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Interpretive commentary on scripture
Pesher (/ˈpɛʃər/ ; Hebrew: פשר, pl. pesharim), from the Hebrew root meaning "interpretation," is a group of interpretive commentaries on scripture. These
Pesher
Jewish religious text, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls
The Habakkuk Commentary or Pesher Habakkuk, labelled 1QpHab (Cave 1, Qumran, pesher, Habakkuk), was among the original seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered
Habakkuk_Commentary
Ancient Jewish manuscripts
within greater Judaism, such as the Community Rule, the War Scroll, the Pesher on Habakkuk, and The Rule of the Blessing. The Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered
Dead_Sea_Scrolls
Australian historian, theologian, and biblical exegete (1930-2015)
semiotics, and their hermeneutics, a "pesher technique" for decoding the New Testament stories. Whereas Qumran-style pesher of the Dead Sea Scrolls decodes
Barbara_Thiering
Jewish sectarian commentary on the Book of Genesis found among the Dead Sea Scrolls
The Pesher on Genesis, or Commentaries on Genesis, is part of the collection of the Dead Sea Scrolls found in caves near the archaeological site of Qumran
Pesher_on_Genesis
Jewish sectarian commentary on the Book of Nahum found among the Dead Sea Scrolls
The Nahum Commentary or Pesher Nahum, labelled 4QpNah (Cave 4, Qumran, pesher, Nahum) or 4Q169, was among the Dead Sea Scrolls in cave 4 of Qumran that
Nahum_Commentary
Conflict in the Hasmonean Kingdom, 93–87 BCE
identified with the Essenes: the biblical commentaries Pesher Nahum (4Q169) and Pesher Hosea (4Q167). Pesher Nahum interprets Nahum 2:12–13 as a reference to
Judean_Civil_War
Jewish sect or group active in Judea from 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE
Judah. Clashes between the Essenes and the Sadducees are depicted in the Pesher on Nahum, which states "They [Manasseh] are the wicked ones ... whose reign
Sadducees
Book of the Bible
partial copy of Habakkuk itself is included in the Habakkuk Commentary, a pesher found among the original seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947. The
Book_of_Habakkuk
Queen of Hasmonean Judaea from c. 76 to 67 BC
Several scholars, including David Flusser and Iosif Amusin, have dated Pesher Nahum (4QpNah 3–4) — a sectarian biblical commentary from Qumran — to Alexandra's
Salome_Alexandra
Collection of religious texts
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Bible
Qumran Pesharim, including the Apocalypse of Weeks, Pesher on Isaiah, Pesher Habakkuk, and Pesher Nahum. Accordingly, the scholars were divided on their
History in the Dead Sea Scrolls
History_in_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls
American artist known for work with light
at Earl Neal Plaza (2004) at the University of Illinois at Chicago;Sky Pesher (2005) at the Walker Art Center; Second Wind (2005) in Vejer de la Frontera
James_Turrell
Greek translation of Hebrew scriptures
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Septuagint
Statement of belief
Creed – a 1917 statement about Americans' belief in democracy The Five Ks Pesher Halverson, J. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood
Creed
1992 book by Barbara Thiering
Secrets of His Life Story. Using a decoding tool that the author calls the "pesher technique", she purports to have uncovered evidence in the Gospels themselves
Jesus_the_Man
Texts regarded as part of the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_canon
First division of the Christian Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Old_Testament
Polemic epithet found in the Dead Sea Scrolls
group referred to in the Dead Sea Scrolls, in fragments 3 and 4 of the Pesher Nahum (4Q169). The term is used to designate those who appealed to Demetrius
The Seekers After Smooth Things
The_Seekers_After_Smooth_Things
3rd-century BCE Hebrew text
Testimonia (4Q175) 4Q240 Prayer of Nabonidus (4Q242) Son of God Text (4Q246) Pesher on Genesis (4Q252) Hymn to King Jonathan (4Q448) Messianic Apocalypse (4Q521)
The_Book_of_Giants
Highest mountain in Turkey
Ararad Biblical Hebrew: אררט, ʾrrṭ. Tiberian vocalization אֲרָרָט ʾărārāṭ; Pesher Genesis הוררט hōrārāṭ. sometimes spelled Massis The peaks are sometimes
Mount_Ararat
Second division of the Christian biblical canon
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
New_Testament
Aramaic phrase
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Maranatha
Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Synoptic_Gospels
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
The_Bible_and_homosexuality
Book of sacred songs in the Hebrew Bible
Penitential Psalms Psalm of communal lament Selah Zabur Genevan Psalter Pesher See "Short" Breviaries in the 20th and early 21st century America Archived
Psalms
Authoritative text of the Tanakh in Rabbinic Judaism
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Masoretic_Text
Translation of the Bible by Jerome
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Vulgate
Savior and liberator of the Jewish people
and doctrines." Messianic ideas developed both by new interpretations (pesher, midrash) of the Jewish scriptures but also by visionary revelations. Religious
Messiah_in_Judaism
4Q240 ( or 4QCanta) is believed to be a commentary (or pesher) on the Song of Songs, also known as 'Canticles'. Written in Hebrew, it was found in Cave
4Q240
Method of biblical criticism
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Form_criticism
Biblical figure identified with fallen angel
Azazel is rendered Za-za-e'il "strong one against/of God" in Syriac. The Pesher on the Periods A (4Q180) reads, "on Azazel (some read Uzael) and the angels"
Azazel
Belief that the Bible is without error
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_inerrancy
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Chapters and verses of the Bible
Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible
Fringe theory claiming that Jesus did not exist
and the Apostle Paul believed in a visionary or dream Jesus, based on a pesher of Septuagint verses and Zechariah 3 and 6, Daniel 9 and Isaiah 52–53. Carrier
Christ_myth_theory
1979 book by John M. Allegro
Gnostic currents flow directly from Essene doctrine. He links the Nahum Pesher to Alexander Jannaeus, reads its reference to victims "hung alive" as evidence
The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth
The_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_and_the_Christian_Myth
Caves in the West Bank
Community Rule (1QS), Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), War Scroll (1QM), Habakkuk Pesher (1QpHab), and Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen). Cave 2 (2Q) Fragments of biblical
Qumran_Caves
Incest - sexual relations between close relatives - as described in the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Incest_in_the_Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources
First five books of the Hebrew Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Torah
a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsab), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)
List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1
List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1
Messianic reading applied by Jewish Zealots and early Christians to Numbers 24:17
Jewish documents, such as the apocalyptic War Scroll found at Qumran. In a pesher applied to the text from Numbers, the War Scroll's writer gives the following
Star_Prophecy
List of Dead Sea Scrolls from Qumran Cave 3
Hebrew 3QLam Lamentations 3Q3 Lamentations 1:10–12; 3:53–62 Hebrew 3QpIsa Pesher on Isaiah 3Q4 Isaiah 1:1 Hebrew Herodian 3QJub Jubilees 3Q5 Hebrew Herodian
List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3
List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3
Core group of ancient Hebrew scriptures
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Hebrew_Bible
Critical investigation of a text
(annotation) Gymnobiblism Icon Literal and figurative language Narrative criticism Pesher Semiotics Symbol Typology (theology) BM 54595 (CCP 4.2.R) Pinches, T. G
Exegesis
Books of the Bible which are considered non-canonical by Protestant denominations
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Deuterocanonical_books
Christian hermeneutical method
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Historical-grammatical_method
Critical edition of the Greek New Testament
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Novum_Testamentum_Graece
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Bible_translations
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Muhammad_and_the_Bible
was concerned with education of the Russian Jewish children. In his 1807 Pesher Davar, he wrote: "...the Jews are divorced from real life and its practical
Manasseh_of_Ilya
Christianity based on Apostle Paul's doctrines
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Pauline_Christianity
Theory and methodology of text interpretation
Gymnobiblism Historical poetics Historicism Narrative inquiry Parallelomania Pesher Philology Principle of charity Quranic hermeneutics Reader-response criticism
Hermeneutics
Area of Jewish theology
and doctrines." Messianic ideas developed both by new interpretations (pesher, midrash) of the Jewish scriptures, but also by visionary revelations. The
Jewish_eschatology
Approach to the interpretation of the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_literalism
ha-Yahad or "Community Rule" Hebrew cf. 4QSa-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11 1QpHab Pesher on Habakkuk Habakkuk 1–2 Hebrew Later half of the 1st century BC Commentary
List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts
Ancient books found in some editions of Bibles
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_apocrypha
a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsab), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)
List_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls
Biblical name for the second river in Chapter 2 of Genesis
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Gihon
Estimating dates of composition for parts of the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Dating_the_Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible
Biblical river
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Pishon
Traditional Jewish exegesis of Biblical texts
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Midrash
Kabbalistic theory of biblical exegesis
the contemporary Christian fourfold allegorical scheme. Pardes (legend) Pesher Jewish commentaries on the Bible Rabbinic literature Talmudical hermeneutics
Pardes_(exegesis)
Aramaic translation of the Jewish scriptures
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Targum
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
List of Bible translations by language
List_of_Bible_translations_by_language
Second major division of the Hebrew Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Nevi'im
Handwritten copy of a portion of the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_manuscript
American biblical scholar (born 1937)
Just in the Habakkuk Pesher, Leiden, 1986, pp. 14–30 and 75–78. 4QpPs 37ii.11 and iii.10 James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher, pp. 21–74. The New Testament
Robert_Eisenman
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_hermeneutics
Phrase used in the Hebrew Bible and apocrypha
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Sons_of_God
Standard Syriac Christian edition of the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Peshitta
Bible translation
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Gothic_Bible
Biblical interpretation that focuses on the text of the biblical canon itself
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Canonical_criticism
Study of the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Bible_study_(Christianity)
Hypothetical sequence of lineal descendants of the historical Jesus
based her historical conclusions on her application of what she calls the Pesher technique (interpretation based on ancient commentaries) to the New Testament
Jesus_bloodline
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical narratives in the Quran
Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran
Relationship between historic and biblical events
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Historicity_of_the_Bible
Samaritan version of the Torah
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Samaritan_Pentateuch
Study of the Christian Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_studies
Phrase found in Galatians 6:2
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Law_of_Christ
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Genealogies_in_the_Bible
Third and final section of the Tanakh
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Ketuvim
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
List of capital crimes in the Torah
List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah
Name designating author(s) of various Hebrew Bible books
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
The_Chronicler
First Christian synod (c. 48–50 AD)
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Council_of_Jerusalem
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
The_Bible_and_slavery
Failure to observe the Biblical Sabbath
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Sabbath_desecration
of Christian theology Barbara Thiering (1930–2015) – rediscovered the "Pesher technique" Werner Eck (born 1939) Robert Malcolm Errington (born 1939) Erich
List of historians by area of study
List_of_historians_by_area_of_study
Biblical canon used by Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon
Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon
Hypotheses on the origins of early Christianity
law observant movement centered on James the Just, Thiering advanced a pesher decoding of Gospel events, and José O'Callaghan Martínez proposed that fragment
Christian–Essene origin theory
Christian–Essene_origin_theory
Biblical curse imposed on Canaan
least, it is not mentioned in the Bible that God had confirmed it. 4Q252, a pesher (interpretation) on the Book of Genesis found among the Dead Sea Scrolls
Curse_of_Ham
One of the original seven Dead Sea Scrolls
Testimonia (4Q175) 4Q240 Prayer of Nabonidus (4Q242) Son of God Text (4Q246) Pesher on Genesis (4Q252) Hymn to King Jonathan (4Q448) Messianic Apocalypse (4Q521)
Genesis_Apocryphon
Branch of literary criticism that investigates the origins of ancient text
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Historical_criticism
Christian theology of the Bible
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Biblical_infallibility
Books not accepted as sacred manuscripts in Judaism
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Jewish apocrypha and pseudepigrapha
Jewish_apocrypha_and_pseudepigrapha
Biblical term for convert
Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method
Proselyte
2011 American film
Olusanmokun as Cravate Hervé Diese as Lido Ger Duany as Rocky Momo Dione as Pesher Osas Ighodaro as Adinike Lenore Thomas Douglas as Candy Maduka Steady as
Restless_City
Contains sacred scriptures of Judaism and Christianity
Bible Rape in the Hebrew Bible Women in the Bible Biblical hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Biblical literalism Bible prophecy
Outline of Bible-related topics
Outline_of_Bible-related_topics
Greek Christian text (AD 70–200)
its own contemporary historical situation in a manner reminiscent of the pesher technique found at Qumran." The creative interpretation of Bible texts that
Epistle_of_Barnabas
PESHER
PESHER
PESHER
PESHER
Male
English
English altered spelling of French Leroy, ELROY means "the king."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Wave
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Dreaming
Girl/Female
Indian
Charming
Girl/Female
Indian, Malayalam
Respect; Success
Girl/Female
Indian
Blessed
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Brings Honour to the Family
Boy/Male
Muslim
Companion of prophet Muhammad
Boy/Male
English
Beautiful vale/valley.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Identity
PESHER
PESHER
PESHER
PESHER
PESHER