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Anticipations of feminism
Protofeminism is a concept that anticipates modern feminism in eras when the feminist concept as such was still unknown. This refers particularly to times
Protofeminism
Period of feminist activity, 19th and early 20th centuries
for middle class, white women. Feminism portal History of feminism Protofeminism Second-wave feminism Third-wave feminism Timeline of women's legal rights
First-wave_feminism
Range of socio-political movements and ideologies
existence of feminist humanism. Humanism played a significant role in protofeminism during the Renaissance period in such that humanists made educated women
Feminism
First Lady of the United States from 1797 to 1801
Abigail Adams (née Smith; 22 November [O.S. 11 November] 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife and closest advisor of John Adams, the second president
Abigail_Adams
The Emilia Lanier theory of Shakespeare authorship contends that the English poet Emilia Lanier (née Aemilia Bassano; 1569–1645) is the actual author of
Emilia Lanier theory of Shakespeare authorship
Emilia_Lanier_theory_of_Shakespeare_authorship
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Feminism_in_Sweden
1405 book by Christine de Pizan
The Book of the City of Ladies, or Le Livre de la Cité des Dames, is a book written by Christine de Pizan believed to have been finished by 1405. Perhaps
The Book of the City of Ladies
The_Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies
Belief that women are superior to men
feminist arguments. The belief that women are superior goes back to protofeminism. Other notable examples include The Nobility and Excellence of Women
Female_superiority
English playwright, poet and spy (1640–1689)
Aphra Behn (/ˈæfrə bɛn/; bapt. 14 December 1640 – 16 April 1689) was an English playwright, poet, prose writer and translator from the Restoration era
Aphra_Behn
Prejudice against, or hatred of, women
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Misogyny
Treating a person primarily as a sexual object
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Sexual_objectification
Fictional character
Webster. In the 1996 TV film she was played by Keeley Hawes. Paula Powers Protofeminism Collins, Wilkie (1868). The Moonstone. P. D. James, Introduction, Wilkie
Rachel_Verinder
French philosopher (1647–1723)
François Poullain de la Barre (French: [də la baʁ]; July 1647 – 4 May 1723) was an author, Catholic priest, and a Cartesian philosopher. François Poullain
François_Poullain_de_la_Barre
Female adult human
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Woman
French writer (1565–1645)
a work of historical fiction based on the life of Marie de Gournay Protofeminism Feminism Égalité des hommes et des femmes by Marie de Gournay, in French
Marie_de_Gournay
1798 unfinished novel by Mary Wollstonecraft
Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman is Mary Wollstonecraft's unfinished novelistic sequel to her revolutionary political treatise A Vindication of the Rights
Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman
Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman
French sociologist and feminist activist (born 1941)
Christine Delphy, L'Ennemi principal, tome 2 : Penser le genre (2001) See "Protofeminism and antifeminism" in Christine Delphy, L'Ennemi principal, tome 1 :
Christine_Delphy
2021 employee unrest movement at Apple Inc.
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
AppleToo
Statistical measure
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Gender_parity
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List_of_feminists
Campaigns for reforms on feminist issues
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Feminist_movement
Human right to personal autonomy, self-ownership, and self-determination
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Bodily_integrity
1918 Yiddish socialist song
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Arbeter_Froyen
The Women's Petition to the National Assembly was produced during the French Revolution and presented to the French National Assembly in November 1789
Women's Petition to the National Assembly
Women's_Petition_to_the_National_Assembly
Gender expression and identity terminology
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Masculine_of_center
Movement against sexual abuse and harassment
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
MeToo_movement_in_India
Male shaming campaign during World War I
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White_Feather_Campaign
1523 book by Juan Luis Vives
The Education (or Instruction) of a Christian Woman was an early sixteenth-century book by Juan Luis Vives, written for the education of the future Mary
The Education of a Christian Woman
The_Education_of_a_Christian_Woman
Movement against gender roles
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Postgenderism
Literary criticism informed by feminist theory
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Feminist_literary_criticism
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Feminist perspectives on sex work
Feminist_perspectives_on_sex_work
Murder of women or girls because of their gender
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Femicide
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Conservative variants of feminism
Conservative_variants_of_feminism
Equality for all genders
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Gender_equality
Visual art depiction of female-female sexuality
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Lesbian_erotica
Genre of pornographic film developed by and/or for sex-positive feminists
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Feminist_pornography
1794 American comedic play
Slaves in Algiers, or A Struggle for Freedom is a play written by Susanna Haswell Rowson in 1794. It is her first and only surviving play, first staged
Slaves_in_Algiers
Forms of feminism that emphasize freedom of choice
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Choice_feminism
Higher pricing of products marketed to women
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Pink_tax
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List_of_feminist_anthems
Ideology or movement
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Trans-exclusionary radical feminism by country
Trans-exclusionary_radical_feminism_by_country
View of feminism as outdated
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Postfeminism
actions took place later being described as the first wave of feminism or protofeminism. During the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age, João
Feminism_in_Portugal
Legal right of women to vote
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's_suffrage
Feminist movement
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Vulva_activism
17th-century riots
The Maldon grain riots took place in Maldon, England in March 1629, during a time of industrial depression and poor harvests. Starvation and high food
Maldon_grain_riots
Underground feminist punk movement
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Riot_grrrl
Physiology, identity and behavior
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Human_female_sexuality
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Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries
Timeline_of_first_women's_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries
Style for gender-neutral written German
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Binnen-I
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Timeline_of_women's_suffrage
Branch of feminism centered in non-Western cultures
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Postcolonial_feminism
Feminist movement, 2010s–present
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Fourth-wave_feminism
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's suffrage in the United States
Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States
British novelist, short story writer and painter
context of her times, and chart her legacy as a writer. On Ice and protofeminism, L.Timmel Duchamp said "First published in 1967, on the eve of the second
Anna_Kavan
Feminist movement in Turkey
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Turkish_Feminism_Movement
In feminist theory, a social system based on oppression
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Kyriarchy
Male envy of women's biological functions
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Womb_envy
Type of feminism
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African_feminism
Use of feminist aesthetics to promote organisations
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Purplewashing
Illegal abortion of females in India
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Female_foeticide_in_India
Concept in feminist theory
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Male_gaze
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Role of women in the Nicaraguan Revolution
Role_of_women_in_the_Nicaraguan_Revolution
Referendum on the rights of Filipino women to vote
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1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite
1937_Philippine_women's_suffrage_plebiscite
Italian poet, author, philosopher, polemicist and women's rights advocate
Lucrezia Marinella (1571–1653) was a poet, writer, philosopher, polemicist, and women's rights advocate from the Republic of Venice. She is best known
Lucrezia_Marinella
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Islamic_feminism
Defunct collectively owned bookstore, café, and activist center (1999–2025)
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Bluestockings_(bookstore)
Acronym for trans-exclusionary radical feminist
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
TERF_(acronym)
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's_suffrage_in_Venezuela
Slogan encouraging women's empowerment
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Girl_power
Indian-American Feminism and women's studies professor
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Chandra_Talpade_Mohanty
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom
Philippine movement for women's voting rights
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's suffrage in the Philippines
Women's_suffrage_in_the_Philippines
Feminist subreddit
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
R/Feminism
Branch of feminism
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Transfeminism
International temperance organization
did not challenge gender roles, rather they integrated elements of "protofeminism" into the organization. Its members were inspired by the Greek writer
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Woman's_Christian_Temperance_Union
International observance, 11th of October
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
International Day of the Girl Child
International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child
Movement originating within radical feminism
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Trans-exclusionary radical feminism
Trans-exclusionary_radical_feminism
French revolutionary organization
The Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, Defenders of the Constitution (French: La Société Fraternelle des Patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe, Défenseurs
Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes
Fraternal_Society_of_Patriots_of_Both_Sexes
English academic and sociologist
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Julie_Kent_(sociologist)
Feminism that embraces reactionary politics
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Reactionary_feminism
Period of feminist activity, 1960s–1980s
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Second-wave_feminism
Neopagan female-centered goddess tradition
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Dianic_Wicca
Erotic material that caters specifically to women
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's_erotica
Branch of feminism that emphasizes sexual freedoms
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Sex-positive_feminism
Dissenting views within the feminist movement regarding sexuality
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Feminist_sex_wars
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's_rights_by_country
2017 academic dispute
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Hypatia transracialism controversy
Hypatia_transracialism_controversy
Type of feminism
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Materialist_feminism
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Marxist_feminism
Chronological narrative of the movements and ideologies aimed at equal rights for women
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History_of_feminism
Venetian nun and writer (1604–1652)
carved out her importance in history, specifically in the history of protofeminism, since her rediscovery in the late 1930s by Benedetto Croce, Giuseppe
Arcangela_Tarabotti
Effort to change how language is used to gender people, activities and ideas
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Feminist_language_reform
Poet and playwright of the Spanish Golden Age
Christopher Weimer, “El conde Partinuplés and Calderón’s La vida es sueño: Protofeminism and Heuristic Imitation,” Bulletin of the Comediantes 52 (2000): 123–46
Ana_Caro_de_Mallén
Feminist psychoanalytic response to Freud's model of gender identity
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Feminist views on the Oedipus complex
Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex
Slogan for bodily autonomy
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My_body,_my_choice
Societal system of married couples residing with the wife's parents
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Matrilocal_residence
Feminism created, approved, or promoted by a government
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State_feminism
Misogyny Transmisogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Racism Reproductive justice Sentencing disparity Sex workers'
Women's liberation movement in the United Kingdom
Women's_liberation_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom
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PROTOFEMINISM
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PROTOFEMINISM
PROTOFEMINISM
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