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Subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants
Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants. Evolutionary phenomena are characteristics of populations that are described
Plant_evolution
The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats of unicellular archaeplastids evolved through endosymbiosis
Evolutionary history of plants
Evolutionary_history_of_plants
Chronological outline of major events in the development of plants
robustness of the evidence. Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited to live on land
Timeline_of_plant_evolution
Study of plant life
plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and
Botany
Clade of seed plants that produce flowers
self-fertilisation often injurious, at least with the plants on which I experimented." Flowers emerged in plant evolution as an adaptation for the promotion of cross-fertilisation
Flowering_plant
Kingdom of organisms
seed plants. The Permo-Triassic extinction event radically changed the structures of communities. This may have set the scene for the evolution of flowering
Plant
Independent evolution of similar features
from multiple types of tree frog. Many instances of convergent evolution are known in plants, including the repeated development of C4 photosynthesis, seed
Convergent_evolution
iteroparity Annual plant Perennial plant Biennial plant Life history theory Perennial grain The Land Institute Plant evolution Plant strategies Miller
Annual vs. perennial plant evolution
Annual_vs._perennial_plant_evolution
Academic journal
Plant Systematics and Evolution is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering systematic botany and evolutionary biology. The editors-in-chief
Plant Systematics and Evolution
Plant_Systematics_and_Evolution
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes
Evolution
1974 book by George Ledyard Stebbins
Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level is a book written by evolutionary biologist and botanist G. Ledyard Stebbins which was first published
Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level
Flowering_Plants:_Evolution_Above_the_Species_Level
Period of rapid plant and fungal diversification, 428–359 million years ago
lignified vascular plants, which allowed for expansive canopies to develop, and forever altering the plant evolutions that followed. As plants evolved and radiated
Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution
Silurian-Devonian_Terrestrial_Revolution
implications for understanding plant evolution and medical science. Below is an extensive, if incomplete, list of plants containing one or more poisonous
List_of_poisonous_plants
Study of developmental programs and patterns in plants from an evolutionary perspective
detailed in-depth analysis of the history of plant morphology, including plant development and evolution. The origin of the term "morphology" is generally
Plant evolutionary developmental biology
Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology
1950 book by American botanist G. Ledyard Stebbins
Variation and Evolution in Plants is a book written by G. Ledyard Stebbins, published in 1950. It is one of the key publications embodying the modern
Variation and Evolution in Plants
Variation_and_Evolution_in_Plants
American botanist and geneticist (1906-2000)
comprehensive synthesis of plant evolution incorporating genetics. His most important publication was Variation and Evolution in Plants, which combined genetics
G._Ledyard_Stebbins
Terrestrial plants that lack vascular tissue
John W. (April 2013). "The Plant Vascular System: Evolution, Development and Functions F". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 55 (4): 294–388. doi:10
Bryophyte
Offspring of cross-species reproduction
chromosome. Whole genome doubling has occurred repeatedly in plant evolution. When two plant species hybridize, the hybrid may double its chromosome count
Hybrid_(biology)
Disease-causing bacterium
Gram-negative soil bacterium that produces hairy root disease in dicotyledonous plants. R. rhizogenes induces the formation of proliferative multiple-branched
Rhizobium_rhizogenes
Evolutionary history of plants (timeline) Geologic time scale History of Earth Sociocultural evolution Timeline of human evolution McKinney 1997, p. 110
Timeline_of_life
Subclade of green plants, also known as land plants
plants of the clade Embryophyta, also known as Plantae sensu strictissimo (/ˌɛmbriˈɒfətə, -oʊˈfaɪtə/, "plant in the strictest sense") or land plants.
Embryophyte
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
speciation – Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location Artificial speciation Animal husbandry – Management of farm animals Plant breeding –
Outline_of_evolution
Study of the structure of plants
understanding plant evolution. The evolutionary biologist relies on the plant morphologist to interpret structures, and in turn provides phylogenies of plant relationships
Plant_morphology
Plant that has no persistent woody stem above ground
in the secondary cell wall of all vascular plants. The development of lignin during vascular plant evolution provided mechanical strength, rigidity, and
Herbaceous_plant
Evolutionary mechanism
significant herbivores, and the evolution of land plants is closely associated with the evolution of insects. While most plant defenses are directed against
Plant defense against herbivory
Plant_defense_against_herbivory
Production of new offspring in plants
grain. Unlike animals, plants are immobile, and cannot seek out sexual partners for reproduction. In the evolution of early plants, abiotic means, including
Plant_reproduction
Study of organic evolution of plants based on fossils
environments (paleogeography), and the evolutionary history of plants, with a bearing upon the evolution of life in general. It is a component of palaeontology
Paleobotany
Plant that has adapted to living in an aquatic environment
Aquatic plants, also referred to as hydrophytes, are vascular plants and non-vascular plants that have adapted to live in aquatic environments (saltwater
Aquatic_plant
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
different groups of eukaryotes, including protists, algae, plants, and animals. The evolution of anisogamy is synonymous with the origin of male and the
Biological_sex
Clade of flowering plants
Flowering Plants. Evolution and Classification of Higher Categories Symposium, Hamburg, September 8–12, 1976. Plant Systematics and Evolution. Vol. Suppl
Monocotyledon
Organism that produces both male and female gametes
similar to that of plants, suggesting that similar pressures are operating to direct the evolution of selfing in animals and plants. A rough estimate of
Hermaphrodite
Genus of flowering plants
suggests that caffeine production is an adaptive trait in coffee and plant evolution. The fruit and leaves also contain caffeine, and can be used to make
Coffea
Species of flowering plant
(the study of genetic differences in relation to the environment) and plant evolution. English: eastern groundsel German: Frühlings-Greiskraut Estonian:
Senecio_vernalis
Internal makeup of fruits
structures of fruit across the different species of plants. Evolution has selected for certain traits in plants that would increase their fitness. This diversity
Fruit_(plant_structure)
Mechanism of evolution involving male gamete competition and cryptic female choice
It is an accepted concept in animal evolution, but it is more controversial in botany. Sexual selection in plants could work through two principal mechanisms:
Sexual selection in flowering plants
Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants
Division of typically non-vascular land plants
overlooked dwarf males in mosses—unique among green land plants". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 13 (2): 121–135. Bibcode:2011PPEES
Moss
Family of flowering plants
Hawkins, Julie A. (29 January 2004). "14". Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-040-19968-8. Olmstead, Richard G.; Sweere, Jennifer
Solanaceae
Part of most types of flower
a flower is referred to as the corolla. The role of the corolla in plant evolution has been studied extensively since Charles Darwin postulated a theory
Petal
Clade of flowering plants
PMID 15003239. Phokas, A.; Coates, J. C. (2021). "Evolution of DELLA function and signaling in land plants". Evolution & Development. 23 (3): 137–154. doi:10.1111/ede
Eudicots
Evolutionary process
language. Modern humans interbred with archaic humans, indicating that their evolution was not linear but weblike. The study of the origins of humans involves
Human_evolution
Study of genes and heredity in plants
offspring, aiding in processes like natural selection and evolution of plant species. Some plant species are capable of self-fertilization, and some are
Plant_genetics
instead more closely related to conifers and other gymnosperms. The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct
Fossil history of flowering plants
Fossil_history_of_flowering_plants
Genus of flowering plants
that hybridization, polyploidy, and other processes played in how plant evolution and speciation occur. Among Grant's works that utilized Aquilegia to
Aquilegia
Clade of plants with xylem and phloem
other in the plant. The combination of one xylem and one phloem strand adjacent to each other is known as a vascular bundle. The evolution of vascular
Vascular_plant
Biological part involved in sexual reproduction
which in both sexes, are always hidden. In plants, male reproductive structures include stamens in flowering plants, which produce pollen. Female reproductive
Sex_organ
Division of plants containing three genera of gymnosperms
other seed plants becomes even more complicated. Several hypotheses, illustrated below, have been presented to explain seed plant evolution. Some morphological
Gnetophyta
Female reproductive cell
maintenance by the Polycomb protein FIE has been conserved during land plant evolution". Development. 136 (14): 2433–2444. doi:10.1242/dev.035048. PMID 19542356
Egg_cell
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively plant material
with teeth in the lower jaw is present. The evolution of dental occlusion led to a drastic increase in plant food processing and provides evidence about
Herbivore
and Evolution in Plants, which helped to integrate botany into the synthesis. The emerging cross-disciplinary consensus on the workings of evolution would
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
Class of vascular plants
seeds arose early in plant evolution, ferns reveal Suissa, Jacob S.; Li, Fay-Wei; Moreau, Corrie S. (24 May 2024). "Convergent evolution of fern nectaries
Fern
Plant which completes its life cycle within one growing season and then dies
"The Evolution of Annual and Perennial Plant Life Histories: Ecological Correlates and Genetic Mechanisms". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Annual_plant
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution." Grafting of one plant to another can transfer chloroplasts (organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis)
Horizontal_gene_transfer
Division of non-vascular land plants with horn-shaped sporophytes
crucial role in the evolution of novel body plans during the Late Silurian-Early Devonian radiation of land plants?". The Evolution of Plant Physiology. Elsevier
Hornwort
Photographic display of total chromosome complement in a cell
occurs mainly in plants. It has been of major significance in plant evolution according to Stebbins. The proportion of flowering plants which are polyploid
Karyotype
Genus of flowering plants
The Plant List. Archived from the original on March 17, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2015. Whitaker, T.W.; Bemis, W.P. (1975). "Origin and Evolution of the
Cucurbita
Species of moss
It is a moss, a bryophyte used as a model organism for studies on plant evolution, development, and physiology. Physcomitrella patens is an early colonist
Physcomitrella_patens
Comparative genomics database for plant genomes
a central resource for plant genomics research, supporting studies in crop improvement, ecology, bioenergy, and plant evolution. Phytozome was launched
Phytozome
Indian palaeobotanist (1891–1949)
His major contributions were in the study of the fossil plants of India and in plant evolution. He was also involved in the establishment of Indian science
Birbal_Sahni
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
their flowers. This was an effort to make plant taxonomy more objective, but it remained inconsiderate of evolution, and so not useful in that context. While
Flower
Generation of molecular oxygen through a biochemical or chemical reaction
Oxygen evolution is the chemical process of generating diatomic oxygen (O2) by a chemical reaction, usually from water, the most abundant oxide compound
Oxygen_evolution
"Deep reticulation: the long legacy of hybridization in vascular plant evolution". The Plant Journal. 114 (4). John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 743–766. Bibcode:2023PlJ
List of sequenced plant genomes
List_of_sequenced_plant_genomes
Clade of archaeplastids including green algae and the land plants
PMID 19216746. Becker, B. (2007). Function and Evolution of the Vacuolar Compartment in Green Algae and Land Plants (Viridiplantae). International Review of
Viridiplantae
Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis and store starch
KF; Quandt, D (2011). "The evolution of the plastid chromosome in land plants: gene content, gene order, gene function". Plant Molecular Biology. 76 (3–5):
Plastid
Scientific view of guided evolution by God
Theistic evolution (also known as theistic evolutionism or God-guided evolution, or alternatively called evolutionary creationism) is a view that God acts
Theistic_evolution
Biological process occurring in plants
Evolution. Cambridge University Press. pp. 297–317. Chittka L, Thomson JD, Waser NM (1999). "Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution"
Pollination
Academic journal
Blumea - Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography (Tijdschrift voor de Systematiek en de Geografie der Planten in Dutch) is a peer-reviewed journal
Blumea_(journal)
Organism resembling a form long shown in the fossil records
whose form is little changed since the earliest days of flowering plant evolution in the Cretaceous and possibly earlier[1] Trapa – water caltrops, seeds
Living_fossil
Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
stress on the growth of plants, in the belief that such environmentally-induced variation might explain much of plant evolution, and the American entomologist
Lamarckism
Plants that consume animals
case of convergent evolution,' says Victor Albert, a plant-genome scientist.... "The long reach of the monster plant: Carnivorous plants have fascinated
Carnivorous_plant
Grass that has edible grain
14 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Hancock, James F. (2012). Plant evolution and the origin of crop species (3rd ed.). CABI. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-84593-801-7
Cereal
1179/033443513x13753505864089. S2CID 44282748. Ladizinsky, G. (1998). Plant Evolution under Domestication. Kluwer. ISBN 978-0-412-82210-0. Kislev, M. E.
History_of_agriculture
Fungus-plant symbiotic association
all land plants. Non-mycorrhizal plant lineages, such as the Brassicaceae, lost the ability to form mycorrhizae at some point in their evolution. The earliest
Mycorrhiza
Clade of non-flowering, naked-seeded vascular plants
Hongli (April 2022). "The Cycas genome and the early evolution of seed plants". Nature Plants. 8 (4): 389–401. Bibcode:2022NatPl...8..389L. doi:10
Gymnosperm
Species of flowering plant in the daisy family
winter annual make it a good subject for studies of the evolution and ecology of flowering plants. Like all members of the family Asteraceae, Senecio squalidus
Senecio_squalidus
Rose family of flowering plants
(2007). "Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 5–43. Bibcode:2007PSyEv.266....5P. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9
Rosaceae
Genus of succulents
into plant evolution through…". National Trust for Scotland. R. Nyffeler, "Aeonium", in Urs Eggli, ed. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae
Aeonium
Group of seed plants
of extant gymnosperms and seed plant evolution: Analysis of nuclear 18S rRNA sequences". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (1): 56–68. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals
Conifer
The evolution of photosynthesis refers to the origin and subsequent evolution of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is used to assemble
Evolution_of_photosynthesis
One of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection
Mutationism is one of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection that have existed both before and after the publication of Charles Darwin's
Mutationism
Third period of the Paleozoic Era
Chaloner, William G. (2003). "The role of carbon dioxide in plant evolution". Evolution on Planet Earth: 65–83. doi:10.1016/B978-012598655-7/50032-X
Silurian
plant evolution, and the characterization of food chains. Oxygenic photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway facilitated by autotrophs, including plants,
Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis
Fractionation_of_carbon_isotopes_in_oxygenic_photosynthesis
Sports sedan and rally car
The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, popularly referred to as the "Evo", is a sports sedan and rally car based on the Lancer that was manufactured by Japanese
Mitsubishi_Lancer_Evolution
Division of algae
algae and land plants), they form the primary algae clade Archaeplastida. The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the evolution of chloroplasts
Glaucophyte
Evolution of four legged vertebrates and their derivatives
The evolution of tetrapods began about 400 million years ago in the Devonian Period with the earliest tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes. Tetrapods
Evolution_of_tetrapods
Academic journal
Plant Ecology and Evolution is a triannual peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering ecology, phylogenetics, and systematics of plants (including
Plant_Ecology_and_Evolution
Soviet-Armenian botanist (1910–2009)
figures in 20th century plant evolution and systematics and biogeography. His other interests included morphology of flowering plants, paleobotany, and the
Armen_Takhtajan
Class of vascular plants
Phylogenetic analysis shows the group branching off at the base of the evolution of vascular plants and they have a long evolutionary history. Fossils are abundant
Lycopodiopsida
Swedish-American paleobotanist
time evolution and ecology of plants through the use of the fossil record and by comparison with modern analogues, more specifically how previous plant communities
Caroline_A._E._Strömberg
Type of plant
A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms
Parasitic_plant
Techniques to change plant traits
Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture, particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date
History_of_plant_breeding
Species of flowering plant in the family of Asteraceae
3390/genes11030266. PMC 7140811. PMID 32121324. Hancock, J.F. (2012). Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species. CABI Pub. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-85199-874-9
Common_sunflower
Survival and reproduction mechanisms used by plants
Plant strategies include mechanisms and responses plants use to reproduce, defend, survive, and compete on the landscape. The term “plant strategy” has
Plant_strategies
phenotype – phylogenetics – phylogeny – phylogenetic tree – Pikaia – Plant evolution – polymorphism (biology) – population – population bottleneck – population
Index of evolutionary biology articles
Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles
Collection of tissues with similar functions
study of plant organs is covered in plant morphology. Organs of plants can be divided into vegetative and reproductive structures. Vegetative plant organs
Organ_(biology)
Phylum of algae
PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521. de Vries, J; Archibald, JM (March 2018). "Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life". The New Phytologist. 217
Charophyta
Component of Xylem
vascular plants. In the first 140–150 million years of vascular plant evolution, tracheids were the only type of conductive cells found in fossils of plant xylem
Tracheid
plant (entrained microbes), the influence of microbes on the evolution of plants becomes so profound that without microbes, the concept of the "plant"
Plant_holobiont
Carnivorous plants resembling pitchers
and one monocot lineage, representing a case of convergent evolution. Some pitcher plant families (such as Nepenthaceae) are placed within clades consisting
Pitcher_plant
Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae
and Developmental Innovation: Evolution of Female Gametophyte Ontogeny in Gnetum, a Highly Apomorphic Seed Plant". Evolution. 52 (4): 1016–1030. doi:10.1111/j
Gametophyte
Organism that consists of more than one cell
Stengel, Dagmar B. (2011). "Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 62 (1): 567–590
Multicellular_organism
PLANT EVOLUTION
PLANT EVOLUTION
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a habitational name for someone who lived by a long strip of ground, Middle English langet (a derivative of lang ‘long’).
Boy/Male
English
Plant
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Sacred Plant; A Medicine Plant; Basil Plant
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : metonymic occupational name for a gardener, in particular someone with a herb garden, from Middle English plant (Old English plante), Old French plante ‘herb’, ‘shrub’, ‘young tree’. In English it may also be a nickname for a tender or delicate individual, from the same word in a transferred sense.French : topographic name for a planted area, in particular one planted with herbs or vines. Compare Plantier.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
Boy/Male
French
From the flat land.
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Plant.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Platt or Platt Bridge in Lancashire, named in Middle English with Old French plat ‘flat’, ‘thin’ (see Platte), in the dialect sense ‘plank bridge’.English : topographic name from Middle English plat ‘plot of land’, ‘piece of ground’ (Old English plætt).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname from German platt ‘flat’.German : variant of Platte 3.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Berkshire)
English (chiefly Berkshire) : from Middle English planke ‘plank’ (Late Latin planca). It is not clear how this word was applied as a surname: it may be a topographic name for someone who lived near a plank bridge over a stream, a metonymic occupational name for a carpenter, or a nickname for a thin person.North German : nickname for a cantankerous person, from Middle Low German plank ‘quarrel’, ‘discord’.North German : metonymic occupational name from Middle Low German plank ‘measure for liquids’.South German : topographic name from Middle High German plank ‘plank’, ‘palisade’.South German : nickname for a fair-haired person, from a variant of Middle High German blanc ‘light’, ‘shining’.
Surname or Lastname
French (Planté)
French (Planté) : topographic name for someone living by an area of planted ground, a herb garden, shrubbery, or more specifically a vineyard.English : variant of Plant.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sacred plant, A sacred plant (Basil)
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Little Plant; Small Plant
Boy/Male
African French
Plant.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
A Sacred Plant; Tulsi Plant
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Plant.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Plant
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Plant.
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Plant.
Boy/Male
French
From the flat land.
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
Father of Lancelot.
Male
Arthurian
, a king; father of Lancelot.
PLANT EVOLUTION
PLANT EVOLUTION
Girl/Female
English French
Medieval male name adopted as a feminine name.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Creator of the World
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kashmiri, Rajasthani, Sindhi
Goddess Lakshmi Representing Success
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Celtic, Welsh
Happiness; Blessed; Fortunate; Fair; White Wave; Luck
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Goddess Saraswati
Boy/Male
Hindu
Brilliance, Lord of excellent intellect
Male
Greek
(ÎάÏκισσος) Greek name possibly derived from the word narke, NARKISSOS means "numbness; sleep." In mythology, this is the name of a vain youth who fell in love with his own reflection and eventually was turned into a kind of lily or daffodil flower known as the narkissos.Â
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Bright; Goddess Laxmi
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Brilliant; Sparkling
Boy/Male
Teutonic German
Brave.
PLANT EVOLUTION
PLANT EVOLUTION
PLANT EVOLUTION
PLANT EVOLUTION
PLANT EVOLUTION
v. t.
To lay down, as on a plank or table; to stake or pay cash; as, to plank money in a wager.
n.
Work done by platting or braiding; a plait.
a.
Eating, or subsisting on, plants; as, a plant-eating beetle.
v. t.
To interweave the strands or locks of; to braid; to plat; as, to plait hair; to plait rope.
a.
Alt. of Plano-
v.
Capable of plying or bending; readily yielding to force or pressure without breaking; flexible; pliable; lithe; limber; plastic; as, a pliant thread; pliant wax. Also used figuratively: Easily influenced for good or evil; tractable; as, a pliant heart.
n.
To furnish, or fit out, with plants; as, to plant a garden, an orchard, or a forest.
n.
To set firmly; to fix; to set and direct, or point; as, to plant cannon against a fort; to plant a standard in any place; to plant one's feet on solid ground; to plant one's fist in another's face.
a.
Plane or flat on one side, and concave on the other; as, a plano-concave lens. See Lens.
n.
To introduce and establish the principles or seeds of; as, to plant Christianity among the heathen.
n.
To furnish with a fixed and organized population; to settle; to establish; as, to plant a colony.
a.
Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, plano-concave.
a.
To make smooth; to level; to pare off the inequalities of the surface of, as of a board or other piece of wood, by the use of a plane; as, to plane a plank.
n.
A plan; an artifice; a swindle; a trick.
a.
Without elevations or depressions; even; level; flat; lying in, or constituting, a plane; as, a plane surface.
n.
To put in the ground and cover, as seed for growth; as, to plant maize.
n.
A slanting direction or plane; a slope; as, it lies on a slant.