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Biological current
The persistent sodium current (INaP) (also called the "late sodium current" or "non/slow-inactivating sodium current") is a form of sub-threshold, biological
Persistent_sodium_current
Cluster of interneurons in the medulla oblongata
potentials during a burst. Unlike the fast and transient sodium current, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is activated at very low membrane potentials
Pre-Bötzinger_complex
Cardiac drug
by inhibiting the persistent sodium current. The drug, currently in phase II of clinical trials, targets the persistent sodium current with selectivity
F15845
Sustained depolarized membrane states produced by regenerative ionic currents
activation of persistent inward currents mediated by voltage-gated ion channels, including L-type calcium channels, persistent sodium channels, and calcium-activated
Plateau_potentials
Manifestation of epilepsy in neurons
(EPSPsl, IPSPs) and ionic conductances (persistent sodium current and high-threshold calcium current) This calcium current has been connected with the activation
Paroxysmal_depolarizing_shift
Anticonvulsant drug
voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocker. It is a selective blocker of the inactivated state of VGSCs, preferentially inhibiting persistent sodium current while
Cenobamate
Model in neuroscience
This leads to persistent currents, caused by the continued influx of ions. The β3 subunit can increase persistent current in certain sodium channels. Differences
Ball-and-chain_inactivation
Antiarrhythmic medication
a combination of blocking the peak sodium current, but also contributing to an increased persistent sodium current. Amiodarone chemically resembles thyroxine
Amiodarone
"Mechanism of Action of Cenobamate: Preferential Inhibition of the Persistent Sodium Current (P5.278)". Neurology. 90 (15 Supplement). doi:10.1212/WNL.90.15_supplement
List of investigational analgesics
List_of_investigational_analgesics
Neural oscillatory pattern
oscillations result from an interplay of dendritic excitation via a persistent sodium current (INaP) with perisomatic inhibition (Buzsáki, 2002). As a rule
Theta_wave
Medical condition
Rothrock, JF (January 1997). "Successful treatment of persistent migraine aura with divalproex sodium". Neurology. 48 (1): 261–2. doi:10.1212/WNL.48.1.261
Persistent aura without infarction
Persistent_aura_without_infarction
Flavor enhancer (621 or E621)
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), also known as sodium glutamate, is a sodium salt of glutamic acid. MSG is found naturally in some foods including tomatoes
Monosodium_glutamate
Transmembrane protein allowing sodium ions in and out
amplitude of the transient sodium current and increases in the fraction of non-inactivating channels that pass persistent currents. These effects are shared
Sodium_channel
Computational neuroscience model
are employed (like backpropagation) this is not a drawback. The persistent sodium current is an additional ion channel that can be incorporated to elicit
Synthetic_nervous_system
Family of transport proteins
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), also known as voltage-dependent sodium channels (VDSCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the
Voltage-gated_sodium_channel
Steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the lily family
Sylvester Vizi, E.; Zelles, Tibor (2009-08-31). "Mechanism of the persistent sodium current activator veratridine-evoked Ca2+elevation: implication for epilepsy"
Veratridine
Heart conduction disease
by a mutation in SCN5A that reduces the peak sodium current but simultaneously leaves a persistent current leak. Brugada syndrome has been described as
Brugada_syndrome
Class of chemical compounds
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs) are a class of compounds that have high resistance to degradation from abiotic and biotic factors
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances
Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Bryant SM, Linz KW, Noble D (November 2000). "Distribution of a persistent sodium current across the ventricular wall in guinea pigs". Circulation Research
SCN5A
(2005). "Breakdown of accommodation in nerve: A possible role for persistent sodium current". Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. 2: 16. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-2-16
Neural_accommodation
Set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes
An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a stealthy cybersecurity threat, typically manipulated by a state or state-sponsored group, which gains unauthorized
Advanced_persistent_threat
Pharmaceutical compound
International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name PRAX-562) is a persistent neuronal sodium channel blocker which is under development for the treatment of
Relutrigine
Chemicals used to whiten or disinfect
disinfect after cleaning. It often refers specifically to a dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite, also called "liquid bleach". Many bleaches have broad-spectrum
Bleach
Sea anemone toxin
ATX-II Elicits A-Fiber-Dependent Pain and Enhances Resurgent and Persistent Sodium Currents in Large Sensory Neurons. Molecular Pain. 2012;8. Romey G, Abita
ATX-II
Salt water for medical purposes
Saline (also known as saline solution) is a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) and water. It has several uses in medicine including cleaning wounds, removal
Saline_(medicine)
Pharmaceutical compound
are associated with a large range of neurological disorders. Persistent sodium currents are especially participating in some variants of epilepsy and
Pompilidotoxin
Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)
otherwise persistent contaminant of niobium. The solubility of the K+ compound differs strikingly from that for the Na+ compound in the pairs sodium
Potassium
Sleep disorder of unknown cause
Xywav, which is an oral solution of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates; in addition to several off-label treatments (primarily FDA-approved
Idiopathic_hypersomnia
Organochloride known as an insecticide
in Africa, are still using DDT. In insects, DDT opens voltage-sensitive sodium ion channels in neurons, causing them to fire spontaneously, which leads
DDT
Chemical compound
premature failures. One persistent problem is that red phosphorus in epoxy molding compounds induces elevated leakage current in semiconductor devices
Red_phosphorus
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Nav1.6 is caused by a persistent and resurgent sodium current. This characteristic is caused by slow activation of the sodium channel following repolarization
SCN8A
Drug used to treat angina
inhibits persistent or late inward sodium current (INa) in heart muscle in a variety of voltage-gated sodium channels. Inhibiting that current leads to
Ranolazine
Food additives
(SO2), a bactericide. sodium bisulfite, NaHSO3: ill-defined, widely used source of bisulfite, which predominates below pH 7 sodium metabisulfite, Na2S2O5:
Sulfite food and beverage additives
Sulfite_food_and_beverage_additives
In neuroscience, aspect of a cell membrane
with depolarization. Its voltage-dependence follows the behavior of persistent sodium channels that are active near threshold and have rapidly activating
Rheobase
Mineral composed of sodium chloride
Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). When used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more formally called table salt
Salt
Electrical shock or medications to interrupt cardiac arrhythmia
has a different mechanism of action (acts to promote influx of sodium through slow-sodium channels). It has been shown to be effective in acute cardioversion
Cardioversion
Anion of sulfur with 3 oxygen atoms
oxide Potassium bisulfite or potassium metabisulfite Sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite or sodium sulfite Sulfites occur naturally in all wines to some
Sulfite
Bryant, Epstein, Fitzsimons, and Fluharty. Arousal of a specific and persistent sodium appetite in the rat with continuous intracerebroventricular infusion
Specific_appetite
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
the heating of chloride salts like ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride (common salt), producing various chemical substances containing
Chlorine
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Nav1.8 is a sodium ion channel subtype that in humans is encoded by the SCN10A gene. Nav1.8-containing channels are tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated
Nav1.8
Chemical compound
Condensation with tert-butylamine gives the imine (3). Reduction with sodium borohydride completes the synthesis of tulobuterol. Horiguchi T, Kondo R
Tulobuterol
Chemical compound
are insoluble. EDTA is available as several salts, notably disodium EDTA, sodium calcium edetate, and tetrasodium EDTA, but these all function similarly
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid
Local anesthetic
antiarrhythmic medication of the class Ib type. This means it works by blocking sodium channels thus decreasing the rate of contractions of the heart. When injected
Lidocaine
Genus of single-celled organisms
involves watery diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis), sometimes with a persistent cough (respiratory cryptosporidiosis). Treatment of gastrointestinal infection
Cryptosporidium
clockwork-fed Carcel lamp. 1802 – Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed the first persistent electric arc. 1802 – William Murdoch illuminates the exterior of the Soho
Timeline of lighting technology
Timeline_of_lighting_technology
Inflammation of the eye
conjunctival sac. With some chemicals, above all with caustic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, necrosis of the conjunctiva marked by a deceptively white eye
Conjunctivitis
Class of perfluorinated chemical compounds
chain, creating a perfluoroanion that mineralizes into sodium fluoride and other salts such as sodium trifluoroacetate, formate, carbonate, oxalate, and glycolate
PFAS
Chemical compound
of the channel toward larger cations. Voltage-sensitive sodium channels become persistently active at the resting membrane potential. Batrachotoxin kills
Batrachotoxin
Neurological condition causing impairment in spatial perception and stability
(Warfarin Sodium) Drug Center – RxList". rxlist.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018. Chan Y (June 2009). "Differential diagnosis of dizziness". Current Opinion
Dizziness
Aggressive type of brain cancer
investigations into the use of an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound such as trans sodium crocetinate as radiosensitizers, and as of 2015[update] a clinical trial
Glioblastoma
Long-term high blood pressure in the arteries
long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself
Hypertension
Ongoing armed conflict in West Asia
Iran's ballistic missile arsenal. The explosion was blamed on a shipment of sodium perchlorate from China used in ballistic missiles that arrived in March
2026_Iran_war
Sudden or unexpected loss of heartbeat
Apostolopoulou C, Karanikolas M (April 2016). "Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Arrest: Current Guidelines and Literature Review". Journal of Clinical
Cardiac_arrest
Subtype of palinopsia
eye". Current Biology. 15 (14): R554-6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.007. PMID 16051164. Evans, RW; Aurora, SK (Mar 2012). "Migraine with persistent visual
Illusory_palinopsia
Failure of muscles to relax after contraction, which is worsened by exercise
paralysis and the potassium-aggravated myotonias) is caused by mutations in a sodium channel, SCN4A. The phenotype of patients with these mutations is indicated
Paramyotonia_congenita
Urinary antiseptic drug
formulation of methenamine with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sodium salicylate is available over-the-counter under brand names like Cystex for
Methenamine
Water from a sea or an ocean
seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions). The average density at the surface is 1
Seawater
Active fire protection device
Sodium carbonate-based (Na-X) is used where stainless steel piping and equipment could be damaged by sodium chloride-based agents to control sodium,
Fire_extinguisher
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Sodium channel, voltage-gated, type XI, alpha subunit also known as SCN11A or Nav1.9 is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel protein which is encoded by
Nav1.9
Condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly
hemofiltration in more severe cases. Once urine output is established, sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are commonly used but they are poorly supported
Rhabdomyolysis
Combination medication
aldosterone then acting on the distal tubular cells of the kidney to promote sodium reabsorption which expands extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. Blockade of
Sacubitril/valsartan
Virus of the herpes family
immune destruction of latently infected B cells by use of either TPA or sodium butyrate. Unlike lytic replication, latency does not result in production
Epstein–Barr_virus
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
susceptible subset of sodium channels known as TTX-sensitive (TTX-s), which also happens to be largely responsible for the sodium current that drives the depolarization
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxin produced by species of ant
long-lasting pain by targeting voltage-gated sodium channels in peripheral sensory neurons. Ta3a strongly reduces sodium channel inactivation, leading to heightened
Ta3a
Waste product of fires
oxide, and sodium oxide The pH of the ash is between 10 and 13, mostly due to the fact that the oxides of calcium, potassium, and sodium are strong bases
Ash
Spider-derived neurotoxin
longipes. It acts as a sodium channel blocker: Cl6b significantly and persistently reduces currents through the tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels NaV1.2-1
Cl6b
Gene
"Alternative splicing in the voltage-gated sodium channel DmNav regulates activation, inactivation, and persistent current". Journal of Neurophysiology. 102 (3):
Paralytic_(gene)
Chemical compound
or IV and inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; or persistent or recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after surgical
Treprostinil
Medication and insecticide
permethrin acts on the cell membrane of neurons to disrupt the sodium channel current by which the polarization of the membrane is regulated. Delayed
Permethrin
Nervous system disease affecting nerves beyond the brain and spinal cord
of the evidence. For sodium valproate the authors of a 2011 Cochrane review found that "three studies no more than hint that sodium valproate may reduce
Peripheral_neuropathy
Device for producing light from electricity
electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed the first persistent electric arc
Electric_light
Episodes of muscular weakness due to low blood potassium levels
(attacks during exercise are rare), high carbohydrate meals, meals with high sodium content, sudden changes in temperature, and even excitement, noise, flashing
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Hypokalemic_periodic_paralysis
Physiological processes of hypertension
explanation, while others define its cause as being due to overconsumption of sodium and underconsumption of potassium. Secondary hypertension indicates that
Pathophysiology of hypertension
Pathophysiology_of_hypertension
Type of unpleasant bodily feeling
persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called "chronic" or "persistent", and pain that resolves quickly is called "acute". The International
Pain
Autoimmune disease
molecular structure to endogenous thyroxine (T4). Levothyroxine sodium has a sodium salt added to increase its gastrointestinal absorption. Levothyroxine
Hashimoto's_thyroiditis
Non-nutritive sweetener
sweet as both aspartame and acesulfame potassium, and 2 times as sweet as sodium saccharin. The commercial success of sucralose-based products stems from
Sucralose
Mood-stabilizing psychiatric medication
sodium through the proximal tubule. Its levels are therefore sensitive to water and electrolyte balance. Diuretics act by lowering water and sodium levels;
Lithium_(medication)
Light source using an electric arc through mercury vapor
lamp uses various compounds in the form of metal halides with the mercury. Sodium iodide and scandium iodide are commonly in use. These lamps can produce
Mercury-vapor_lamp
Species of worm
While S. stercoralis is attracted to chemicals such as carbon dioxide or sodium chloride, these chemicals are not specific. Larvae have been thought to
Strongyloides_stercoralis
Chemical process in paper making
Magnesium salts and sodium silicate are also added to improve bleaching with alkaline peroxide. Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), also known as sodium hydrosulfite
Bleaching_of_wood_pulp
Mental illness with multiple personality states
from Mason's problems having been caused by the therapeutic methods and sodium pentathol injections used by her psychiatrist, C. B. Wilbur, or an inadvertent
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative_identity_disorder
Organochlorine chemical and an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane
agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. A specific exemption to that ban allows it to continue
Lindane
Chemical element with atomic number 9 (F)
been banned in many European countries. Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a mammalian poison in which one sodium acetate hydrogen is replaced with fluorine;
Fluorine
Physiological reaction or injury caused by electric current
Na+ and K+ pumps, possibly associated with transient and localized changes in sodium-potassium transport as well as their concentrations, resulting in changes
Electrical_injury
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
Sodium is the most common cation in the extracellular space. The excess chloride within sweat ducts prevents sodium resorption by epithelial sodium channels
Cystic_fibrosis
Symptom characterized by persistent sleepiness
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is characterized by persistent sleepiness and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate
Excessive_daytime_sleepiness
Skin product helping to prevent sunburn
acetate, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, ascorbyl palmitate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate, ubiquinone) and/or a mixture of certain botanical antioxidants
Sunscreen
Excess artificial light in an environment
operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose
Light_pollution
Rare disorder of abnormal pain sensation
been shown to be allelic, both caused by mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 encoded by the gene SCN9A. A different mutation in the SCN9A
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
Paroxysmal_extreme_pain_disorder
Family of polymers
The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide, which deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A. (HOC6H4)2CMe2
Polycarbonate
Chemical compound
marketed under many trade names. It can be found as pure PCP, or as the sodium salt of PCP, the latter of which dissolves easily in water. It can be biodegraded
Pentachlorophenol
Organic compound containing at least one covalent carbon-bromine bond
methanol and hydrogen bromide. Bromide ions, as provided by salts like sodium bromide, function as a nucleophiles in the formation of organobromine compounds
Organobromine_chemistry
Adjustment within a biological system
disease states such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, or persistent abnormally high CO2 levels. Homeometric autoregulation, in the context
Autoregulation
Rapid quivering of the ventricles of the heart
cellular transmembrane ion channels. For example, in Brugada Syndrome, sodium channels are affected. In certain forms of long QT syndrome, the potassium
Ventricular_fibrillation
Substance applied to the body to prevent or mask body odour
deodorants include sodium stearate, sodium chloride, and stearyl alcohol. Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such
Deodorant
Medical condition
(PEG) or enemas containing active substances such sodium phosphate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, or sodium docusate can be used to induce fecal disimpaction
Functional_constipation
Chronic multi-symptomatic pain disorder
multifactorial, and vexing symptom that is highly prevalent (76%) and stubbornly persistent, as evidenced by longitudinal studies over 5 years. Fatigue does not improve
Fibromyalgia
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
excess of body sodium. To avoid worsening this symptom, ORS for people with severe undernutrition should contain half the usual amount of sodium and more potassium
Malnutrition
Sore on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity
smoking, stress, menstruation, trauma, food allergies or hypersensitivity to sodium lauryl sulphate (found in many brands of toothpaste). Aphthous stomatitis
Mouth_ulcer
Disorder of the inner ear
worsening hearing loss. People with MD are often advised to reduce their sodium intake. Reducing salt intake, however, has not been well studied. Based
Ménière's_disease
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Never Ending; Persistence; Continuity; Perpetuity; Eternity; Uninterrupted Duration; Diligence; Conscientiousness; Truthful; Straightforward; Honest
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from northern Middle English gad ‘goad’, ‘spike’, ‘sting’ (Old Norse gaddr), hence a metonymic occupational name for a cattle driver or, more likely, a nickname for a persistent and irritating person. The Old Norse word is attested as a byname (see Gadsby).
Girl/Female
Indian
Assiduous, Persistent
Female
Serbian
(Serbian Гордана): Croatian and Serbian form of Roman Latin Gordiana, GORDANA means "from Gordium."
Boy/Male
Hindu
The presence of divinity of each soul, I am him . every soul has a presence of God in it.god is within
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Cowdiy, SODI means "an acquaintance of God." In the bible, this is the name of the father of Gaddiel.
Boy/Male
Indian
Medium
Biblical
my secret
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
To Attack Violently and Persistently
Female
Croatian
, of Gordius, or, from Gordium.
Boy/Male
Tamil
The presence of divinity of each soul, I am him . every soul has a presence of God in it.god is within
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Assiduous; Persistent; Devoted
Male
African
obstinate, persistent.
Female
Bulgarian
, persistent, resolute.
Boy/Male
Biblical
My secret.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Assiduous, Persistent
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Muslim
Beautiful; Handsome
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sikh, Telugu
I am Him; Every Soul has a Presence of God in it; God is Within
Biblical
their secret; their cement
Girl/Female
Biblical
Their secret, their cement.
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
Boy/Male
Anglo, Australian
From the Boar Valley
Boy/Male
Muslim
The 57th surah of holy Quran, Iron, Eloquent
Surname or Lastname
Americanized form of German Hütt (see Huett).German
Americanized form of German Hütt (see Huett).German : occupational name in Westphalia for a goat dealer, from dialect hitte ‘goat’.English (Devon) : unexplained.
Girl/Female
American, Christian, Danish, French, German, Greek, Indian, Latin, Russian, Ukrainian
Cheerful
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Name of King who is Compared with Lion
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hebrew, Indian, Muslim
Great; My Father is the Lord; Yahweh is My Father
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hebrew, Muslim
Blessing; Sing; Of Barakat
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girl/Female
Hindu
Desire
Boy/Male
Danish
Born to the conquering people.
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
n.
Visual persistence, or persistence of the visual impression; auditory persistence, etc.
n.
The persistence of motion.
a.
Persistently opposed.
n.
The quality or state of being persistent; staying or continuing quality; hence, in an unfavorable sense, doggedness; obstinacy.
a.
See Persistent.
adv.
In a persistent manner.
a.
Characterized by perseverance; persistent.
n.
Alt. of Persistency
a.
Having a medium size; as, a medium-sized man.
a.
Remaining beyond the period when parts of the same kind sometimes fall off or are absorbed; permanent; as, persistent teeth or gills; a persistent calyx; -- opposed to deciduous, and caducous.
a.
Insisting; persistent; persevering.
n.
Native sodium carbonate.
a.
Inclined to persist; tenacious of purpose; persistent.
a.
Inclined to persist; having staying qualities; tenacious of position or purpose.
n.
Hatred; dislike; as, his conduct brought him into odium, or, brought odium upon him.
a.
Of or pertaining to sodium; containing sodium.
n.
A common metallic element of the alkali group, in nature always occuring combined, as in common salt, in albite, etc. It is isolated as a soft, waxy, white, unstable metal, so readily oxidized that it combines violently with water, and to be preserved must be kept under petroleum or some similar liquid. Sodium is used combined in many salts, in the free state as a reducer, and as a means of obtaining other metals (as magnesium and aluminium) is an important commercial product. Symbol Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97.
a.
Having a middle position or degree; mean; intermediate; medial; as, a horse of medium size; a decoction of medium strength.
a.
Persistent.