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Therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections
Phage therapy, viral phage therapy, or phagotherapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. This
Phage_therapy
Virus that infects bacteria
186 phage λ phage Φ6 phage Φ29 phage ΦX174 Bacteriophage φCb5 G4 phage M13 phage MS2 phage (23–28 nm in size) N4 phage P1 phage P2 phage P4 phage R17
Bacteriophage
Phage therapy center in San Diego, CA, US
The Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics (IPATH) is the first phage therapy center in North America, founded at the UC San Diego School
Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics
Center_for_Innovative_Phage_Applications_and_Therapeutics
American infectious disease physician
the treatment of six other phage therapy patients at UC San Diego, and as well as consulting on a number of other phage therapy cases throughout the United
Robert_T._Schooley
Canadian epidemiologist (born 1966)
patients receive phage therapy and have launched the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics (IPATH), the first phage therapy center in North
Steffanie_Strathdee
Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria
virulence factors. Phage therapy is under investigation as a method of treating antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Phage therapy involves infecting
Antibiotic
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
patients. Bacteriophage therapy (phage therapy) is being studied for multidrug-resistant bacteria in people with CF. Bacteriophage therapy is a treatment method
Cystic_fibrosis
Bacteria resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial drugs
One major drawback to phage therapy is the evolution of phage-resistant microbes which was seen in a majority of phage therapy experiments aimed to treat
Multidrug-resistant_bacteria
Resistance of microbes to drugs directed against them
that is of concern. Phage therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections. Phage therapy has many potential applications
Antimicrobial_resistance
Species of bacterium
alternative is the combination of bacteriophage therapy and β-lactam antibiotics. This approach is known as phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS). It has been shown
Enterococcus_faecalis
Group of proteins found in phages
Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or Acr) is a group of proteins found in phages, that inhibit the normal activity of CRISPR-Cas, the immune system of certain
Anti-CRISPR
Activation or suppression of the immune system to treat disease
Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy or biotherapy, encompasses a diverse set of therapeutic strategies that harness or modify the immune system
Immunotherapy
French microbiologist
(viruses that infect bacteria) and experimented with the possibility of phage therapy. D'Hérelle has also been credited for his contributions to the larger
Félix_d'Hérelle
Phage therapy center in Tbilisi, Georgia
Tbilisi Institute) has been active since the 1930s in the field of phage therapy, which is used to combat microbial infection (cf. antibiotic-resistant
George_Eliava_Institute
Order of viruses
progeny phages released post-lysis continue to proliferate and lyse surrounding host bacteria. "Phage cocktails" are a form of phage therapy that involves
Autographivirales
Strains of E. coli that can cause disease
prevent diarrhea caused by E. coli. Presently, phage therapy for humans is available only at the Phage Therapy Center in the Republic of Georgia and in Poland
Pathogenic_Escherichia_coli
American Scientist
father, an engineer, and an American mother. He is known for his work in phage therapy exploiting genetic trade-offs to treat antibiotic resistant bacterial
Benjamin_Chan
Interaction of bacteriophages with their environments
Bacteriophages (phages), potentially the most numerous "organisms" on Earth, are the viruses of bacteria (more generally, of prokaryotes). Phage ecology is
Phage_ecology
Medication used to treat a viral infection
it may prove more difficult for the virus to develop resistance to this therapy than for the virus to mutate or evolve its enzymatic protocols. Inhibitors
Antiviral_drug
Genus of bacteria
machinery of mycobacteria to produce additional phages, such viruses can be used in phage therapy. Phage therapy can provide an alternate solution to antibiotics
Mycobacterium
American phage biologist
publicize and support international phage therapy research. Intended as a successor to the regular meeting held by the Phage Group at the Cold Spring Harbour
Elizabeth_Kutter
Genus of viruses
for humans often causing diarrhea, cramps, fever and pain. Bacteriophage therapy is a growing research field, particularly in many species of Campylobacter
Fletchervirus
oxygen therapy ozone therapy palliative therapy particle therapy pet therapy phage therapy pharmacotherapy phonemic neurological hypochromium therapy photodynamic
List_of_therapies
Drug used to killed microorganisms or stop their growth
Gilbert DN, Saag MS (2018). Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy (48th ed.). Antimicrobial Therapy Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-944272-06-7. Brandt LJ (February
Antimicrobial
Species of bacterium
and minimal adverse effects. Phages are produced as sterile liquid, suitable for intake, applications etc. Phage therapy against ear infections caused
Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
Bacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans
outcomes of those with cystic fibrosis and other respiratory infections. Phage therapy has been used for years in MRSA in eastern countries, and studies are
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus
Clinical phase American pharmaceutical company
bacteriophage therapies (“crPhage”) targeting drug-resistant bacterial infections. Its lead candidate, LBP‑EC01, delivered by a phage cocktail that lyses
Locus_Biosciences
Practices performed to preserve health
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Hygiene
Phage typing is a phenotypic method that uses bacteriophages ("phages" for short) for detecting and identifying single strains of bacteria. Phages are
Phage_typing
Family of viruses
Myoviridae are lytic rather than temperate phages. Therefore, some researchers have investigated their use as a therapy for bacterial diseases in humans and
Myoviridae
Disease transmission via pathogens from fecal particles
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Fecal–oral_route
British and American actress (1932–2011)
December 15, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020. Still, as late as 1961, phage therapy had some American adherents, including Elizabeth Taylor, who received
Elizabeth_Taylor
Sudden increase in occurrences of a disease
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Disease_outbreak
Disease which is constantly present in an area
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Endemic_(epidemiology)
Transfer process in genetics
particles (virions). The new phage particles are then released by lysis of the host. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage chromosome is integrated as a
Transduction_(genetics)
Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
reported genetic homologies between phage T4 and bacteria and between phage T4 and eukaryotes are similar suggesting that phage T4 shares ancestry with both
Viral_evolution
Infection transmitted through human sexual behavior
cases) diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea is patient-delivered partner therapy, which is the clinical practice of treating the sex partners of index cases
Sexually transmitted infection
Sexually_transmitted_infection
Illness from eating spoiled or contaminated food
August 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved phage therapy which involves spraying meat with viruses that infect bacteria, and
Foodborne_illness
Concentration of water vapour in the air
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Humidity
Disease of the tissues surrounding the teeth (periodontium)
beneficial oral microbes, only small doses of doxycycline (20 mg) are used. Phage therapy may be a new therapeutic alternative. If people have 7-mm or deeper
Periodontal_disease
Biological technique to evolve proteins using bacteriophages
surface of the phage, it is possible to isolate the phages displaying desirable proteins from among very large collections (libraries) of phages, using e.g
Phage_display
Polish Scientist
became resistant the phages were replaced by newly selected phages. All in all, the phage therapy appears to be favorable as positive results were obtained
Stefan_Ślopek
Antimicrobial substance or compound
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Antiseptic
First documented patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Index_case
Number of disease cases in a given population at a specific time
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Prevalence
Non-living object capable of carrying infectious agents
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Fomite
Study of viruses
Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-12-375146-1. Shors p. 827 Keen EC (2012). "Phage Therapy: Concept to Cure". Frontiers in Microbiology. 3: 238. doi:10.3389/fmicb
Virology
Antifungal medication
solution is the integration of phage therapy, which has shown successive results in functional therapies. Phages, viruses that infect microbes including
Fluconazole
Government organization
and clinical studies on phage therapy.(ref. https://www.the-microbiologist.com/features/antimicrobial-resistance-and-phage-therapy-in-india/1386.article)
Indian Council of Medical Research
Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research
Infection spread in hospitals or health care facilities
complication, procedures are used, called intravascular antimicrobial lock therapy, that can reduce infections that are unexposed to blood-borne antibiotics
Hospital-acquired_infection
Medical condition
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Blood-borne_disease
Organism which has become infected with a pathogen but displays no symptoms
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Asymptomatic_carrier
Georgian microbiologist
basis of the laboratory he headed since 1921, to research and promote phage therapy. After his death, the institute was renamed George Eliava Institute
George_Eliava
Realm of viruses
infections in 1919. Phage therapy was subsequently used extensively to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans. In the 1940s, phage therapy fell out of
Duplodnaviria
Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of heritable, acquired
CRISPR
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Infection
Infection that develops from a pre-existing condition
against specific infections. In patients with HIV, starting antiretroviral therapy is recommended for restoration of the immune system and reducing the incidence
Opportunistic_infection
(1892–1937), together with Félix d'Herelle (1873–1949), France / Georgia – Phage therapy Ivan Elmanov, Russia – first monorail (horse-drawn) Rune Elmqvist (1906–1996)
List_of_inventors
Concept in epidemiology
schedule in the United Kingdom: a review". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 13 (11): 1613–21. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.840285. PMID 24088009. S2CID 5405583
Herd_immunity
Infection by a pathogen of non-human origin
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Zoonosis
Species of bacterium
procedures. An A. baumannii infection was recently treated using phage therapy. Phages are viruses that attack bacteria, and have also been demonstrated
Acinetobacter_baumannii
Medical condition
treatment for adults and children of all ages. For babesiosis, a combination therapy with atovaquone and azithromycin is most commonly recommended for the treatment
Tick-borne_disease
Microbiologist
bacteria, the lysis/lysogeny switch in lambda phage, the organization of the bacterial nucleoid, and phage therapy. Adhya was born in Kolkata, India and studied
Sankar_Adhya
ISBN 978-1-910190-86-9 Abedon, S. T., García, P., Mullany, P., Aminov, R. 2017. Phage therapy: past, present and future. ISBN 978-2-88945-251-4 Jassim, S.A.A., Limoges
Phage_monographs
Species of bacterium
Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Mabellini - annotated, modeled structural proteome of Mycobacteroides abscessus HHMI report on the use of phage therapy
Mycobacteroides_abscessus
Infectious disease readily spread by pathogen transmission
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Contagious_disease
Agent that carries and transmits pathogens
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Disease_vector
Species of virus
G4 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli. First isolated in 1973, the phage was originally isolated from samples of raw sewage and has 5,577 nucleotides
Escherichia_virus_G4
Disease-causing bacteria
rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Phage therapy, using bacteriophages can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections
Pathogenic_bacteria
Time interval between infection by a pathogen and the individual becoming infectious
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Latent_period_(epidemiology)
Bacterial infection of the prostate gland
Górski A (November 2010). "The perspectives of the application of phage therapy in chronic bacterial prostatitis". FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
Chronic_bacterial_prostatitis
Pathogen resistance to medications
alone. Destruction of the resistant bacteria can also be achieved by phage therapy, in which a specific bacteriophage (virus that kills bacteria) is used
Drug_resistance
Population or environment in which a pathogen naturally lives and reproduces
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Natural_reservoir
Action to achieve a result in the delivery of healthcare
therapy Gene therapy Enzyme replacement therapy Intravenous therapy Phage therapy Respiratory therapy Vision therapy Electrotherapy Transcutaneous electrical
Medical_procedure
Spread of an infection from one person to another
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Human-to-human_transmission
Occurs when a reservoir population causes an epidemic in a novel host population
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Spillover_infection
Metric in epidemiology
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Basic_reproduction_number
Genus of bacteria
infections were documented. Reports suggest this bacterium is susceptible to phage therapy. Gene-silencing antisense oligomers in a form called peptide-conjugated
Acinetobacter
Promoting health through informed choices
over a million avoidable child deaths each year. Intermittent preventive therapy aimed at treating and preventing malaria episodes among pregnant women
Public_health
Preventive medical treatment after exposure
tetanus antibodies or tetanus antitoxin). It can be given as intravenous therapy or by intramuscular injection.[citation needed] The guidelines for such
Post-exposure_prophylaxis
Elimination of a disease from all hosts
Unlike diseases such as smallpox and polio, there is no vaccine or drug therapy for guinea worm. Eradication efforts have been based on making drinking
Eradication of infectious diseases
Eradication_of_infectious_diseases
Act of cleaning one's hands
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Hand_washing
New or rapidly increasing disease
development of new antimicrobial agents and alternative therapies, such as bacteriophage therapy. However, prevention is the most preferred method of avoiding
Emerging_infectious_disease
Isabelle Holdaway is the first patient to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection. Pope Francis abolishes pontifical
Timeline_of_the_21st_century
American evolutionary biologist
recently begun to apply his insights towards advancing the development of phage therapy against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Elected member of
Paul_E._Turner
probiotics, live biotherapeutic products (LBPs), microbiome-based therapies, and phage therapy, which uses bacteriophages to target harmful bacteria. In addition
Living_medicine
Calendar year
reported to be the first patient ever to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection. May 10 – Amid ongoing negotiations
2019
Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease
comprises activities such as anticipatory research and development of therapies and vaccines, as well as monitoring for pathogens and disease outbreaks
Pandemic
Species of Gram-positive bacterium
MRSA. Examples of alternative treatments are phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides and host-directed therapy. A number of standard strains of S. aureus
Staphylococcus_aureus
Time between infection and the onset of disease symptoms
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Incubation_period
Event spreading an infectious disease
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Superspreading_event
Passing of a pathogen from one organism to another
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Pathogen_transmission
Occurrence of a disease with no recognisable pattern
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Sporadic_disease
Rapid spread of disease affecting a large number of people in a short time
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Epidemic
Class of pharmaceuticals used to treat protozoan infections
ISBN 978-0-07-148869-3. Retrieved 2 May 2010. Keen, E. C. (2013). "Beyond phage therapy: Virotherapy of protozoal diseases". Future Microbiology. 8 (7): 821–823
Antiprotozoal
Branch of medical science
make more phages, and this continues until the bacteria lyses itself and releases the phages into the surrounding environment. Phage therapy does not kill
Medical_microbiology
Day of the year
reported to be the first patient ever to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection. 2021 – A car bomb explodes in front
May_8
Medical condition
Diseases". Parasites. Retrieved 2025-04-18. Keen, E. C. (2013). "Beyond phage therapy: Virotherapy of protozoal diseases". Future Microbiology. 8 (7): 821–823
Parasitic_disease
Balogh, B.; Jones, Jeffrey; Iriarte, F.; Momol, M. (January 1, 2010). "Phage Therapy for Plant Disease Control". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 11
Agriculture_in_Florida
Scientific discipline
Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed
Food_safety
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