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overflows). Proof-carrying code was originally described in 1996 by George Necula and Peter Lee. The original publication on proof-carrying code in 1996 used
Proof-carrying_code
The certificate can be produced in different ways, e.g. through Proof-carrying code (PCC) or Typed assembly language (TAL). The main aspects of PCC can
Language-based_security
Concept in computer security
as code, weird machine functionality that is by definition outside the original program specification can be reached also by proof-carrying code (PCC)
Weird_machine
Romanian computer scientist
Lee. His PhD work introduced proof-carrying code, which was influential as a mechanism to allow untrusted machine code to run safely without performance
George_Necula
Topics referred to by the same term
programming language Precipitated calcium carbonate, a chemical compound Proof-carrying code, a software mechanism that allows a host system to verify properties
PCC
Interface to data link layers on a Unix-like system
conceal network communications as part of a complex Linux backdoor. Proof-carrying code Express Data Path McCanne, Steven; Jacobson, Van (1992-12-19). "The
Berkeley_Packet_Filter
Relationship between programs and proofs
proof, given its correctness, an area of research closely related to proof-carrying code. This is only feasible if the programming language the program is
Curry–Howard_correspondence
Type whose definition depends on a value
assistants. The code-generation aspect provides a powerful approach to formal program verification and proof-carrying code, since the code is derived directly
Dependent_type
compiler such as pre/post-conditions and loop invariants (a form of proof-carrying code). VC generators are often coupled with SMT solvers in the backend
Verification condition generator
Verification_condition_generator
Logic programming language
projects are a proof of safety for Standard ML, a foundational typed assembly language system from CMU, and a foundational proof carrying code system from
Twelf
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) special interest group
Morrisett, David Walker, Karl Crary, and Neal Glew 2007 (for 1997): Proof-carrying Code by George Necula 2006 (for 1996): Points-to Analysis in Almost Linear
SIGPLAN
1997 and 2002 Most Influential Paper Award for proof-carrying code and type-safe retrofitting of legacy code Bruce Nelson, the 1994 ACM Software System Award
List of programming language researchers
List_of_programming_language_researchers
Capability-based operating system
Berkeley, CA, USA. doi:10.1109/SECPRI.2000.848454. Lee, Peter. "Proof-Carrying Code". Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Shapiro, Jonathan
EROS_(microkernel)
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
Proof of work (also written as proof-of-work, and abbreviated PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the
Proof_of_work
Hoare logic Program refinement Design by contract Program synthesis Proof-carrying code Edsger W. Dijkstra, Wim H. J. Feijen, A Method of Programming, Addison-Wesley
Program_derivation
Programming language theory
based systems execute native code directly without relying on interpreted bytecode or a virtual machine. Proof-carrying code Greg Morrisett (2002). "Typed
Typed_assembly_language
Indian national identification number
entity can tailor the QR codes to its requirements. Age verification for a cinema ticket, identification at a hotel, proof of presence at a workplace
Aadhaar
Proof assistant
OCaml. These tactics automate the construction of proofs, carrying out trivial or obvious steps in proofs. Several tactics implement decision procedures
Rocq
Technical award
spatial data structures and indexing, translation validation, and proof-carrying code. 2015 Viktor K. Prasanna For fundamental algorithmic and application
W._Wallace_McDowell_Award
Transportation Office (LTO) and is mandated by the Land Transportation and Traffic Code (Republic Act No. 4136) passed on June 20, 1964. However the first driver's
Driving license in the Philippines
Driving_license_in_the_Philippines
IMO standard for carrying solid cargoes, except grain, in bulk
list of new cargoes scheduled within the Code. The Code is designed to minimise the dangers to ship from carrying solid bulk cargoes. It provides information
International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code
International_Maritime_Solid_Bulk_Cargoes_Code
System of rules to convert information into another form or representation
codon signals the end of the sequence. In mathematics, a Gödel code is the basis for the proof of Gödel's incompleteness theorem. Here, the idea is to map
Code
Obligation on a party to prove their case
burden of proof to show that they are correct, while the other party has no such burden and is presumed to be correct. The burden of proof requires a
Burden_of_proof_(law)
Computer programming concept
may not carry out its intended work. Preconditions that are missing, insufficient, or not formally proved (or have an incorrect attempted proof), or are
Precondition
American film era (1920s–1930s)
explained by Code proponents such as the Motion Picture Herald as proof positive that the code was working. Another fortunate coincidence for Code supporters
Pre-Code_Hollywood
Document used to identify a person
Africa. Although carrying the document is not required in daily life, it is necessary to show the document or a certified copy as proof of identity when:
Identity_document
Practice of carrying a handgun or other weapon in public in a concealed or hidden manner
Concealed carry, or carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), is the practice of carrying a weapon (usually a sidearm such as a handgun), either in proximity
Concealed_carry
Form of stress test
A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing or impact-experiencing structure. An individual proof test may apply
Proof_test
American whiskey
members carrying such high-proof beverages due to their highly flammable nature. Such high proof levels are very uncommon even among "barrel proof" bourbons
Bourbon_whiskey
Laws concerning the carry of weapons in a concealed manner
Concealed carry, or carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), is the practice of carrying a weapon (such as a handgun) in public in a concealed manner, either
Concealed carry in the United States
Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States
Cost of maintaining a low quality system
Technical debt (also known as design debt or code debt) is a qualitative description of the cost to maintain a system that is attributable to choosing
Technical_debt
2026 missing person case in Arizona, US
disappearance. Family appeals on social media have not yet yielded any "proof of life" sought from the person or persons who abducted Nancy Guthrie. On
Disappearance of Nancy Guthrie
Disappearance_of_Nancy_Guthrie
Code identifying material, for recycling
recycling process. The presence on an item of a recycling code, a chasing arrows logo, or a resin code, is not an automatic indicator that a material is recyclable;
Recycling_codes
Maritime transport standard
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, often referred and abbreviated as the IBC Code is the International
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk
International_Code_for_the_Construction_and_Equipment_of_Ships_carrying_Dangerous_Chemicals_in_Bulk
"Driving licence codes". GOV.UK. Retrieved 30 January 2026. "ID cards no longer valid". GOV.UK. Retrieved 30 January 2026. "Lloyds Bank proof of identity"
Driving licence in the United Kingdom
Driving_licence_in_the_United_Kingdom
Babylonian legal text
The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed c. 1753 BC. It is the longest, best-organized, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient
Code_of_Hammurabi
Maritime safety standard
the older Code for the Construction Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) and the Code for Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied
International Code of the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk
International_Code_of_the_Construction_and_Equipment_of_Ships_Carrying_Liquefied_Gases_in_Bulk
Defunct criminal Code of Indonesia and former Dutch East Indies
Penal Code (Dutch: Wetboek van Strafrecht, WvS), commonly known in Indonesian as Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (lit. 'Law Book of Penal Code', derived
Indonesian_Penal_Code
The Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes (TDC Code) is the International Maritime Organization (IMO) standard for the safe carriage
Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes
Code_of_Safe_Practice_for_Ships_Carrying_Timber_Deck_Cargoes
Alternative decimal expansion of 1
mathematically rigorous proofs. The intuitive arguments are generally based on properties of finite decimals that are extended without proof to infinite decimals
0.999...
Ordering of binary values, used for positioning and error correction
Gray Codes". Congressus Numerantium. 80: 217–223. Suparta, I. Nengah (2005). "A simple proof for the existence of exponentially balanced Gray codes". Electronic
Gray_code
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
spurred the development of more efficient means for carrying out repetitive tasks, such as military code breaking (decryption). This culminated in the development
Cryptography
they provide proof of basic training and service in the military. On April 12, 2022, Governor Brian Kemp signed the Constitutional Carry bill SB 319 into
Gun laws in Georgia (U.S. state)
Gun_laws_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)
Motorcycles and trailers carry only a rear plate. A significant feature of German vehicle registration plates is the area code, which can be used to tell
Vehicle registration plates of Germany
Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany
Unsolved problem in computer science
because such a proof will almost surely be nonconstructive. A proof of P ≠ NP would lack the practical computational benefits of a proof that P = NP, but
P_versus_NP_problem
Problem in computer science
method of the proof, but the computable function halts does not directly take a subroutine as an argument; instead it takes the source code of a program
Halting_problem
Self-balancing binary search tree data structure
also omits it, because it slightly disturbs the recursive algorithms and proofs. As an example, every perfect binary tree that consists only of black nodes
Red–black_tree
itself, the birth certificate is usually only considered proof of citizenship but not proof of identity, since it is issued without a photograph at birth
Identity documents in the United States
Identity_documents_in_the_United_States
Limitative results in mathematical logic
not being a code for a proof of contradiction in F1". If F1 were in fact inconsistent, then F2 would prove for some n that n is the code of a contradiction
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems
2-308.09 of the Virginia Code. Consuming an alcoholic beverage in ABC on-premises licensed restaurants and clubs, while carrying a concealed handgun, is
Gun_laws_in_Virginia
tools for static program analysis (program analysis is a synonym for code analysis). CodePeer ConQAT Fluctuat LDRA Testbed MALPAS Polyspace SofCheck Inspector
List of tools for static code analysis
List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis
Security methodology
logistics, sale, and use. No single solution can be considered as "tamper-proof". Often multiple levels of security need to be addressed to reduce the risk
Tamperproofing
Body of facts in a legal proceeding
of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must
Evidence_(law)
Legal aspects of selling, owning, carrying, and using certain types of knives
being attacked while carrying the concealed knife. Ala. Code 1975 Mississippi Code, Crimes § 97-37-1: Deadly weapons; carrying while concealed; use or
Knife_legislation
Mexican tax identification number
identifications, proof of address and the powers of attorney accepted by the SAT, which must be submitted in original. The procedure must be carried out in person
Federal_Taxpayer_Registry
Dried latex of the opium poppy containing narcotic compounds
anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power. In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to
Opium
Organosulfur chemical compound used as a solvent
original on 19 September 2018. "Material Safety Data Sheet: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof". ScienceLab.com. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 September
Dimethyl_sulfoxide
Organic compound
and shampoos. A cloud seeding agent, along with other salts. A flame-proofing agent, commonly used in dry chemical fire extinguisher charges such as
Urea
Regulations on arms and ammunition
new firearm licenses. In 2017 government banned carrying firearms in public places. Owning or carrying firearms in Afghanistan is strictly regulated by
Overview of gun laws by nation
Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation
and the firearm is at least two "mechanical actions" from firing. As carrying the firearm with the chamber empty, but with a full magazine, meets this
Gun_laws_in_Utah
Codification of U.S. federal statutes
require proof of the underlying original acts of Congress. The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the code is nearly
United_States_Code
Rodent infestation
floors in the basements of apartment buildings, installing solar-powered rat-proof trash cans, as well as increased trash management. In addition, de Blasio
Rats_in_New_York_City
Programming language for experimentation or art
designed to test the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, as software art, as a hacking interface to another language
Esoteric_programming_language
Election regulatory body of India
September 2017. Chhibber, Maneesh (5 November 2015). "Model Code is only moral code, but carries weight". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on
Election_Commission_of_India
engaged in anchor handling operations and to ships carrying out lifting and towing operations. The Code contains both mandatory regulations and recommended
International Code on Intact Stability
International_Code_on_Intact_Stability
any registration plates without seeing proof of identity of the purchaser (such as a driving licence), and proof of their connection to the registration
Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom
Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_United_Kingdom
Field of knowledge
shapes, sets, functions, and probabilities. It uses logical reasoning and proof to study and establish their properties, often expressed as theorems, formulas
Mathematics
Maritime treaty
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is an amendment to the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention (1974/1988) on Maritime security
International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
International_Ship_and_Port_Facility_Security_Code
Legal concept
burden of proof of fact is much less challenging than that of justifying homicide in self-defense. However, the existence in a legal code of such a provision
Castle_doctrine
Act of the Texas State Legislature
The Act is a code of the law of criminal procedure of Texas. The code regulates how criminal trials are carried out in Texas. The code governs important
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
Texas_Code_of_Criminal_Procedure
Standard for managing ships at sea
The International Safety Management (ISM) Code is the International Maritime Organization (IMO) standard for the safe management and operation of ships
International Safety Management Code
International_Safety_Management_Code
Separate Hearings – Proof – Findings – Appellate procedures – Reversals. Sec. 9-2. Second-degree murder. IN Code § 35-42-1-1. Murder. IA Code § 707.2. Murder
Murder_in_United_States_law
some form of concealed carry, the carrying of a concealed firearm in public. Many states allow some form of open carry, the carrying of an unconcealed firearm
Gun laws in the United States by state
Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state
precondition is violated, the effect of the section of code becomes undefined and thus may or may not carry out its intended work. Security problems can arise
Glossary_of_computer_science
2022 video game
Anonymous;Code is a 2022 visual novel video game developed by Mages and Chiyomaru Studio, and is the sixth mainline entry in the Science Adventure series
Anonymous;Code
Number to represent one's identity as a numerical code
code should not be used as a proof of identity, although this sometimes happens in the commercial sector. Employers need the personal identity code to
National identification number
National_identification_number
2022 video game by Harbour Masters
Zelda: Ocarina of Time into human-readable code. While the decompilation project was principally carried out for the sake of documenting the game's creation
Ship_of_Harkinian
Crime, unlawful taking of personal property
and in New South Wales, Australia, involving the taking (caption) and carrying away (asportation) of personal property without the owner's consent and
Larceny
Programming language
source code of C programs. Rocq (former name: Coq), a formal proof management system. Easycrypt, a toolset for writing computer-aided proofs. F*, a high-level
OCaml
1685 law on slavery in the French colonial empire
The Code noir (French pronunciation: [kɔd nwaʁ], Black code) was a decree passed by King Louis XIV of France in 1685, defining the conditions of slavery
Code_noir
Ship to carry people and goods on water
Canada, carrying 22.3 million passengers annually. Caledonian MacBrayne – 31 vessels serving 50 ports of call along the west coast of Scotland, carrying 1.43 million
Ferry
American crime comedy-drama TV series
"Deuce" Craig Gillespie Jonathan Tropper April 11, 2025 (2025-04-11) Without proof of ownership, Coop is forced to sell the watch for much less than it is
Your Friends & Neighbors (TV series)
Your_Friends_&_Neighbors_(TV_series)
Use of immunity passports for COVID-19 vaccination
A vaccine passport or proof of vaccination is an immunity passport employed as a credential in countries and jurisdictions as part of efforts to control
Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic
Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic
Rules of the road in the Philippines
Accident Who Provided Sufficient Proof Of Their Defensive Driving, Amending for the Purpose Article 124 of the Revised Penal Code" (Document). Senate of the
Traffic law in the Philippines
Traffic_law_in_the_Philippines
Game of strategy
heaps is not zero. Otherwise, the second player has a winning strategy. Proof: Notice that the nim-sum (⊕) obeys the usual associative and commutative
Nim
Fictional character from the Dexter book and TV series
Dexter follows a code of ethics taught to him during childhood by his adoptive father, Harry, which he refers to as "The Code" or "The Code of Harry" and
Dexter_Morgan
Distributed data store for digital transactions
considering moving from the proof-of-work model to the proof-of-stake model. In Sept, 2022, Ethereum converted from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake. In October
Blockchain
Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York, US
incumbent local exchange carrier services, and is not a central office. Its CLLI code is NYCMNYBW. It has been reported that the building is used as a National
33_Thomas_Street
Opioid medication
disposal, pharmacists recommend that unused patches be sealed in a child-proof container that is then returned to a pharmacy. In the United States, where
Fentanyl
Formally verified capability-based microkernel
inducted into ACM SIGOPS Hall of Fame in 2019. The proof overhead of 50 lines of proof per 1 line of C code drastically increases the cost of development and
SeL4
United States federal criminal code
codes, typically referred to by names such as Penal Code, Criminal Code, or Crimes Code. Typical of state criminal codes is the California Penal Code
Title 18 of the United States Code
Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code
Overview of driving licences in Hong Kong
permitted for learners, motorways and tunnels, under the following conditions: carrying an L-plate at the front and back of the vehicle in specified times with
Driving_licence_in_Hong_Kong
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 is a procedural law related to the administration of civil proceedings in India. The Code is divided into two parts:
Code of Civil Procedure (India)
Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)
law (Penal Code 26155) provides that the Sheriff of a county or a city Police Chief may issue a license to carry a concealed weapon upon proof that the
Gun_laws_in_California
Type system used in computer programming and mathematics
rediscovered by Robin Milner. Luis Damas contributed a close formal analysis and proof of the method in his PhD thesis. Among HM's more notable properties are
Hindley–Milner_type_system
Lucy, who became a cop against the wishes of her therapist parents, is carrying on a secret affair with Nolan despite the risk it poses to her career.
List_of_The_Rookie_episodes
Organic compound
ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Pure ethanol is classed as 200 proof in the US, equivalent to 175 degrees proof in the UK system. Rectified spirit, an azeotropic composition
Ethanol
Function in mathematical logic
number, called its Gödel number. Kurt Gödel developed the concept for the proof of his incompleteness theorems. A Gödel numbering can be interpreted as
Gödel_numbering
himself in the process, but his suicide helps Annie escape from her Supe-proof cell. Stormfront (Klaus Risinger) is the most powerful member of Payback
List_of_The_Boys_characters
Diving inside a protective cage to observe sharks in the wild
applications, a mobile cage may be carried by the diver while harvesting organisms such as abalone. A shark-proof cage is a metal cage used by an underwater
Shark_cage_diving
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
Girl/Female
Muslim
Guide, Proof
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, German, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malaysian, Muslim, Turkish
Proof; Evidence
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Proof
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Rolfe.German : from Ruffo, a short form of a personal name formed with hrÅd ‘renown’, ‘victory’.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Ruf and Ruff.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Guide; Proof
Boy/Male
Muslim
Proof
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Victorious; Carrying
Boy/Male
Indian
Proof
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Evidence; Proof
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
The Proof
Boy/Male
Muslim
Proof
Boy/Male
Indian
Proof
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Carrying Water
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Guide Proof
Boy/Male
Muslim
Evidence. Proof.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Proof
Boy/Male
Arabic
Proof; Evidence
Girl/Female
Indian
Witness; Proof
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Proof
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Proof
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, Dutch, English, French, German, Latin, Portuguese, Shakespearean, Swedish
Constancy; Steadfastness
Male
Russian
(Cyrillic Виктор): Slavic form of Roman Latin Victor, VIKTOR means "conqueror." In use by the Bulgarians, Russians and Serbians. Compare with another form of Viktor.
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Winner; Successful
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Boat to the Sun
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, German, Norse, Scandinavian, Teutonic
Half Dane; Half-danish
Biblical
He will enlighten or diffuse light;
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Humble Moon (that would Disappear on Touch)
Girl/Female
Sikh
Great abundance, Growth
Boy/Male
Indian
Crown
Girl/Female
Indian
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
PROOF CARRYING-CODE
v. t.
A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine.
a.
The act or process of preparing staple for spinning, etc., by carding it. See the Note under Card, v. t.
v. t.
To cover with a roof.
n.
The whole body of decorative sculpture of any kind or epoch, or in any material; as, the Italian carving of the 15th century.
n.
Proof.
a.
Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as, carking cares.
v. t.
To arm with proof armor; to arm securely; as, to proof-arm herself.
n.
Proof.
a.
Used in proving or testing; as, a proof load, or proof charge.
n.
Proof.
a.
Firm or successful in resisting; as, proof against harm; waterproof; bombproof.
a.
Calling for notice; compelling attention; notorious; heinous; as, a crying evil.
n.
A trial impression, as from type, taken for correction or examination; -- called also proof sheet.
n.
That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as, the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth.
a.
Highly rectified; very strongly alcoholic; as, high-proof spirits.
n.
A shaking; a tremulous motion; as, the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines.
v. t.
Armor of excellent or tried quality, and deemed impenetrable; properly, armor of proof.
n.
The act or business of transporting from one place to another.
n.
Proof.
a.
Proof against proofs; obstinate in the wrong.