman_v._Miller
Chief Justice of the Philippines from 1973 to 1975
together with Justice Fred Ruiz Castro, was the "swing vote" in the Ratification Cases which upheld the 1973 Constitution, which paved the way of extending
Querube_Makalintal
1791 amendment regarding right to a jury trial
to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had shifted
Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
International Labour Organization Convention
some cases, surpass the laws laid out in the Convention. However, the Recommendations laid out by the Commission did not just ask for the ratification of
Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995
Safety_and_Health_in_Mines_Convention,_1995
adopted and signed. The ratification process for the Constitution began that day, and ended when the final state, Rhode Island, ratified it on May 29, 1790
Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution
Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution
1865 amendment abolishing slavery
1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment two proposals to amend the Constitution were adopted by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Neither
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1795 amendment restricting ability to sue states in federal courts
Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 75 to ratify the Eleventh Amendment. Almost exactly three years after its ratification, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1985 book by William J. Benson and Martin J. "Red" Beckman
seventy-one years after the ratification was proclaimed, Benson began a research project to investigate the ratification process by traveling to the National
The_Law_that_Never_Was
United Nations member state to have not ratified it after Somalia ratified it in 2015. U.S. non-ratification of this document results in children having
U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
U.S._ratification_of_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child
1791 amendment restricting quartering of soldiers in private homes
to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had shifted
Third Amendment to the United States Constitution
Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Method of ratifying amendments to the United States Constitution
fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress.… Ratification of a proposed amendment has been done by state
State_ratifying_conventions
12th Chief Justice of the Philippines (1914–1979)
together with Justice Querube Makalintal, was the ‘swing vote’ in the Ratification Cases which upheld the 1973 Constitution, which paved the way of extending
Fred_Ruiz_Castro
1788 essay collection by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
support the ratification of the Constitution, specifically in New York. Whether they succeeded in this mission is questionable. Separate ratification proceedings
The_Federalist_Papers
Arguments against income taxation in the United States
State during ratification, despite its admission to the Union on March 1, 1803, more than a century prior. Sixteenth Amendment ratification arguments have
Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments
Tax_protester_Sixteenth_Amendment_arguments
1913 amendment
opposed the actual ratification of the amendment, but they believed that it had little chance of being ratified, as ratification required approval by
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1920 amendment mandating women's suffrage
1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification, achieving the requisite 36 ratifications to secure adoption, and thereby went into effect
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
First constitution of the United States from 1781 to 1789
authoring a new constitution and sent it to the states for ratification. After significant ratification debates in each state and across the nation, on March
Articles_of_Confederation
entered into force on April 1, 2005, after tenth ratification. As of January 2026, it has been ratified by 20 states (of the 46 CoE member states). Article
Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights
Protocol_12_to_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights
1967 amendment enumerating presidential succession
because the amendment's ratification remained incomplete. On February 23, 1967, at the White House ceremony certifying the ratification, Johnson said: It was
Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1873 United States Supreme Court case
Slaughter-House Cases Be Saved from Its Critics? – Pamela Brandwein (University of Texas at Dallas) Slaughterhouse Cases – PBS.com "Supreme Court Landmark Case, Slaughterhouse
Slaughter-House_Cases
1992 amendment delaying congressional salary changes
new push for ratification with a letter-writing campaign to state legislatures. In Dillon v. Gloss, the Supreme Court wrote, "ratification [of a proposed
Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1913 amendment establishing the direct election of senators
by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and became part of the Constitution upon ratification by three quarters (36) of the state legislatures: on April 8, 1913. Sitting
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Judgement of the High Court of Australia
1995. The case is notable for giving unprecedented significance to the ratification of international treaties by the executive government (in particular
Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh
Minister_of_State_for_Immigration_and_Ethnic_Affairs_v_Teoh
Indian actress and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)
noire, filed 28 corruption cases against her after the 1996 election, and she was convicted in a disproportionate assets case in 2014. Each time, she was
J._Jayalalithaa
Highest court of jurisdiction in the US
ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that turn on questions of U.S. constitutional or federal law
Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
Proposed amendment to the US Constitution
Federalists, who supported the Constitution's ratification, reassured those opposing its ratification by agreeing that the new government should immediately
Congressional Apportionment Amendment
Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment
Type of temporary statute law in France
Parliament. They function as temporary statutes pending ratification by the Parliament; failing ratification they function as mere executive regulations. Ordonnances
Ordonnance
cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential
1788–89 United States presidential election
1788–89_United_States_presidential_election
1971 amendment granting suffrage to 18-year-old citizens
its ratification of the amendment was never officially challenged. Ratification was completed on June 30, 1971, after the amendment had been ratified by
Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Treaty ending the Spanish–American War
The treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. It was the first treaty negotiated between the two governments
Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)
announced in May 2006 that it would ratify the Rome Statute in the session ending in July 2006. By December 2006, the ratification had not yet been completed,
States parties to the Rome Statute
States_parties_to_the_Rome_Statute
1798 United States Supreme Court case
Constitution and that the Eleventh Amendment was binding on cases already pending prior to its ratification. Levi Hollingsworth was a Pennsylvania merchant who
Hollingsworth_v._Virginia
United States federal court (1780–1788)
after its founding in 1780 through its final cases in 1787. It officially ceased to exist following ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1789 that transferred
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture
1791 amendment protecting the right to keep and bear arms
Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments. In the end, the ratification convention was so evenly
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1922 United States Supreme Court case
challenge the validity of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. A companion case, Leser v. Garnett, upheld the ratification. In 1919, the United States
Fairchild_v._Hughes
Philippine political event
"citizen's assemblies". The ratification of the constitution was challenged in what came to be known as the Ratification Cases. The sociopolitical environment
Second term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos
Second_term_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos
Ratification of the current EU system
ratification refers to the last step of ratification, which might require a separate signature of the head of state on the instrument of ratification
Ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon
Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Lisbon
International agreement
defines "means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty" including ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Article 26 defines pacta sunt servanda
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties
2016 Canada–EU free trade agreement
European Parliament and the ratification by Canada, CETA applies provisionally since 21 September 2017, awaiting its ratification by the European Union member
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement
Withdrawal of the UK from the EU
Further, as the ratification of the treaty was in the manifestos of the three major political parties, voters opposed to ratification had limited options
Brexit
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2024
of the Crown Prosecution Service, he handled major cases including the Stephen Lawrence murder case. In the 2014 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Knight
Keir_Starmer
Historical event
the ratification of the United States Constitution. The compromise helped gather enough support for the Constitution to ensure its ratification and led
Massachusetts_Compromise
1933 amendment repealing prohibition of alcohol
(January 2007). "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". Retrieved February 24, 2007. Brown, Everett S. (1935). "The Ratification of the Twenty-first
Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1992 founding treaty of the European Union
in France narrowly supported the ratification of the treaty, with 50.8% in favour. This narrow vote for ratification in France, known at the time as the
Maastricht_Treaty
Guarantee of law protecting all persons equally in the US
attention during the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Instead the key tenet of the Fourteenth Amendment at the time of its ratification was the Privileges
Equal_Protection_Clause
1791 amendment limiting government restriction of civil liberties
was against ratification (including Virginia, Massachusetts, and New York) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1930 League of Nations convention
the 1963 Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality and the 1997 European
Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws
Convention_on_Certain_Questions_Relating_to_the_Conflict_of_Nationality_Laws
Treaty regarding child support
became a member itself. As the EU ratification did not cover Denmark, the convention appies there only after it ratified in 2025. In December 2015, and July
Hague_Convention_on_the_International_Recovery_of_Child_Support_and_Other_Forms_of_Family_Maintenance
Basis of international space law
in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the Republic of China's (ROC) ratification as "illegal". The ROC has committed
Outer_Space_Treaty
Sexual violence in India
rape cases were registered across the country, or an average of 86 cases daily, a rise from 2020 with 28,046 cases, while in 2019, 32,033 cases were registered
Rape_in_India
1961 amendment granting presidential electors to the District of Columbia
1961 (Date in the official notice; preceded by ratification on March 29, 1961, as the 37th state to ratify, which was annulled and then repeated later that
Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1964 amendment prohibiting poll taxes
in time. Georgia's ratification was apparently dropped after South Dakota's ratification. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
1931 United States Supreme Court case
Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress" (emphasis added). Furthermore, the court
United_States_v._Sprague
Ongoing case at the International Court of Justice
Jerusalem List of International Court of Justice cases Rohingya genocide case Croatia–Serbia genocide case Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Nicaragua
South Africa's genocide case against Israel
South_Africa's_genocide_case_against_Israel
1833 U.S. Supreme Court case on the scope of the Bill of Rights
establishing a precedent until the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The case is also significant for highlighting
Barron_v._Baltimore
President of the United States from 1933 to 1945
Juris Doctor degree. State legislatures elected US senators prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. Attributed to multiple sources:
Franklin_D._Roosevelt
President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
where it already existed. The amendment passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the required three-fourths of the states when Southern states began
Abraham_Lincoln
Patent court in the European Union
2024, following its ratification in May 2024. The entry into force was triggered when Germany deposited its instrument of ratification on 17 February 2023
Unified_Patent_Court
Head of state and government of the United States
believed the veto should only be used in cases where a bill was unconstitutional, it is now routinely used in cases where presidents have policy disagreements
President of the United States
President_of_the_United_States
Proposed U.S. Constitutional Amendment
legislature has completed ratification action on it. When the proposed amendment was submitted to the states, ratification by 13 states was required for
Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment
Treaty adopted by United Nations General Assembly in 1966
thirty-fifth ratification or accession. As of December 2025[update], the Covenant has 175 parties and six more signatories without ratification, most notably
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights
Exemption of existing cases from a new rule
people could not vote until after passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Ratification in 1964 of the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Grandfather_clause
Head of state of the Republic of Iraq
corruption. Ratification of international treaties and agreements, after the approval of the House of Representatives, and they are considered ratified after
President_of_Iraq
Senator of the Philippines
Marjuice (February 4, 2025). "Fact check: ICC has jurisdiction over drug war cases despite PH withdrawal". Rappler. Archived from the original on February
Ronald_dela_Rosa
Essays by American founding fathers opposed to the federal constitution
Massachusetts Compromise took place during the ratification process after 5 states had already ratified. Despite being the minority power, Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalist_Papers
President of the United States (2017–2021; since 2025)
prevailed in 195 cases, the government had prevailed in 109 cases, there were split rulings in 16 cases, 228 cases were pending, and 25 cases were closed.
Donald_Trump
International maritime law
the secretary-general of the United Nations receives instruments of ratification and accession and the UN provides support for meetings of states party
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea
Power of courts to review laws
independent, will declare it to be void." During the ratification process, supporters and opponents of ratification published pamphlets, essays, and speeches debating
Judicial review in the United States
Judicial_review_in_the_United_States
Penetrative sexual activity for reproduction or sexual pleasure
healthy and productive lives. In cases where infection is suspected, early medical intervention is highly beneficial in all cases. The CDC stated "the risk of
Sexual_intercourse
Acquisition of citizenship by virtue of the circumstances of one's birth
any other proposed amendment, has yet been approved by Congress for ratification by the states. A 2010 report by the Migration Policy Institute, a think
Birthright citizenship in the United States
Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States
1776 American national founding document
Crown, which was punishable by torture and death. Two days following its ratification, on July 6, it was published by The Pennsylvania Evening Post. The first
United States Declaration of Independence
United_States_Declaration_of_Independence
Supranational political and economic union
global environmental governance, e.g. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the
European_Union
Italian media tycoon and politician (1936–2023)
Italy". Berlusconi was tried in Italian courts in several cases. The outcome for six of those cases were politically altered to end with "no conviction",
Silvio_Berlusconi
Musical by Shaina Taub
movement, focusing primarily on the historical events leading up to the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920
Suffs
Proposed U.S. Constitutional Amendment allowing Congress to regulate child labor
Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, the amendment is still pending before the states. Ratification by an additional 10 states would be necessary
Child_Labor_Amendment
1791 amendment prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures
to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had shifted
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
emphasized that cases against him should be filed before the national courts; additionally, he argued that the Rome Statute, which was ratified by the Senate
International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines
International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Philippines
a treaty ratification method somewhere between these two extremes. In monist systems like the Netherlands, treaties can normally be ratified only after
Incorporation of international law
Incorporation_of_international_law
1922 U.S. Supreme Court case on the constitutionality of the 19th Amendment
legislature had refused to vote to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Two months before, on August 26, 1920, the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to
Leser_v._Garnett
International treaty about the rights of children
Palestine, and the Holy See. South Sudan ratified the convention in January 2015. Somalia's domestic ratification finished in January 2015 and the instrument
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child
2010 treaty between Azerbaijan and Turkey
provisions". The agreement was ratified by National Assembly of Azerbaijan on 21 December 2010. Following ratification by the Azerbaijani Assembly, Grand
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
Agreement_on_Strategic_Partnership_and_Mutual_Support
American involvement in drafting but non-ratification
Imperatives for Ratification "America's Defense Chief, Senior Military Advisor and Top Diplomat Call for 'Law of the Sea' Ratification". RatifyTheTreatyNow
United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea
RATIFICATION CASES
RATIFICATION CASES
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from the medieval personal name Masselin. This originated as an Old French pet form of Germanic names with the first element mathal ‘speech’, ‘counsel’. However, it was later used as a pet form of Matthew. Compare Mace. A feminine form, Mazelina, was probably originally a pet form of Matilda.English and French : possibly a metonymic occupational name for a maker of wooden bowls, from Middle English, Old French maselin ‘bowl or goblet of maple wood’ (a diminutive of Old French masere ‘maple wood’, of Germanic origin). In some cases it may derive from the homonymous dialect terms maslin, one of which means ‘brass’ (Old English mæslen, mæstling), the other ‘mixed grain’ (Old French mesteillon).
Surname or Lastname
English, German, Dutch (De Mann), and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, German, Dutch (De Mann), and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname for a fierce or strong man, or for a man contrasted with a boy, from Middle English, Middle High German, Middle Dutch man. In some cases it may have arisen as an occupational name for a servant, from the medieval use of the term to describe a person of inferior social status. The Jewish surname can be ornamental.English and German : from a Germanic personal name, found in Old English as Manna. This originated either as a byname or else as a short form of a compound name containing this element, such as Hermann.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from the Yiddish male personal name Man (cognate with 1).Indian (Panjab) : Hindu (Jat) and Sikh name of unknown meaning.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived on the border between two territories, especially in the Marches between England and Wales or England and Scotland, from Anglo-Norman French marche ‘boundary’ (of Germanic origin; compare Mark 2). In some cases, the surname may be a habitational name from March in Cambridgeshire, which was probably named from the locative case of Old English mearc ‘boundary’.English : from a nickname or personal name for someone who was born or baptized in the month of March (Middle English, Old French march(e), Latin Martius (mensis), from the name of the god Mars) or who had some other special connection with the month, such as owing a feudal obligation then.Catalan : from the personal name March, Catalan equivalent of Mark 1.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Gratification; Relief
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : nickname for a fleet-footed or timid person, from Old French levre ‘hare’ (Latin lepus, genitive leporis). It may also have been a metonymic occupational name for a hunter of hares.English (of Norman origin) : topographic name for someone who lived in a place thickly grown with rushes, from Old English lǣfer ‘rush’, ‘reed’, ‘iris’. Compare Laver 3. Great and Little Lever in Greater Manchester (formerly in Lancashire) are named with this word (in a collective sense) and in some cases the surname may also be derived from these places.English (of Norman origin) : possibly from an unrecorded Middle English survival of an Old English personal name, Lēofhere, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + here ‘army’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : nickname from Middle English king, Old English cyning ‘king’ (originally merely a tribal leader, from Old English cyn(n) ‘tribe’, ‘race’ + the Germanic suffix -ing). The word was already used as a byname before the Norman Conquest, and the nickname was common in the Middle Ages, being used to refer to someone who conducted himself in a kingly manner, or one who had played the part of a king in a pageant, or one who had won the title in a tournament. In other cases it may actually have referred to someone who served in the king’s household. The American surname has absorbed several European cognates and equivalents with the same meaning, for example German König (see Koenig), Swiss German Küng, French Leroy. It is also found as an Ashkenazic Jewish surname, of ornamental origin.Chinese : variant of Jin 1.Chinese : , , , , Jing.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Gratification
Surname or Lastname
English (now mainly East Midlands) and Scottish
English (now mainly East Midlands) and Scottish : topographic name for someone who lived on land belonging to the Church, from northern Middle English kirk ‘church’ + land ‘land’. There are several villages named with these elements, for example in Cumbria, and in some cases the surname will have arisen from these. Exceptionally, Kirkland in Lancashire has as its second element Old Norse lundr ‘grove’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name for someone who came from London or a nickname for someone who had made a trip to London or had some other connection with the city. In some cases, however, the Jewish name was purely ornamental. The place name, recorded by the Roman historian Tacitus in the Latinized form Londinium, is obscure in origin and meaning, but may be derived from pre-Celtic (Old European) roots with a meaning something like ‘place at the navigable or unfordable river’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lewin 1.This name is also found in the Netherlands, and in Sweden as Löwen, Löwén, Lövén, in both cases presumably derived from the German surname Löwe (see Loewe), although the Swedish forms could equally be ornamental names from löv ‘leaf’.
Surname or Lastname
Cornish
Cornish : habitational name from a minor place named Kellow, from Cornish kellow, plural of kelli ‘wood’, ‘grove’.English : habitational name from Kelloe in Durham, named from Old English celf ‘calf’ + hlÄw ‘hill’.Scottish : from the lands of Kelloe in Berwickshire, or in some cases possibly a variant of Kellogg.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. In some cases, probably an altered form of Irish Lally (see Mullally). This name occurs chiefly in AL.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Kirkshaw in the parish of Rochdale, Lancashire, so named from northern Middle English kirk ‘church’ + shaw ‘grove’. There are two minor places in West Yorkshire called Kershaw, which may be of the same origin and may also lie behind the surname, but on the other hand they may themselves derive from the surname. In some cases the name may be topographic for someone who lived near the ‘church grove’.
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : topographic name for someone living near a hilltop or mountain peak, from Middle English knolle ‘hilltop’, ‘hillock’ (Old English cnoll), Middle High German knol ‘peak’. In some cases the English name is habitational, from one of the many places named with this word, for example Knole in Kent or Knowle in Dorset, West Midlands, etc.German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname for a peasant or a crude clumsy person, from Middle High German knolle ‘lump’, ‘clod’, German Knolle.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : local name for someone who lived in a small cottage or temporary dwelling, Middle English logge (Old French loge, of Germanic origin). The term was used in particular of a cabin erected by masons working on the site of a particular construction project, such as a church or cathedral, and so it was probably in many cases equivalent to an occupational name for a mason. Reaney suggests that one early form, atte Logge, might sometimes have denoted the warden of a masons’ lodge.Henry Cabot Lodge (1850–1924), the influential U.S. senator from MA, was born in Boston, the only son of John Ellerton Lodge, a prosperous merchant and owner of swift clipper ships engaged in commerce with China, one of several Lodges who emigrated from England in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Surname or Lastname
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from Middle High German kint, German Kind ‘child’, hence a nickname for someone with a childish or naive disposition, or an epithet used to distinguish between a father and his son. In some cases it may be a short form of any of various names ending in -kind, a patronymic ending of Jewish surnames.Dutch : variant spelling of Kint, cognate with 1, also found in such forms as ’t Kind and compounds such as Jongkind.English : nickname from Middle English kind (Old English gecynde) in any of its many senses: ‘legitimate’, ‘dutiful’, ‘benevolent’, ‘loving’, ‘gracious’.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Lancashire)
English (chiefly Lancashire) : habitational name from Leyland in Lancashire (recorded in Domesday Book as Lailand), or from Laylands in Yorkshire; both are named from Old English lǣge ‘untilled ground’ + land ‘land’, ‘estate’. In some cases the name may be topographical.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Kynsey, a survival of Old English Cynesige, composed of the elements cyne ‘royal’ + sige ‘victory’.This name may also have assimilated some cases of Scottish MacKenzie, with the Mac prefix omitted.Possibly an Americanized spelling of Swiss German Künzi (see Kuenzi).The paternal grandfather of NJ and PA legislator John Kinsey (1693–1750) was one of the commissioners sent out from England in 1677 by the West Jersey proprietors to buy land from the Indians and to lay out a town. John was the leader of the Quaker party in the PA assembly and chief justice of the PA supreme court.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English knyghte ‘knight’, Old English cniht ‘boy’, ‘youth’, ‘serving lad’. This word was used as a personal name before the Norman Conquest, and the surname may in part reflect a survival of this. It is also possible that in a few cases it represents a survival of the Old English sense into Middle English, as an occupational name for a domestic servant. In most cases, however, it clearly comes from the more exalted sense that the word achieved in the Middle Ages. In the feudal system introduced by the Normans the word was applied at first to a tenant bound to serve his lord as a mounted soldier. Hence it came to denote a man of some substance, since maintaining horses and armor was an expensive business. As feudal obligations became increasingly converted to monetary payments, the term lost its precise significance and came to denote an honorable estate conferred by the king on men of noble birth who had served him well. Knights in this last sense normally belonged to ancient noble families with distinguished family names of their own, so that the surname is more likely to have been applied to a servant in a knightly house or to someone who had played the part of a knight in a pageant or won the title in some contest of skill.Irish : part translation of Gaelic Mac an Ridire ‘son of the rider or knight’. See also McKnight.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Lancashire)
English (chiefly Lancashire) : habitational name from a place in Lancashire, named from Old Norse hlÃf ‘protection’, ‘shelter’ (or an unrecorded Old English cognate) + Old English Ä“g ‘island’.English (chiefly Lancashire) : possibly in a few cases from an Old English personal name composed of the lÄ“of ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + sige ‘victory’.
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Surname or Lastname
English (or Norman origin) and French
English (or Norman origin) and French : habitational name from any of several places in France, for example in Manche and Somme, that are named with Old French beu, bel ‘fair’, ‘lovely’ + champ(s) ‘field’, ‘plain’. In English the surname is generally pronounced Beecham.Two families of this name which were prominent in the 13th and 14th centuries in England. One was established in Somerset, the other in Warwickshire, and there is no apparent connection between them.
Female
Native American
Native American Quechua name NAIRA means "big eyes."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Shri
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Evening conversation
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Telugu
Victorious; Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Rescue; Deliverance; Salvation
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Telugu
Victory of Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Tamil
Granthana | கà¯à®°à®‚தநா
Book
Boy/Male
Indian
Of noble descent, Intelligent
Girl/Female
German, Latin
Virgin; Pure; Little and Womanly; Female Version of Charles or Carl
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n.
See Rarefaction.
v. t.
Gratification; pleasure; satisfaction.
n.
Beatification.
n.
The act of gratifying, or pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite; as, the gratification of the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the heart.
v. t.
To shoot into ramifications.
n.
A reward; a recompense; a gratuity.
n.
That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; enjoyment; fruition: delight.
n.
The production of branchlike figures.
n.
Calm contentment; satisfaction; gratification.
a.
Pleasure; gratification; delight.
v. i.
To indulge to satiety in any gratification.
n.
The process of branching, or the development of branches or offshoots from a stem; also, the mode of their arrangement.
n.
A division into principal and subordinate classes, heads, or departments; also, one of the subordinate parts; as, the ramifications of a subject or scheme.
n.
The act of ratifying; the state of being ratified; confirmation; sanction; as, the ratification of a treaty.
n.
Confirmation; ratification; confirmation of a voidable act.
n.
The act or operation of rectifying; as, the rectification of an error; the rectification of spirits.
n.
Notification; information; intelligence.
n.
An indulgent act; favor granted; gratification.
n.
Ratification; approval.
n.
A small branch or offshoot proceeding from a main stock or channel; as, the ramifications of an artery, vein, or nerve.