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Plant chemical defense
Raphides (/ˈræfɪdiz/ RAF-id-eez; singular raphide /ˈreɪfaɪd/ RAY-fyde or raphis) are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (prismatic
Raphide
Genus of flowering plant
processed to make them edible, however, the raw plants contain raphid or raphide crystals of calcium oxalate along with other irritants (possibly including
Alocasia
Family of flowering plants
entire plant nearly always contains irritating calcium oxalate crystals or raphides, in varying degrees. The foliage can vary considerably from species to
Araceae
Crystals found in plants
Araceae have numerous druses, multi-crystal druses and needle-shaped raphide crystals of CaOx present in the tissue. Druses are also found in leaves
Druse_(botany)
Genus of plants
tongue (also used for Sansevieria species) refer to the poisoning effect of raphides, which can cause temporary inability to speak. Dieffenbachia was named
Dieffenbachia
Species of flowering plant
of three on flower stems about 3.5 millimeters long.[citation needed] Raphides have been found in the stem, bracts and different parts of the flower.
Bougainvillea_glabra
Topics referred to by the same term
needle-shaped crystal of calcium oxalate found in some plants. It is a form of raphide. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Styloid
Styloid_process
Species of flowering plant
though this is rarely done for giant taro as it contains higher amounts of raphides which cause itching. The reconstructed word for giant taro in Proto-Austronesian
Alocasia_macrorrhizos
Type of plant cell
form. In bundles they are known as druse and as crystals they can be of raphide [needle] form. When the end of an idioblast is broken the crystals or other
Idioblast
Genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae
have been demonstrated to contain raphides, at least in their rhizomes. P. odoratum rhizomes only have scattered raphides in their cortex, whereas in P.
Polygonatum
Species of flowering plant
vary in their toxicity levels. They contain calcium oxalate crystals in raphide bundles, which are poisonous and irritating. The sap may cause skin irritation
Philodendron_xanadu
Photosynthetic part of a vascular plant
crystalline minerals deter herbivores (e.g. silica phytoliths in grasses, raphides in Araceae). Petals attract pollinators. Spines protect the plants from
Leaf
Flowering plant, family Melanthiaceae
has a repulsive taste that makes it difficult to mistake for a bilberry. Raphides occur in at least the perianth, the stem, the smaller cells of the rhizome
Paris_quadrifolia
Order of flowering plants
them together, such as a lack of mycorrhizal associations and tapetal raphides. Estimates differ as to when the Commelinales evolved, but most suggest
Commelinales
Family of flowering plants
Myrmecodia). The plants usually contain iridoids, various alkaloids, and raphide crystals are common. The leaves are simple, undivided, and entire; there
Rubiaceae
Species of plant
for humans. Fruits of plants of the Araceae (Arum family) often contain raphides and trichosclereids – needle-like structures of calcium oxalate. In M.
Monstera_deliciosa
Species of succulent
distinctive water cells, and the stems become woody as the plant ages. Raphides have been found in its petals and filaments. Plants of the genus Sceletium
Mesembryanthemum_tortuosum
Calcium salt of oxalic acid
mineral whewellite, forming envelope-shaped crystals, known in plants as raphides. The two rarer hydrates are dihydrate CaC2O4·2H2O, which occurs naturally
Calcium_oxalate
Species of flowering plant
means "twenty stamens"). The fruit is a black berry, 5–8 mm diameter. Raphides occur profusely in at least the leaves, red petioles and midribs. BSBI
Phytolacca_icosandra
Genus of palms
climates as well as subtropical and tropical climates. Fishtail palms contain raphides. Fishtail palm at Bhopal Fishtail palm at Bhopal Fishtail palm flower in
Caryota
Genus of flowering plants
flowers. Raphides are found in at least the flower and in abundance in the leaves and stem of at least M. violacea. In all examined species, raphides were
Mirabilis_(plant)
Clade of flowering plants
characteristics that unite monophyletic groups of taxa); Calcium oxalate raphides Absence of vessels in leaves Monocotyledonous anther wall formation* Successive
Monocotyledon
Genus of flowering plants
Indochina and the Philippines. D. fuscopicta has been demonstrated to contain raphides, at least in its rhizomes, densely and throughout. Disporopsis aspersa
Disporopsis
bundles completely encircling the fibrous cylinder, and does not have raphide-containing idioblasts in the foliar margin, unlike B. capitata (Sant'Anna-Santos
List_of_hardy_palms
Any derivative of oxalic acid; chemical compound containing oxalate moiety
incomplete oxidation of saccharides. Calcium oxalate crystals known as raphides are also used by plants as a defense mechanism. Several plant foods such
Oxalate
Species of flowering plant
the spadix, contains needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate known as raphides that are believed to be a defense mechanism against plant predators that
Alocasia_fornicata
Species of plant
among the four, because they were less likely to contain the irritating raphides present in the other plants. Taro is also identified as one of the staples
Taro
Species of flowering plant
toxic if consumed in large quantities. Its rhizome contains scattered raphides, but only in the cortex (outer layer). Four varieties are recognized: Polygonatum
Polygonatum_odoratum
Genus of flowering plants in the arum family Araceae
poisonous due to the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides. All parts of the plant are poisonous, typically producing local irritation
Zantedeschia
Species of flowering plant in the wood sorrel family
formation of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate raphides in the kidney tissue. The histotoxic effects of the raphides in kidney have by now been investigated
Oxalis_pes-caprae
Genus of plants
and throat. This acridity is caused in part by microscopic needle-like raphides of calcium oxalate monohydrate. It must be processed by cooking, soaking
Colocasia
Genus of flowering plants
plants are toxic, mostly due to trichosclereids (long sharp cells) and raphides. Plants can grow to over 40 m (131 ft) with leaves up to 3 m (10 ft) long
Epipremnum
humans and most animals. The bright red berries contain calcium oxalate raphides and soluble oxalates of saponins (as well as trace amounts of cyanogens
List_of_poisonous_plants
Species of plant
toxic to cats and dogs by the ASPCA, because of the presence of insoluble raphides. Care should be taken to ensure the plant is not consumed by pets. Symptoms
Epipremnum_aureum
Species of flowering plant
tumors, inflammation, and ulcers. The leaves contain calcium oxalate as raphides and should not be consumed by humans.[dead link] Trillium erectum is cultivated
Trillium_erectum
Genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae
scent to attract bees and other insects. Despite the presence of irritant raphides, which act together with unverified proteinaceous toxins, most parts of
Arum
Species of flowering plant
quinquefolia do not produce urushiol, the sap within the leaves and stem contains raphides (needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate) which can puncture the skin
Parthenocissus_quinquefolia
Genus of plants
Nomenclature requires the retention of the original, deliberate spelling. Raphides are found in abundance in this genus. Mesembryanthemums are often cultivated
Mesembryanthemum
Species of palm
bundles completely encircling the fibrous cylinder, and does not have raphide-containing idioblasts in the foliar margin, unlike B. capitata (Sant'Anna-Santos
Butia_capitata
Family of flowering plants in order Liliales, including lilies
have the Medeoleae (7). The seeds contain saponins but no calcium oxalate raphide crystals, chelidonic acid (unlike Asparagales) or cysteine derived sulphur
Liliaceae
Species of flowering plant
poisonous if ingested. The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals as raphides in all parts, and because of this, consumption of the raw plant material
Arisaema_triphyllum
Simplest dicarboxylic acid. (COOH)2
in its berries as well as oxalate crystals in the sap, in the form of raphides. Bacteria produce oxalates from oxidation of carbohydrates. Plants of the
Oxalic_acid
Species of flowering plant
the plants sap containing oxalic acid and the eye damage potential from raphides. Among the wild populations, two varieties are formally recognized: Syngonium
Syngonium_podophyllum
Order of flowering plants
apertures). Fruit capsular or schizocarp. Phytochemistry: Often containing raphides, Specific characteristics which help to distinguish this order include
Zingiberales
Ancient expansion of agriculture
though this is rarely done with giant taro, as it contains higher levels of raphides, which can cause itching. The reconstructed word for giant taro in Proto-Austronesian
Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia
Species of palm
The fruit of C. mitis is saturated with raphides, sharp, needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate. The raphides are strong irritants that cause damage
Caryota_mitis
Staple root food in southeast Asia
a paste with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water to remove its raphides (calcium oxalate needles). The paste is shaped into buns and boiled with
Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius
Genus of flowering plants in the amaranth family
Paleobotanica 47(1): 135-143, 2007. Gulliver, George (1864). "Observations on Raphides and other Crystals". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including
Chenopodium
Species of flowering plant
composition of its leaves, which are covered in microscopic, needle-shaped raphides (or calcium oxalate crystals). Consumption of undercooked aroid leaves
Alocasia_odora
Genus of flowering plants
as much as 0.7% of oxalates in the form of calcium oxalate crystals as raphides. The risk of death, if even possible, is extremely low if ingested by an
Philodendron
Detail hidden to optical microscopes
PMID 18285357. Tilton, V. R.; Horner, H. T. (1980). "Calcium Oxalate Raphide Crystals and Crystalliferous Idioblasts in the Carpels of Ornithogalum
Ultrastructure
Species of plant
135. ISBN 978-1-4930-1499-6. Gulliver, George (1864). "Observations on Raphides and other Crystals". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including
Tetragonia_tetragonioides
Plant native to South America
vary in their toxicity levels. They contain calcium oxalate crystals in raphide bundles, which are poisonous and irritating. The sap may cause skin irritation
Philodendron_adamantinum
Genus of succulents
Aizoön is a genus of flowering plants in the iceplant family, Aizoaceae. No raphides occur in at least the leaves and stalks of at least 3 species. Apart from
Aizoon
Species of flowering plant
needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate inside such cells, called raphides. Calcium, along with other metal ions, is sequestered in idioblast cells
Salsola_tragus
Species of plant
by Edwin John Quekett, Q. saponaria wood and bark is known to contain raphides, which George Gulliver found were concentrated along the liber and mesophloeum
Quillaja_saponaria
Genus of flowering plant
University Press. ISBN 0-89672-614-2 Gulliver, George (1864). "Observations on Raphides and other Crystals". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including
Atriplex
Filipino dish
prepared correctly, as they contain amounts of calcium oxalate crystals (raphides) that can sometimes cause itching and burning sensations in the mouth.
Laing_(food)
Evolutionary mechanism
associated with lower rates of plant tissue digestion by insect herbivores. Raphides are sharp needles of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate in plant tissues
Plant defense against herbivory
Plant_defense_against_herbivory
Process by which living organisms produce minerals
greigite formed by magnetotactic bacteria Oxalate and calcium carbonate raphides, silica bodies, strontium and barium sulfate in some plants Pyrite and
Biomineralization
Species of plant
summer. The minute single crystals observed in its leaves are not true raphides. This plant, like others of its genus, is valued in cultivation for the
Gentiana_acaulis
Species of flowering plant
cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Colocasia esculenta) starch and raphides". Food Chemistry. 79 (4): 435–444. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00194-2. ISSN 0308-8146
Xanthosoma_sagittifolium
Species of plant
Europe. The species was originally described by William Roxburgh in 1814. Raphides occur profusely in at least the leaves, young flowers, buds, spikes and
Phytolacca_acinosa
Genus of succulents
includes 14 species native to the tropics and subtropics around the world. Raphides occur in at least the leaves and stalks of at least 3 species. 14 species
Sesuvium
Rigid structures found in some plants
crystals of calcium oxalate, silicates, or carbonates present in plants Raphide elongate calcium oxalate crystals in plants Ge, Yong; Lu, Houyuan; Wang
Phytolith
Genus of plants
with tough leaves, small inflorescences of funnel-shaped flowers, and raphides in their tissues. Coccochondra carrenoi (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor Coccochondra
Coccochondra
Non-protoplasmic material found in cells
Such mineral matter is mostly salts of calcium and anhydrides of silica. Raphides are a type of elongated crystalline form of calcium oxalate aggregated
Ergastic_substance
Genus of flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae
Retrieved November 2, 2020. Gulliver, George (1864). "Observations on Raphides and other Crystals". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including
Melastoma
Subfamily of flowering plants
microhairs, arteries containing needle-like calcium oxalate crystals called raphide canals in between the veins of the leaves, and flowers that are virtually
Commelinoideae
Genus of flowering plants
that are unique within it, such as non-succulent leaves and a lack of raphides (a particular form of calcium oxalate). Its distinctive features led to
Cartonema
Species of palm tree
bundles completely encircling the fibrous cylinder, and does not have raphide-containing idioblasts in the foliar margin, unlike B. capitata (Sant'Anna-Santos
Butia_odorata
Genus of flowering plants in the amaranth family Amaranthaceae
0152456 Gulliver 1864, p. 251. Gulliver, George (1864). "Observations on Raphides and other Crystals". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including
Beta_(plant)
Genus of flowering plants
of glandular microhairs. It differs from Cartonema, however, in having raphides, which all other members of the Commelinaceae have, although they occur
Triceratella
Species of yam
is toxic when fresh due to the presence of saponins and calcium oxalate raphides, so it must be processed prior to consumption, typically by finely slicing
Dioscorea_hispida
Species of flowering plant in the family Tofieldiaceae
"Outbreak of Food-borne Illness Associated with Plant Material Containing Raphides". Clinical Toxicology. 43 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1081/CLT-44721. PMID 15732442
Tofieldia_pusilla
Species of plant
aerial part extracts. A 2012 study confirmed the presence of oxalate type raphides in the species, especially concentrated in the leaves and fruit. With the
Arum_cyrenaicum
Tribe of plants
dry tegument in Alstroemeria and sarcotesta in Bomarea. Calcium oxalate raphides are present in different organs. Diploid Bomarea species have one chromosome
Alstroemerieae
Genus of flowering plants
Retrieved 30 October 2025. Gulliver, George (1864). "Observations on Raphides and other Crystals". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including
Tetragonia
Species of flowering plant
corms of Araceae species are only eaten cooked, to destroy the painful raphides they contain. Pohl in Das Pflanzenreich of Engler - "Das Pflanzenreich"
Eminium_intortum
Genus of flowering plants
Tofieldia, arranged in druses and as cuboidal crystals, rather than the raphides more usual in the Araceae. In this connection, it may be noted that the
Tofieldia
Genus of plants
Hillia rivalis is a rheophyte. The tissues of all the species contain raphides. The capsules have a beak-like appendage. Hillia triflora is cultivated
Hillia_(plant)
Flowering plants in the order Commelinales recorded from South Africa
them together, such as a lack of mycorrhizal associations and tapetal raphides. Estimates differ as to when the Comminales evolved, but most suggest an
List of Commelinales of South Africa
List_of_Commelinales_of_South_Africa
English anatomist and physiologist
Gulliver did original work, proving the important varieties of character in raphides, pollen, and some tissues, and their taxonomic value. This article incorporates
George_Gulliver
Genus of sponges
larger genera. The microscleres include sigmas (curved at both ends) and raphides (thin needles). While a total of 39 genera have been suggested to occur
Coelosphaeridae
Genus of flowering plants
and Parapentas but it lacks some diagnostic features of that tribe, viz. raphides, articulate hairs, heterostylous flowers and exotestal cells with only
Virectaria
RAPHIDE
RAPHIDE
RAPHIDE
RAPHIDE
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Coileáin ‘descendant of Coileán’, a byname meaning ‘puppy’ or ‘young dog’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Cuilinn ‘descendant of Cuileann’, a byname meaning ‘holly’.Scottish : habitational name from Cullen in Banff, so named from Gaelic cùilen, a diminutive of còil, cùil ‘nook’, ‘recess’.English : habitational name from the Rhineland city of Cologne (Old French form of Middle High German Köln, named with Latin colonia ‘colony’).English : variant of Cooling.
Girl/Female
Latin French
Lily.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Brother
Girl/Female
Muslim
A star
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Goddess Sita
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Mother; Name of Goddess
Boy/Male
Tamil
Golden, Made of gold
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Walking; Going on Foot; Brave.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ornamented, Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Tamil
RAPHIDE
RAPHIDE
RAPHIDE
RAPHIDE
RAPHIDE
n.
An oval sac or cell, found in the leaves of certain plants of the order Araceae. It has an opening at each end through which raphides, generated inside, are discharged.
n. pl.
See Rhaphides.