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Concept in international law
In international law, a persistent objector is a sovereign state which has consistently and clearly objected to a norm of customary international law
Persistent_objector
Customary law applied between nations
avoid the being subject to emerging custom of this nature, a state must persistently object to identify that it does not consider subject to any legal obligations
Customary_international_law
Legal procedure to relinquish American citizenship
Allison Christians has stated that the U.S. might be regarded as a persistent objector to the emergence of this new norm, though she notes that the U.S
Relinquishment of United States nationality
Relinquishment_of_United_States_nationality
American journalist, author and television game show host
Jack (June 9, 1965). "Radio-TV: A Lone Voice: Walter Kiernan a Persistent Objector to Course U.S. Follows in Vietnam". The New York Times. p. 95. Retrieved
Walter_Kiernan
Norms in international relations
participated in the practice, with the exception of states who have been persistent objectors during the process of the custom being formed and special or local
International_law
Group of "absolutist" English conscientious objectors during the First World War
The Richmond Sixteen were a group of "absolutist" British conscientious objectors, during the First World War. Conscripted into the British Army in 1916
Richmond_Sixteen
understanding of the Supreme Court's approach to religion in conscientious objector cases" Before coming to the Boston College faculty, he held the position
John_J._Paris,_S.J.
Israeli politician (born 1964)
During the First Intifada, he was imprisoned four times as a conscientious objector, stating that he refused to participate in the "oppression and occupation
Ofer_Cassif
1941 biographical film directed by Howard Hawks
the U.S. enters World War I, Alvin seeks exemption as a conscientious objector, which is denied. He is torn between fighting for his country and the biblical
Sergeant_York_(film)
American author, intellectual, activist and government functionary
their way to Virginia, where Alice's father had inherited slaves. As objectors to the institution of slavery, the Chenoweths manumitted their slaves
Helen_H._Gardener
American soldier (1887–1964)
for conscientious objector status was denied, he appealed. During World War I, conscientious objector status did not exempt the objector from military duty
Alvin_York
1996 novel by George R. R. Martin
Northwestern University, Martin studied journalism, and he was a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War—he performed alternative service instead. Martin's first
A_Game_of_Thrones
Smokeless tobacco type
well as Japan, China, and Africa. By the 17th century some prominent objectors to snuff-taking arose. Pope Urban VIII banned the use of snuff in churches
Snuff_(tobacco)
Country in East Asia
government to accommodate civilian forms of military service for conscientious objectors. On November 1, 2018, the South Korean Supreme Court legalized conscientious
South_Korea
British economist (1883–1946)
military conscription in 1916, he applied for exemption as a conscientious objector, which was effectively granted conditional upon continuing his government
John_Maynard_Keynes
Attempt at first ascent of Mount Everest in 1924
to some members of the team not wishing to climb with a conscientious objector. The full expedition team consisted of 60 porters and the following members:
1924 British Mount Everest expedition
1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition
English novelist and writer (1879–1970)
By 1914 he had written all but one of his novels. As a conscientious objector in the First World War, Forster served as a Chief Searcher (for missing
E._M._Forster
Graphic novel by Art Spiegelman
late 1990s, an objector to Maus's depiction of Poles interrupted a presentation by Spiegelman at Montreal's McGill University with persistent abuse and was
Maus
Turkish conscientious objector (born 1974)
Halil Savda (born 1974) is a Turkish conscientious objector who has been subjected to continued arrest and conviction for his refusal to serve mandatory
Halil_Savda
Complete control of naval warfare
surface and airborne threats and a sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at range. In some maritime environments such a defence is given
Command_of_the_sea
Capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal
Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose". With good morale, a
Morale
Canton in Puntarenas province, Costa Rica
Fairhope, Alabama, and included some non-Quaker pacifists and conscientious objectors. The spokesman of the group was Hubert Mendenhall, a dairyman who had
Monteverde
Australian cartoonist (1945–2024)
conscripted in the Vietnam War call-up, but he registered as a conscientious objector; he was rejected on health grounds when it was revealed that he was deaf
Michael_Leunig
American activist and whistleblower (born 1987)
Lombardi, Chris. I Ain't Marching Anymore: Dissenters, Deserters, and Objectors to America's Wars. The New Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1620973172. Chelsea Manning
Chelsea_Manning
British government statement of 1917
Milner, with the intention to "go a reasonable distance to meeting the objectors, both Jewish and pro-Arab, without impairing the substance of the proposed
Balfour_Declaration
Scenic parkway in the United States
lands. During World War II, the CCC crews were replaced by conscientious objectors in the Civilian Public Service program. The parkway's construction created
Blue_Ridge_Parkway
Compulsory enrollment into national or military service
conscientious objectors have special legal status, which augments their conscription duties. For example, Sweden allows conscientious objectors to choose
Conscription
Act of forceful subjugation
the world in dangerous terrain. Military conquest is one of the most persistent causes of human migrations. Looting by a victorious army during war has
Conquest
Soldier who fights for hire
to Colonel Gordon". During the French conquest of Vietnam, their most persistent and stubborn opponents were not the Vietnamese, but rather the Chinese
Mercenary
Mayor of Boston since 2021
COVID-19 (with exceptions for employees with medical reasons and religious objectors), and about 94% of city employees were in compliance with that requirement
Michelle_Wu
Process of Turkey joining the EU
Council of Europe which refuse to recognise the status of conscientious objectors or give them an alternative to military service, other than a reduction
Potential accession of Turkey to the European Union
Potential_accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union
Intense armed conflict
from becoming a hegemon, and war is the result of the would-be hegemon's persistent attempts at power acquisition. In this view, an international system with
War
Refusal to pay a tax in opposition to government policy or taxation itself
some or all taxes that pay for war and may be practiced by conscientious objectors, pacifists, or those protesting against a particular war. The earliest
Tax_resistance
Fighting without ranged weapons
that, despite advances in technology, hand-to-hand combat remained a persistent aspect of modern warfare. Hand-to-hand combat is the principal form of
Hand-to-hand_combat
Anti-war political movement
France until the 1920s. The phrase objecteur de conscience (conscientious objector) entered French dictionaries in 1933. The historian Norman Ingram has argued
Pacifism_in_France
Use of digital attacks against a state
21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2017. "SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat" (PDF). Command Five Pty Ltd. Retrieved 24 September 2011. Lee
Cyberwarfare
Arab national group of the Levant
Khoury (2 May 2007). "Balad's MK-to-be: 'Anti-Israelization' Conscientious Objector". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 29 July
Palestinians
2018 U.S. Supreme Court case on free expression
9, 2024. Thomas C. Berg, Masterpiece Cakeshop: A Romer for Religious Objectors?, 2017–2018 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev. 139 (2018). Karlan, Pamela S. (May 1, 2019)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission
Military tactic
troops, who used their expertise and persistence to engage in "bold and persistent" assaults on the Alliance forces, as remembered by the German Captain
Human_wave_attack
History of chemical weapons in war
with one recorded death due to a nerve gas experiment. There have been persistent allegations of unethical human experimentation at Porton Down, such as
History_of_chemical_warfare
Communal ethnoreligious branch of Anabaptists
The Hutterites responded to this mistreatment of their conscientious objectors by leaving the United States and moving to the Canadian provinces of Alberta
Hutterites
British judge (1924–2025)
System in 1977. He was chairman of the Advisory Committee on Conscientious Objectors from 1971 to 1975. He was chairman of the Council of Malvern College from
Stephen_Brown_(judge)
English philosopher (1891–1953)
reverted to pacifism, he actively supported at least one conscientious objector during the war, leading to a pamphlet, The Present Position of Conscientious
C._E._M._Joad
Military conflict that deploys nuclear weaponry
American general, was fired by President Harry Truman, partially because he persistently requested permission to use his own discretion in deciding whether to
Nuclear_warfare
Naval force capable of operating across the deep waters of the open oceans
and aerial warfare threats and a sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at long range. A hallmark of a true blue-water navy is the ability
Blue-water_navy
Weapon device for preventing occupation or traversing of a specified location
extensive shelling with chemical ordnance. Since sulfur mustard is very persistent, involatile, hard-to-decontaminate and highly effective in inflicting
Area_denial_weapon
Theory of military strategy
special attention." Subsequently, Pietrzak (2025) suggests that China is persistent in its use of "effective hybrid and sharp strategies, such as the use
Hybrid_warfare
was formed in 2002, and since then it has been responsible for the most persistent local protests against the Iraq War and claims to be one of the largest
Pittsburgh_Organizing_Group
Political party in Slovenia
months (with an option of 12 months of civil service for conscientious objectors). In early 2016, SDS proposed the establishment of a national guard composed
Slovenian_Democratic_Party
American lawyer (1876–1959)
governor or senator numerous times between 1912 and 1954. Known as "The Great Objector" for his uncomprising (and often unpopular) support of progressive causes
John_Randolph_Neal_Jr.
Diplomatic policy of concessions
The German correspondent for The Times, Norman Ebbutt, charged that his persistent reports about Nazi militarism had been suppressed by his editor, Geoffrey
Appeasement
Australian conservationist (1915–2014)
was introduced in 1939 he was refused registration as a conscientious objector. At the same time increasing pressure to sign up was being applied by his
James_Graham_Somerville
English retired journalist, author and broadcaster (born 1950)
own opinion that it was the objectors themselves who were at fault, and that they were "extreme". The conscientious objectors, Paxman said, "have always
Jeremy_Paxman
Chief justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969
conscientious objectors under the Selective Service System by allowing nonreligious individuals with ethical objections to claim conscientious objector status
Earl_Warren
have been imprisoned and suffered beatings due to being conscientious objectors. For example, a 33-year-old member of the denomination was sentenced to
Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan
Ethno-religious group of Russian origin
Molokan boys enlisted during World War II, and two were conscientious objectors.[verification needed] Being prohibited from winning converts under the
Molokans
British cricket player and team captain (1900-1958)
trap", to which Jardine responded, "I see his highness is a conscientious objector", and subsequently allowed Pataudi to play little part in the tour. The
Douglas_Jardine
actions moved Tolstoy, and he often participated in the defense of peaceful objectors in court. Many people inspired by Tolstoy's version of Christian morality
Anarchism_in_Russia
American pedologist
conscientious objector, which carried a dual burden as "it wasn't popular at all," Hole explained, and the government required that conscienscious objectors to fulfill
Francis_D._Hole
Economic stagnation from inadequate consumer demand
The Treasures and riches to put the State in splendor "denounced the objectors to the use of French silks on the ground that all purchasers of French
Underconsumption
Electronic warfare launched by Iranian military forces
account to send a malicious link. In July 2024, MuddyWater, an advanced persistent threat group, increased cyber attacks in the Middle East. On 9 August
Cyberwarfare_and_Iran
284 to 641 in the history of the Roman Empire
for heresy. The legend of Maximilian of Tebessa, an early conscientious objector indicates that the number of Christian troops was not insignificant around
Later_Roman_Empire
diseases, maternal mortality, unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and persistent gynecological problems are of major concern. Because war rapes take place
Wartime_sexual_violence
Ethnoreligious group of Russian origins
military service; of 837 Russian court-martial cases against conscientious objectors recorded between the beginning of World War I and April 1, 1917, 16 had
Doukhobors
government, which set up non-combat civilian roles for conscientious objectors. Typically, church members sent their sons into the military without protest
History of religion in the United States
History_of_religion_in_the_United_States
and disruption of local markets. These issues have brought a number of objectors, including the WTO, U.S. commercial exporters, and recipient country producers
Monetization of U.S. in-kind food aid
Monetization_of_U.S._in-kind_food_aid
Member of a resistance movement
crucial part in the downfall of Napoleon. Their fierce resistance and persistent inroads helped compel the French emperor to retreat from Russia after
Partisan_(military)
Pseudolegal theory and associated movement
2010s, the freeman on the land movement has declined in Canada due to the persistent failure of its concepts in court. Many freemen on the land suffered serious
Freeman_on_the_land_movement
Unauthorized occupation of property
2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019. Fulton, Catharine (7 May 2009). "We're persistent bastards!". Reykjavík Grapevine. Archived from the original on 13 April
Squatting
Anarchist school of thought and socialist economic theory
and markets or artificial markets for goods and services. However, the persistent claim that Proudhon proposed a labour currency has been challenged as
Mutualism_(economic_theory)
Method of carbon capture from carbon dioxide in air
as some feel that these projects are always developed in poor areas, objectors expressed that they feel "experimented on." Another study focusing on
Direct_air_capture
View that people may live in any country
is the state of untainted mind: reaching this land of purity requires persistent effort and practice. Along the journey, individuals learn to envision
Free_migration
Love’s Garden (1912), and Davy Burnaby and Gitz Rice's A Conscientious Objector (1917). The repertoire also included original productions—designed, written
The_Diamond_Troupe
UN agency for promotion of human rights
Council. "Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure | A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the International Human Rights System". co-guide.org. Retrieved
United Nations Human Rights Council
United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council
Political ideology
April 2016). "9 - Greens in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Weak but persistent". In van Haute, Emilie (ed.). Green Parties in Europe (1st ed.). Abingdon:
Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom
1949 book by Simone Weil
workers with high culture in a form they can suggest is much simpler than objectors expect. There is no need to try and relay large volumes of literature
The_Need_for_Roots
Upland lake in Cumbria, England
his motion. At committee stage, the preamble was unopposed and the only objector against the clauses was unsuccessful. Committee stage was completed 25
Thirlmere
Equality for all genders
pharmacists and other social and medical workers being conscientious objectors. Family planning is particularly important from a women's rights perspective
Gender_equality
Deliberately misleading information
autonomously coordinate to manipulate democratic discourse, by maintaining persistent fake identities and mimicking human social dynamics over extended periods
Disinformation
marketing campaign for Home Plus. Nicki wards off the advances of a pair of persistent missionaries. Margene is invited to a recital at Pam's church. Ben gets
List_of_Big_Love_episodes
Pentecostal Christian denomination
declare their position as a combatant, a noncombatant, or a conscientious objector". This was the culmination of a process begun during World War I, when
Assemblies_of_God_USA
Governmental authorization of privateering
anti-submarine patrols. As the civilian crew was armed with a rifle, a persistent misconception arose that this made the ship a privateer and that she and
Letter_of_marque
Rail line in Basingstoke, Hampshire
nevertheless made a number of objections at this stage. The objectors were very persistent, and after an appeal hearing on 28 June 1899, the railway company
Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway
Basingstoke_and_Alton_Light_Railway
Anarchism and free love, free sex
of the 1930s, many anarchist women were angry with what they viewed as persistent sexism amongst anarchist men and their marginalized status within a movement
Anarchism and issues related to love and sex
Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex
President Warren G. Harding, releasing Debs early. Numerous conscientious objectors to conscription were also jailed. In the post-war Palmer Raids, foreign-born
Human rights in the United States
Human_rights_in_the_United_States
Washington Post. CONSERVATORSHIP OF PERSON AND ESTATE OF MARIA v. Maria B., Objector and Appellant., G047889 (4th District Court Appeals 31 July 2013). "Jury
Timeline of disability rights in the United States
Timeline_of_disability_rights_in_the_United_States
Class of Internet of things for warfare
planned to apply IoT technology on a grand scale in order to establish a persistent maritime situational awareness over large ocean areas. According to the
Internet_of_Military_Things
Migration that is critical due to dimensions or conditions
2021) During the Vietnam War, many U.S. citizens who were conscientious objectors and wished to avoid the draft sought political asylum in Canada. President
Refugee_crisis
State of the reproductive system without evidence of disease, disorders, or deficiencies
pharmacists, and other social and medical workers being conscientious objectors. In developing regions of the world, there are about 214 million women
Sexual and reproductive health
Sexual_and_reproductive_health
Use of armoured fighting vehicles in war
to negotiate terrain in difficult weather conditions, something that persistently dogged the German designs. [citation needed] Assessing the success of
Armoured_warfare
British biologist (1884–1963)
from Cambridge in 1914. During the First World War he was a conscientious objector and worked as a military bacteriologist, a job he described as "examining
Denis_G._Lillie
Rules and guidelines of military operations
difficult to achieve decisive resolution. The patient, resolute, and persistent pursuit of national goals and objectives often is essential to success
Principles_of_war
Mayoralty in Boston, US since 2021
COVID-19 (with exceptions for employees with medical reasons and religious objectors), and about 94% of city employees were in compliance with that requirement
Mayoralty_of_Michelle_Wu
rift between West Indians and the larger labor movement, contributing to persistent separation between national independence efforts and campaigns against
Anarchism_in_Panama
of the word." "During the Second World War McCaig was a conscientious objector, though not on religious grounds for, as he asserted in an interview, 'I
List_of_atheist_authors
Socialist political party in the United Kingdom
consumer good prices. During both wars some members won conscientious objector status. In 1914, the banner headline of the Socialist Standard invited
Socialist Party of Great Britain
Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain
Mathematical book authored by Galileo Galilei
approximation. In the defense of his assumption, Galileo states, “To such objectors I would answer that I cover myself with the protecting wings of the superhuman
De_motu_antiquiora
Rodker and Joseph Leftwich). In the First World War he was a conscientious objector, and imprisoned in Bedford and Reading gaols. He is now known for his works
List of British Jewish writers
List_of_British_Jewish_writers
criticisms. The content of the Medact Report 2015 was referred to by many objectors in the June 2015 Public reports pack for the Lancashire County Council
Fracking in the United Kingdom
Fracking_in_the_United_Kingdom
Cyberattacks involving the United States and its military
been granted under National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM) 13; persistent cyber engagements at Cyber command are the new norm for cyber operations
Cyberwarfare and the United States
Cyberwarfare_and_the_United_States
travel, tourism, insurance
PERSISTENT OBJECTOR
PERSISTENT OBJECTOR
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travel, tourism, insurance