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Slavery in the Amazon
The Putumayo genocide (Spanish: genocidio del Putumayo) refers to the severe exploitation and subsequent ethnocide of the Indigenous population in the
Putumayo_genocide
Historical period of Brazil (1879 to 1912)
should not be exaggerated nor extrapolated to the whole region. The Putumayo genocide was a particularly horrific case. Many nearby rubber regions were
Amazon_rubber_cycle
1850–1930 genocide of indigenous people in Tierra del Fuego
The Selkʼnam genocide was the systematic extermination of the Selkʼnam people, one of the four indigenous peoples of Tierra del Fuego archipelago, in the
Selkʼnam_genocide
Elimination of indigenous inhabitants
The genocide of indigenous peoples, colonial genocide, or settler genocide is the elimination of indigenous peoples as a part of the process of colonialism
Genocide of indigenous peoples
Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples
Rubber boom company known for slavery
populations that were affected by the Peruvian Amazon Company during the Putumayo genocide include the Witoto (Huitoto), Bora, Ocaina, and Andoque tribes. The
Peruvian_Amazon_Company
Peruvian entrepreneur and politician
staff, of whom he was chief. Arana was the main perpetrator of the Putumayo genocide: where his company exploited and exhausted Indigenous populations
Julio_César_Arana
Irish diplomat, activist, nationalist and poet (1864–1916)
"the only redeeming feature" he could identify with being that the Putumayo genocide affected thousands, whereas Leopold's state affected millions. Casement
Roger_Casement
South America were widely compared to those in the Congo Free State Putumayo genocide Royal Museum for Central Africa Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District
Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State
Massacre of 2,000 Kalinago in 1626
The Kalinago genocide was the genocidal massacre of an estimated 2,000 Kalinago people by English and French settlers on the island of Saint Kitts in 1626
Kalinago_genocide_of_1626
Ongoing genocide of non-Arabs in Sudan
The Darfur genocide, also known as the second Darfur genocide, is an ongoing series of persecutions and mass killings of non-Arabs in Darfur carried out
Darfur genocide (2023–present)
Darfur_genocide_(2023–present)
Agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company
in 1912, and helped to expose atrocities that occurred during the Putumayo genocide. An investigation carried out by judge Carlos A. Valcárcel later managed
Andrés_O'Donnell
1924 novel by José Eustasio Rivera
terror. While the second region is in the Putumayo, controlled by Julio César Arana, during the Putumayo genocide. The author, José Eustasio Rivera, personally
The_Vortex_(novel)
Systematic murder of Darfuris in Sudan
The Darfur genocide was the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people during the War in Darfur. The genocide, which was carried out against the Fur
Darfur_genocide_(2003–2005)
Destruction of Indigenous Australian peoples and their cultures
and individuals involved acts of genocide against Indigenous Australians. They have used numerous definitions of genocide, including the intentional destruction
Genocide of Indigenous Australians
Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians
Peruvian rubber baron
prosecuted for his role in the incident, or any involvement with the Putumayo genocide. The Peruvian Amazon Company was liquidated in 1913, and in the process
Miguel_S._Loayza
Peruvian and Bolivian rubber plantation manager and mass murderer (born 1880)
the Peruvian Amazon Company's perpetration of the Putumayo genocide. For six years in the Putumayo, Normand committed uncounted abuses against the indigenous
Armando_Normand
1929–1934 genocide of Libyan Arabs by Italian colonial authorities
The Libyan genocide, also known in Libya as Shar (Arabic: شر, lit. 'Evil'), was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan
Libyan_genocide_(1929–1934)
1981–1996 genocide of Maya people in Guatemala
The Guatemalan genocide (Spanish: Genocidio guatemalteco), also referred to as the Maya genocide (Genocidio maya), or the Silent Holocaust (Holocausto
Guatemalan_genocide
peoples of Brazil Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela Taíno genocide Putumayo genocide Naccache 2019,
Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil
Mass murder of Circassians by the Russian Empire
The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the systematic mass killing, ethnic cleansing, and forced displacement of between 95% and 97% of the Circassian
Circassian_genocide
Mass murder by the Spanish during their colonization of the Caribbean
The Taíno genocide was committed against the Taíno Indigenous people by the Spanish during their colonization of the Caribbean during the 16th century
Taíno_genocide
River in Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil
The Putumayo River or Içá River (Spanish: Río Putumayo, Portuguese: Rio Içá) is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to
Putumayo_River
Genocidal massacres of Native Americans
The California genocide was a series of genocidal massacres of the Indigenous peoples of California by United States governments, soldiers and settlers
California_genocide
Agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company
company was later implicated with perpetrating the Putumayo genocide, during which the Putumayo's indigenous people were exploited as a workforce to extract
Augusto_Jiménez_Seminario
Genocide against Tigrayans in Ethiopia from 2020 to 2022
The Tigray genocide is the genocide committed during the Tigray war in Ethiopia, which began in November 2020 and formally ended in November 2022 when
Tigray_genocide
City in Loreto, Peru
Hardenburg, an American engineer that had a prominent role in exposing the Putumayo genocide, also claimed that indigenous people were trafficked in Iquitos and
Iquitos
1962–present separatist conflict in Indonesian New Guinea
Indonesian forces have led human rights groups to describe the situation as a genocide against the indigenous Papuan population. Reports of mass killings, forced
Papua_conflict
extraction, forced conversion, and cultural destruction frequently resulted in genocidal practices aimed at attacking Indigenous peoples and existing populations
Colonialism_and_genocide
20th-century Peruvian mass murderers
During the later stages of the Putumayo genocide, the brothers Aurelio and Arístides Rodríguez respectively managed the rubber stations of Santa Catalina
Aurelio and Arístides Rodríguez
Aurelio_and_Arístides_Rodríguez
1880's-1920 ISBN 978-1-438-94044-1 p. 29 Hardenburg, Walter (1912). The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
List_of_fugitives_from_justice_who_disappeared
from the Putumayo region. The settlements of La Reserva, La Union, and El Dorado were the last significant Colombian settlements in the Putumayo at that
Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute
Colombian–Peruvian_territorial_dispute
Novel by Mario Vargas Llosa
exploitation of Native Americans in Peru's Amazon region, known as the Putumayo genocide. The Dream of the Celt combines elements of the historical novel with
The_Dream_of_the_Celt
Peruvian rubber baron (1866–1909)
previously working within the Putumayo region, more than a thousand miles away and took place during the Putumayo genocide. The Sepahua River is located
Carlos_Scharff
Indigenous genocides in Venezuela
as "genocide". In 2006 the Brazilian justice called the Haximu massacre against 16 inhabitants Yanomami on the Brazil-Venezuela border a "genocide", the
Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela
Peruvian Amazon Company administrator
peoples during the rubber boom. He became a central figure in the Putumayo genocide, a series of atrocities that saw the enslavement, torture, and mass
Victor_Macedo
particularly under the dictator Alfredo Stroessner that some observers called a genocide. Between 1956 and 1989, while under the military rule of General Alfredo
Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay
Discrimination based on race or ethnicity in Peru
as "inferior", the event was later described as the Putumayo genocide. As a result of the genocide, 40,000 to over 250,000 indigenous Peruvians were killed
Racism_in_Peru
Genocide after French conquest of Algeria
The pacification of Algeria, also known as the Algerian genocide, refers to violent military operations between 1830 and 1875 during the French conquest
Pacification_of_Algeria
Peruvian soldier and journalist (1865–1912)
soldier and later journalist, mostly known for his role in exposing the Putumayo genocide which was perpetrated by Julio César Arana and the Peruvian Amazon
Benjamin_Saldaña_Rocca
British-built Peruvian iron steamship
the Putumayo River, transporting rubber and personnel for Arana's enterprise. Liberal also transported Peruvian soldiers from Iquitos to the Putumayo on
Liberal_(steamship)
Killings of Albanians during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913
atrocities, like the Luma Operations, or the entire campaign constituted genocide or an effort to systematically exterminate the Albanian population in various
Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars
Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples, a form of genocide denial, consists of claims in which the multiple genocides and atrocity crimes which have
Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples
Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples
One of five forms of genocide categorized and defined by Vahakn Dadrian
Utilitarian genocide is one of five forms of genocide categorized and defined in 1975 by genocide scholar Vahakn Dadrian. Utilitarian genocide is distinctly
Utilitarian_genocide
(eds.). "Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept Of Genocide" (PDF). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0002
Slavery in colonial Spanish America
Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America
of settler colonialism and genocidal practices that align with the genocidal actions detailed in the United Nations Genocide Convention. Vovin 2008. Okada
Colonisation_of_Hokkaido
Military conquest during 1580–1778
1973) Levene, Mark (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: Volume 2: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 0857712896
Russian_conquest_of_Siberia
1831 mass killing of indigenous Charrúa by the Uruguayan Army
the Slaughter of Salsipuedes (Spanish: Matanza de Salsipuedes), was a genocidal attack carried out on 11 April 1831 by the Uruguayan Army, led by president
Massacre_of_Salsipuedes
Peruvian clandestine military operation
proved an act of genocide. The Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica non-profit stated that the act "was the largest genocide since [Peru's]
Plan_Verde
Peruvian forced sterilization campaign
crime against humanity, with some categorizing it as ethnic cleansing or genocide. Efforts to prosecute those responsible have encountered legal and political
Forced_sterilization_in_Peru
River in Brazil, Colombia
at least 100 years prior to Roger Casement's investigation of the Putumayo genocide in 1910. While citing a book published by English lieutenant Henry
Japurá_River
Connection of environmental and human destruction
The genocide–ecocide nexus is the connection between ecocide (destruction of the environment) and genocide (destruction of a people). Ecocide can be a
Genocide–ecocide_nexus
Colonialism which replaces natives with settlers
certain genocide scholars, including Raphael Lemkin—the individual who coined the term genocide—colonization is intimately connected with genocide. Some
Settler_colonialism
Manchuria Barenblatt, Daniel (2004). A Plague Upon Humanity: the Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018625-9
War_crimes_in_Manchukuo
Indigenous tribe of South America
colonials. Around the time of the 20th century, the rubber boom and Putumayo genocide had a devastating impact on the Boras, which suffered enslavement
Bora_people
History of Colombia
The Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá is the name used to designate a process of transculturation or acculturation of the areas recognized
Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá
Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquetá
1870s–1884 Argentine campaign in Patagonia
a defence against attacks by the natives while revisionists label it a genocide. The arrival of the Spanish colonists on the shores of the Río de la Plata
Conquest_of_the_Desert
Municipality and town in Colombia
Putumayo genocide: enslaving, abusing, starving, exhausting, and murdering local populations. At the time of Roger Casement's visit to the Putumayo,
El_Encanto
Historiography on Indigenous genocide
The historiography of Indigenous genocide is the study of how the history of Indigenous genocides have been documented, recorded, narrated, summarized
Historiography of Indigenous genocide
Historiography_of_Indigenous_genocide
Humanitarian crisis in the Yanomami territory in Brazil
companies with state approval, and have been frequently said to constitute a genocide against the Yanomami people. After being elected in the 2018 Brazilian
Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis
Bombing of Matsés people in Peru
Arana, was the main perpetrator of the Putumayo genocide between 1879 and 1912, in which the people of the Putumayo and Caquetá river basins were enslaved
Matsés_massacre
Overview of genocides before 1914
eradicate various non-Indian cultural customs, as genocidal in nature.[page needed] The Putumayo genocide involved the hunting and enslavement of members
Genocides in history (1490 to 1914)
Genocides_in_history_(1490_to_1914)
Disease outbreak in the United States
suspected of infection. Writing that while "not guilty of premeditated genocide... he was guilty of contributing to the deaths of thousands of innocent
1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic
1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic
Henry Lister Maw noted that slave raids for men, women and children in the Putumayo and Japurá region had been going on for over one hundred years. At that
European enslavement of Indigenous Americans
European_enslavement_of_Indigenous_Americans
15th-century Spanish conquest and genocide
first instance of European settler colonialism in Africa, as well as a genocide due to the brutal treatment of the Islands' indigenous Guanches which contributed
Conquest of the Canary Islands
Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands
Invasion of the Kingdom of Champa
Tristan (2023). "Việt Nam and the Genocide of Champa, ̣1470–1509". The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 1, Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and
Champa–Đại_Việt_War_(1471)
Polymer harvested from certain trees
atrocities generated from rubber extraction in South America came from the Putumayo genocide. Between the 1880s and 1913, Julio César Arana and his company, which
Natural_rubber
Ethnic group
patterns. The Okainas were among the indigenous peoples affected by the Putumayo genocide of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Ocaina girls painted to
Ocaina
Municipality and town in Amazonas Department, Colombia
synonymous with slavery. One of the first documented massacres of the Putumayo genocide happened at La Chorrera in September 1903. During the birthday of
La_Chorrera,_Colombia
British politician (1864–1944)
Jowett was a member of the select committee which investigated the Putumayo genocide in 1913. He was elected again as ILP chairman in the following year
Fred_Jowett
his company establish themselves as the main perpetrators of the Putumayo genocide, while collecting rubber from enslaved natives. 1893 – Carlos Fermín
Timeline_of_Amazon_history
1939, 1940 Japanese regulations on names in Korea
sōshi-kaimei has been deemed by historians as one of the many aspects of cultural genocide that the Japanese attempted to impose on their non-Japanese territories
Sōshi-kaimei
Massacre of Taiwanese aboriginals by Dutch soldiers
genocide Kalinago genocide La Matanza Massacre of Salsipuedes Napalpí massacre Occupation of Araucanía Paraguay Putumayo genocide Selk'nam genocide Spiral
Lamey_Island_Massacre
nor extrapolated to the whole region. The Putumayo genocide was a particularly horrific case, and the Putumayo was also the only region subjected to a systematic
Slavery_in_Latin_America
Indigenous people in Ecuador
persons during the rubber boom in the Putumayo region period between 1879 and 1911, also known as the Putumayo genocide. Peruvian, Colombia, French and Italian
Waorani_people
Portuguese-born cinematographer
César Arana, who was involved in the Amazon rubber industry and the Putumayo genocide. Arana sponsored Santos' trip to Paris in the early 1910s, where he
Silvino_Santos
U.S. domestic policy of ethnic cleansing
described the removal of American Indians as paternalism, ethnic cleansing, or genocide. American leaders in the Revolutionary and early US eras debated about
Indian_removal
University Press. p. 120. ISBN 9781786949721. Hardenburg, Walter (1912). The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account
List_of_massacres_in_Colombia
through Correríos, Yanaconajes and Enganches. One such example was the Putumayo genocide, which took place during the Amazon rubber boom. The discomfort of
History_of_Peru
Seven years' devastation in Manipur Kingdom
(1850–1864) Circassians (1860s) Mapuche (1870s–1884) Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913) Congolese (1885–1908) Hazaras (1888–1893) Selknam (1890s–1900s)
Chahi_Taret_Khuntakpa
or should be emphasized; some modern scholars have categorized it as a genocide, claiming that deliberate, systematic actions by Europeans were the primary
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Julio César Arana purchased the land. During the rubber boom the Putumayo Genocide was committed by Anglo-Peruvian Amazon Rubber Co. Between 40,000 and
Economy_of_Peru
Come and See Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka; Michlic (eds.). Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–62.
The_Holocaust_in_Belarus
1968 book by Victor Daniel Bonilla
testimonies of facts that occurred in the Sibundoy Valley, in the department of Putumayo Department, the southwest of Colombia. It relates the invasion of the lands
Siervos de Dios y amos de indios?
Siervos_de_Dios_y_amos_de_indios?
17th-century Jewish pogroms in Ukraine
(1850–1864) Circassians (1860s) Mapuche (1870s–1884) Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913) Congolese (1885–1908) Hazaras (1888–1893) Selknam (1890s–1900s)
Khmelnytsky_pogroms
River in Peru and Bolivia
(2). JSTOR 156583. Retrieved 4 July 2023. Hardenburg, Walter (1912). The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account
Madre_de_Dios_River
Mass starvation in the Tatar ASSR
(VTOTs) asked the United Nations to condemn the 1921–22 Tatarstan famine as genocide of Muslim Tatars. Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union Kazakh
1921–1922_famine_in_Tatarstan
1904 photograph by Alice Seeley Harris
Atrocities: Eyewitness Accounts of Colonialism in the Congo, Angola, and the Putumayo. Routledge Research in Travel Writing. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-99238-1
Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District
Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District
Peruvian rubber baron (1862–1897)
ISBN 978-1-4773-1643-6. Valcárcel, Carlos (1915). El proceso del Putumayo y sus secretos inauditos. Putumayo: IWGIA. ISBN 978-9972-9410-9-2. Retrieved 21 July 2023
Carlos_Fitzcarrald
South American psychoactive decoction
description of admixture of several ingredients in the making of ayahuasca in Putumayo region, published in 1886. In 1905, Rafael Zerda Bayón named the active
Ayahuasca
Intergovernmental organisation (1920–1946)
demilitarisation of the area around Leticia, free navigation on the Amazon and Putumayo Rivers, and a pledge of non-aggression. Saar was a province formed from
League_of_Nations
Country in South America
a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon. The
Peru
give 1,500,000 in their Refugees in an Age of Genocide, p.219; in his Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917, p.132. See also: Marek
Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939–1946)
Decade of the Gregorian calendar (2020–2029)
including the Russian invasion of Ukraine since 2022, the Gaza war and genocide since 2023, the 2025 Twelve-Day War, and the 2026 Iran war. By the middle
2020s
Country in South America
Vernaza-Suarez Treaty was signed 15 July 1916, in which Colombian rights to the Putumayo river were recognized as well as Ecuador's rights to the Napo river and
Ecuador
Spanish lawyer
Almudena's team is working with victim's organizations of Montes de María and Putumayo to file detailed legal reports on crimes against humanity committed in
Almudena_Bernabeu
Ghetto in Baranavichy, Belarus
(1850–1864) Circassians (1860s) Mapuche (1870s–1884) Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913) Congolese (1885–1908) Hazaras (1888–1893) Selknam (1890s–1900s)
Baranavichy_Ghetto
pits and labs. Most cocaine labs were situated in the jungle between the Putumayo and the River Amazon, and Caballococha became a gathering location for
Organised_crime_in_Peru
manager and serial killer active between 1904 and 1910, during the Putumayo genocide; responsible for innumerable atrocities against the enslaved native
List of serial killers by country
List_of_serial_killers_by_country
United States foreign aid, military and diplomatic initiative in Colombia
for Plan Colombia. In May 2000, paramilitary commander "Yair" from the Putumayo Southern Bloc, himself a former Colombian special forces sergeant, said
Plan_Colombia
(1850–1864) Circassians (1860s) Mapuche (1870s–1884) Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913) Congolese (1885–1908) Hazaras (1888–1893) Selknam (1890s–1900s)
Transport of Czech Jews to Baranavichy
Transport_of_Czech_Jews_to_Baranavichy
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PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
PUTUMAYO GENOCIDE
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