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United Kingdom whistleblower legislation
The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (c. 23) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that protects whistleblowers from detrimental treatment
Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
Public_Interest_Disclosure_Act_1998
Contractual agreement not to disclose specified information
making public the misdeeds of their former employers. There is a law, the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, which allows "protected disclosure" despite
Non-disclosure_agreement
Stock short title used for legislation
The Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013 (Cth) The Public Interest Disclosure Act 2012 (ACT) The Public Interest Disclosure Act 2010 (Qld) The Public Interest
Public Interest Disclosure Act
Public_Interest_Disclosure_Act
Exposing of scandalous activity
the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (PIDA). Amongst other things, under the Act, protected disclosures are permitted even if a non-disclosure agreement
Whistleblowing
British former care assistant
particular interest in the care home sector. She has led a campaign for new legislation named Edna's Law to replace the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (PIDA)
Eileen_Chubb
2025 American UFO documentary film
The Age of Disclosure is a 2025 American documentary film about UFOs directed and produced by Dan Farah, in which a number of former United States government
The_Age_of_Disclosure
Ferry sunk at Zeebrugge, Belgium in 1987
one of a number that influenced thinking leading to the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. A salvage operation, conducted by Dutch company Smit-Tak
MS_Herald_of_Free_Enterprise
Law enforcement agency
since been utilized in shaping whistleblower policy. The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (PIDA) was the first UK law that specifically aimed to support
HMRC Strengthened Reward Scheme
HMRC_Strengthened_Reward_Scheme
Topics referred to by the same term
(polymer), a molecule also known as poly(diiododiacetylene) Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, a British whistleblower law This disambiguation page lists
Pida
Charity regulator in Scotland
treatment. Under the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, OSCR is a "prescribed person" and therefore allowed to accept disclosures from people who carry
Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator
Office_of_the_Scottish_Charity_Regulator
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
disclosing information for public benefit. These measures were originally added by the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 and are intended to provide
Employment_Rights_Act_1996
UK labour law case
involved in bribery. She stated this was a protected disclosure under the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, and that she had suffered detriments from this
Clyde & Co LLP v Bates van Winkelhof
Clyde_&_Co_LLP_v_Bates_van_Winkelhof
English and Welsh regulator of legal practice
to act as a deterrent. However, the SRA is not a prescribed person or statutory regulator for the purposes of the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (for
Solicitors Regulation Authority
Solicitors_Regulation_Authority
providing protection of lawful disclosures of illegal activity by members of the United States Armed Forces. The act protects a United States Armed Forces
Military Whistleblower Protection Act
Military_Whistleblower_Protection_Act
1967 U.S. statute regarding access to information held by the U.S. government
not subject to disclosure. The act was intended to make U.S. government agencies' functions more transparent so that the American public could more easily
Freedom of Information Act (United States)
Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)
Nurse and whistleblower (1929–2021)
was said to be part of the reason for the passing of the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. Graham Pink died in Barnsley, South Yorkshire on 6 March
Graham_Pink
Disclosures of NSA and related global espionage
established for sharing intercepted data of each other's citizens. The disclosures were made public over the course of several months since June 2013, by the press
Snowden_disclosures
1976 United States Supreme Court case on campaign finance
federal office (2 USC §441a) required the disclosure of political contributions (2 USC §434), provided for the public financing of presidential elections (IRC
Buckley_v._Valeo
accordance with the Disclosure Act are penalized, including fines of over $50,000 and being reported to the United States Attorney. The Public Charity Lobbying
Direct lobbying in the United States
Direct_lobbying_in_the_United_States
1968 US law making credit practices more transparent
Lending Act (TILA) of 1968 is a United States federal law designed to promote the informed use of consumer credit by requiring standardized disclosures about
Truth_in_Lending_Act
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and replaces the Data Protection Act 1998. The act was to be significantly amended by the Data Protection and Digital
Data_Protection_Act_2018
Act governing freedom of information in New Zealand
government, not the people. Under the Official Secrets Act 1951, disclosure of information by public servants without specific reason and authorisation was
Official_Information_Act_1982
United States federal law
Government Act of 1978 is organized into six titles. It created mandatory, public disclosure of financial and employment history of public officials,
Ethics_in_Government_Act
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (c. 26) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act implemented measures proposed in the Fairness at
Employment_Relations_Act_1999
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Data Protection Act 1998 (c. 29) (DPA) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed to protect personal data stored on computers or
Data_Protection_Act_1998
US Department of Defense contractors
sensitive information there is a risk of conflict of interest (CoI) which is mitigated through Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) and firewalls restricting communications
Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance
Systems_Engineering_and_Technical_Assistance
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
bars to the disclosure of information; and "qualified" exemptions where a public interest test must be made, balancing the public interest in maintaining
Freedom of Information Act 2000
Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000
Situation when a party is involved in multiple interests
disclosure), criminal proceedings. In 1998, a Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy partner was found guilty of failing to disclose a conflict of interest,
Conflict_of_interest
United Kingdom intelligence law
public interest defence created by that section. Lord Bingham of Cornhill said that the white paper "Reform of Section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911"
Official_Secrets_Act_1989
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
qualification in s.28(2) that the Crown can resist disclosure where this could be "injurious to the public interest". This reasserted the traditional doctrine
Crown_Proceedings_Act_1947
Regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act
regime of disclosure for public companies. The name of a public company ends with "Ltd." The following are a few of the differences between public and private
South_African_company_law
2015, condominiums in Ontario were governed by the Ontario Condominium Act, 1998 with each development establishing a corporation to deal with day-to-day
Condominiums_in_Canada
Body of law in the United Kingdom
‘unconstitutional and illegal’. Reversed in 1913. Article 11 ECHR Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 O'Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc Wilson and Palmer v United
British employment equality law
British_employment_equality_law
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
(Consolidation) Act 1992 (c. 52) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which regulates United Kingdom labour law. The act applies in full
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992
Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992
Non-disclosure of information
Fan, Mary D. (18 September 2015). "Private Data, Public Safety: A Bounded Access Model of Disclosure". SSRN 2662678. The dictionary definition of confidentiality
Confidentiality
applicable to directors is to avoid any possibility of a conflict of interest, without disclosure to the board or seeking approval from shareholders. This core
Directors' duties in the United Kingdom
Directors'_duties_in_the_United_Kingdom
Law passed by US Congress in 1992
gravity that it outweighs the public interest in disclosure. The definition of "assassination record" was left broad by the act and determined in practice
President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992
President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992
British advocacy group
private members' ballot and introduced the Public Interest Disclosure Bill, which received Royal Assent in July 1998. In 1996, Tony Blair presented the Campaign's
Campaign for Freedom of Information
Campaign_for_Freedom_of_Information
compliance with the Lobbying Disclosure Act and the Foreign Agents Registration Act among other sources. It found that since 1998, 43 percent of the 198 members
Lobbying_in_the_United_States
Legal frameworks for the right to know
its enforcement." The Act on Disclosure of Information by Public Agencies was enacted in 1996 and went into effect in January 1998. It allows citizens to
Freedom of information laws by country
Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country
United Kingdom legislation
licensing function remained with the Public Carriage Office. With the introduction of the Private Hire Vehicles (London) Act 1998 the role of the PCO has been
Taxis_of_London
on the behalf of the candidate. Interest advocacy is the act of making generalized communication regarding a public issue or problem without advocating
Issue_advocacy_ads
Process of revealing one's sexual orientation or other attributes
such disclosure. The act may be viewed as a psychological process or journey; decision-making or risk-taking; a strategy or plan; a mass or public event;
Coming_out
Act of the 106th United States Congress (1999–2001)
Indenture Act of 1939 1940 – Investment Advisers Act of 1940 1940 – Investment Company Act of 1940 1968 – Williams Act (Securities Disclosure Act) 1975 –
Gramm–Leach–Bliley_Act
Hong Kong holding company
Enterprise. 2 July 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017. "CRE disposed of its effective interest of 35.23% in HKCB
Lippo_Limited
Confidentiality of communications with counsel
502(b) provides that inadvertent disclosures during a federal proceeding or to a federal office or agency do not act as a waiver of the privilege if the
Attorney–client_privilege
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
evidence to the other litigants where disclosure would be damaging to the public interest. At the extreme, public interest immunity rules may mean that a case
Justice_and_Security_Act_2013
the rules of standard disclosure, which are set out by the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (the CPR) Rule 31.6. A party makes disclosure of a document by stating
Legal professional privilege in England and Wales
Legal_professional_privilege_in_England_and_Wales
Efforts to affect public policy through direct government contact
influences by public lobby registers. The Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA), established in 1995, is a comprehensive reporting and disclosure framework that
Lobbying
interests and tax records for a public employee is public domain because disclosure is required by the Ethics Reform Act of 1989 (Pub. L. 101–194) and this
Whistleblower protection in the United States
Whistleblower_protection_in_the_United_States
used outside of the Section 28(e) safe harbor, full and comprehensive disclosure must be provided to fund investors. In the brokerage business, soft dollars
Soft_dollar
(2016-05-03). "Conflict of interest disclosure in biomedical research: a review of current practices, biases, and the role of public registries in improving
Conflicts of interest in academic publishing
Conflicts_of_interest_in_academic_publishing
Management of personal data across media
and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). The purpose of the act is to establish rules to govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information
Privacy_policy
1970 act of the United States Congress
the BSA are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. U.S. citizens and residents with a financial interest in or authority over foreign
Bank_Secrecy_Act
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Amongst the provisions of the act are the creation of the role of
Police_Reform_Act_2002
United States federal law
American public life was shaken by dozens of scandals involving bribery of foreign officials by prominent American companies. These disclosures, driven
Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act
Legislations regarding telephone calls
governing trade and national secrets, and any agreements, such as non-disclosure agreements. Recording of calls by a company or an employer is subject
Telephone_call_recording_laws
South Korean family-run business conglomerate
the accuracy of disclosure. Third, the external audit and disclosure system was strengthened. The revision of the External Audit Act mandated consolidated
Chaebol
Litigation to intimidate critics
anti-SLAPP bill, the Protection of Public Participation Act. Manitoba enacted The Public Interest Expression Defence Act in 2025. It is similar to the British
Strategic lawsuit against public participation
Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation
Rule from monetary policy
use to stabilize economic activity by appropriately setting short-term interest rates. The rule considers the federal funds rate, the price level and changes
Taylor_rule
spending and political donations, increased public funding, a lower disclosure threshold and faster disclosure requirements. The reforms were not in effect
Political funding in Australia
Political_funding_in_Australia
Public records law in Illinois
information specifically exempted from disclosure by law. The statute is modeled after the federal Freedom of Information Act and serves a similar purpose as
Illinois Freedom of Information Act
Illinois_Freedom_of_Information_Act
Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act of 2023 as an amendment to S. 2226, the Senate version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024
Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government
Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government
American public broadcaster and television network
later merged into member station WETA-TV in 1972. Immediately after public disclosure of the Watergate scandal, on May 17, 1973, the United States Senate
PBS
2004 British House of Lords decision
J had ignored the public interest element of the disclosure. As the first confidentiality case brought after the Human Rights Act, Cream is the leading
Cream_Holdings_Ltd_v_Banerjee
United States law regarding patent rights and government research
importance of timely disclosure; and Require certain employees to make a written agreement to protect the government's interest in subject inventions
Bayh–Dole_Act
Delaware-domiciled satellite communications company
S. Government in a case relating to the company’s involvement in the disclosure of information during a review of a Chinese rocket launch failure in 1996
Loral_Space_&_Communications
were passed in 1998: 49 public general acts and 5 local acts. indicates that an act has been transcribed on Wikisource, indicates that an act is available
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1998
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1998
2004 House of Lords decision on privacy in English law
modified because, under section 6 of the 1998 Act, the court, as a public authority, is required not to 'act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention
Campbell_v_MGN_Ltd
Act of the Scottish Parliament
(Scotland) Act 2002 (asp 13) is an act of the Scottish Parliament. It covers public bodies over which the Scottish Parliament has jurisdiction. The public interest
Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002
Freedom_of_Information_(Scotland)_Act_2002
Secrecy of law advice to clients
the justice system by encouraging complete disclosure to legal advisers without the fear that any disclosure of those communications may prejudice the
Legal_professional_privilege
Law firm based in California
administration, NPI was founded as a public policy and law citizen watchdog group to follow the progress of the UAP Disclosure Act (later passed into law as Subtitle
Romero_Institute
2000 U.S. federal law
to the existing Ali Act, where they would not be subject to certain elements of the Ali Act such as mandatory financial disclosures to fighters regarding
Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act
Muhammad_Ali_Boxing_Reform_Act
U.S. tax and labor law
employee benefit plan participants and their beneficiaries by: Requiring the disclosure of financial and other information concerning the plan to beneficiaries;
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act_of_1974
American whistleblower (born 1983)
required by the Whistleblower Protection Act. The bulk of the report is classified. The exact size of Snowden's disclosure is unknown, but Australian officials
Edward_Snowden
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
portions of the act were repealed and replaced by the Sentencing Act 2020. It amends the law relating to police powers, bail, disclosure, allocation of
Criminal_Justice_Act_2003
United States federal law
the Espionage Act -- argued that her clients were whistleblowers, not spies, and were being targeted over public interest disclosures to the press that
Espionage_Act_of_1917
United States federal law concerning prosecutorial ethics
Public Interest Law Review. 4 (1): 36–51. Archived from the original on May 21, 2026. Sirota, Rima (2013). "Reassessing the Citizens Protection Act:
McDade_Amendment
Collection of documents that broadcast stations must maintain
enhanced disclosure, From 355, television station, public file, programming obligations, closed caption, video description, public interest, multicasting
Public_file
British civil servant and historian (1946–2020)
matter and its disclosure to a Member of Parliament were in the public interest. It was the first case under the Official Secrets Act that involved giving
Clive_Ponting
and September 25, 2006 in advance of the passing of the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act. The organization has apparently ceased operation. The
Federal Accountability Initiative for Reform
Federal_Accountability_Initiative_for_Reform
Term for computer intruders and computing experts
computer-crime laws shifted public usage toward unauthorized access. Security consulting, conferences, coordinated vulnerability disclosure, and bug bounty programs
Hacker
American government staff member and UFO advocate
of Defense's special access programs (SAPs). He was involved with the disclosure of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) and gave
Christopher_Mellon
British National Party. [2011] ECHR 1175 Inserted by the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 ERA 1996 s 43B ERA 1996 s 43G See ECHR article 6 and R (Wright)
United_Kingdom_labour_law
Theory of privacy in interpersonal communication
accessibility. An individual's privacy boundary governs his or her self-disclosures. Once a disclosure is made, the negotiation of privacy rules between the two parties
Communication privacy management theory
Communication_privacy_management_theory
United States law regulating foreign lobbying
The Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) (22 U.S.C. § 611 et seq.) is a United States law that imposes public disclosure obligations on persons representing
Foreign Agents Registration Act
Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act
Laws relating to encryption
prosecutions have occurred under the Act; the first, in 2009, resulted in a term of 13 months' imprisonment. Similar forced disclosure laws in Australia, Finland
Cryptography_law
Mass surveillance program run by the NSA
was far greater than the public knew and included what he characterized as "dangerous" and "criminal" activities. The disclosures were published by The Guardian
PRISM
Apex Indian governmental body created in 1964 to address governmental corruption
investigations on alleged offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 conducted by them. In 1998 the Government introduced the CVC Bill in the Lok Sabha to
Central_Vigilance_Commission
1953 United States Supreme Court case
public interest to do so. Respondents [plaintiffs] have asserted that the executive's power to withhold documents was waived by the Tort Claims Act.
United_States_v._Reynolds
in official inquiries. In 2023–2024, Republicans in Congress signaled interest in investigating Epstein's connections to U.S. officials. Finally, in 2025
Relationship of Bill Clinton and Jeffrey Epstein
Relationship_of_Bill_Clinton_and_Jeffrey_Epstein
Trio of inquiries as to telephony services
serve the public interest, the FCC temporarily waived reporting requirements to eliminate added expenses to the BOCs. Regulations require public notice by
FCC_Computer_Inquiries
Equitable doctrine in English law
The Human Rights Act 1998 has developed the law on breach of confidence so that it now applies to private bodies as well as public ones. There are several
Breach of confidence in English law
Breach_of_confidence_in_English_law
Canadian freedom of information act
to the public, but with necessary exceptions to the right of access that should be limited and specific, and that decisions on the disclosure of government
Access_to_Information_Act
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
his opinion, the disclosure of information would be prejudicial to the safety of the state or otherwise contrary to the public interest. The Ombudsman is
Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967
Parliamentary_Commissioner_Act_1967
American law firm in Washington, D.C.
1358--THE FEDERAL EMPLOYEE PROTECTION OF DISCLOSURES ACT: AMENDMENTS TO THE WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ACT" (PDF). Kkc.com. Retrieved November 10, 2021
Kohn,_Kohn_&_Colapinto
1913 United States law creating the Federal Reserve System
stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. The Federal Reserve Act created a system of private and public entities. There were to be at least
Federal_Reserve_Act
Watchdog group advocating government reform
and called for an independent audit and full disclosure of the foundation's donors. The public interest group also criticized Donald Trump for his refusal
Common_Cause
American academic
of Law, holder of the Price Chair in Public Interest Law, and executive director of the Center for Public Interest Law and the Children's Advocacy Institute
Robert_Fellmeth
Government body that manages currency and monetary policy
corporations and investors, driven by poor information flow and insufficient disclosure. To address this issue, regulators and central banks are promoting transparency
Central_bank
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