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Plant disease of bananas
Panama disease (or Fusarium wilt) is a plant disease that infects banana plants (Musa spp.). It is a wilting disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum
Panama_disease
Banana cultivar
bananas. They replaced the Gros Michel banana after it was devastated by Panama disease. They are unable to reproduce sexually, instead being propagated via
Cavendish_banana
Banana cultivar
grows in make it easy to ship. However, due to its vulnerability to Panama disease, it has been almost entirely replaced in the banana industry by the
Gros_Michel
Tropical, edible, staple fruit
nematodes and insect pests, and to fungal and bacterial diseases, one of the most serious being Panama disease which is caused by a Fusarium fungus. This and black
Banana
plants were vulnerable to hurricanes, and to Panama disease, which first appeared in the 1910s in Panama, and completely destroyed banana growth very
History of modern banana plantations in the Americas
History_of_modern_banana_plantations_in_the_Americas
Shipping route across Central America
The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an artificial 82-kilometer (51-mile) waterway in Panama that connects the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific
Panama_Canal
Country in Central America
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country located at the southern end of Central America in North America, bordering South America. It is
Panama
Banana cultivar
tolerance to temperate climates. Borers Grasshoppers Root-knot nematode Panama disease Black sigatoka Botany portal Agriculture portal List of banana cultivars
Blue_Java_banana
Fungal plant disease
propagated palms. The disease is spread through contaminated seed, soil and pruning tools. F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense causes Panama disease on banana. It is
Fusarium_wilt
Term for a politically unstable country
licenses. Diseases such as the Panama Disease (fusarium wilt), black sigatoka leaf spot, black leaf streak disease, banana bunchy top disease, Cardano
Banana_republic
Fungus, causes banana wilt/Panama disease
plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana (Musa spp.), also known as Fusarium wilt. The fungi and the related disease are responsible for widespread
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._cubense
American fruit company (1899–1970)
crisis, as early as 1915, when the Panama disease first inhabited crops. Funding specialized studies to treat Panama disease and supporting the publishing
United_Fruit_Company
Diseases of plants
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that
Plant_disease
Chronological listing of events of importance
Plasmodiophora brassicae 1876; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, responsible for Panama disease, discovered in bananas in Australia 1878–1885; Downy mildew of grape
Timeline_of_plant_pathology
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Panama, Panamá, Panamà, or panama in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Panama (or Panamá) is a republic in Central America. Panama may also refer
Panama_(disambiguation)
The COVID-19 pandemic in Panama was a part of the worldwide pandemic of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama
the greatest challenges facing the builders of the Panama Canal was dealing with the tropical diseases rife in the area. The health measures taken during
Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal
Health_measures_during_the_construction_of_the_Panama_Canal
Capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama
Panama City, also known as Panama, is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It has a total population of 410,354 in the city proper and
Panama_City
throughand was abandoned in 1933. In the late 1950s, a fungal disease called Panama disease caused huge losses to the banana crop. During the 1960s agrarian
Banana_production_in_Ecuador
Rare species of banana
believe that the Madagascar banana is a potential source of resistance to Panama disease, which wiped out the Gros Michel banana, and threatens the Cavendish
Ensete_perrieri
American botanist (1876–1965)
alongside her flower research. Amelia's travel led to her study of Panama disease in some of the plant life. Among those plants were bananas and how they
Amelia_Smith_Calvert
Canadian-Honduran phytopathologist (1926–2003)
Honduras, to work for United Fruit on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense/Panama disease. Stover did a sabbatical at what was then called the Cambridge Botany
R._H._Stover
generating disease-resistant varieties, such as the Pacovan Ken. Pacovan Ken, a banana breed resistant to yellow and black sigatoka and to Panama disease launched
Banana_production_in_Brazil
Genus of fungi
fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana (Musa spp.), also known as fusarium wilt of banana. Panama disease affects a wide range of banana
Fusarium
Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa first crossed the Isthmus of Panama. When the narrow nature of the Isthmus became generally known, European
History_of_the_Panama_Canal
This article is a list of diseases of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.). "Blood disease". Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales, Australia
List of banana and plantain diseases
List_of_banana_and_plantain_diseases
Species of roundworm
by a fungus (commonly known as Panama Disease) and replaced by the Cavendish variety that is resistant to Panama Disease. The Gros Michel variety was commercialized
Radopholus_similis
Type of fruit
the Cavendish cultivar, and are vulnerable to the fungal disease known as Panama disease. C. A. Ledbetter, D. W. Ramming: Seedlessness in Grapes, DOI
Seedless_fruit
Variety of banana
variety) are sources of three sugars: sucrose, fructose, and glucose. Panama disease Banana cultivar groups Musa acuminata Blue java banana Madagascar banana
Red_banana
Largely undeveloped area where North America and South America meet
rainforest on the international border between Colombia and Panama. Stretching across southern Panama's Darién Province and the northern portion of Colombia's
Darién_Gap
Type of banana originating in the Philippines
eaten in some recipes. They are also cultivated as ornamental plants. Panama disease Banana List of banana cultivars Musa True plantains "Latundan banana
Latundan_banana
Species of fungus
across the world. These results showed that pathogens of banana causing Panama disease could be as closely related to other host's pathogens, such as melon
Fusarium_oxysporum
Series of conflicts in Central America and the Caribbean
collapsed in bankruptcy, mismanagement, and disease in 1889, but resumed in the 20th century. In 1903, Panama seceded from the Republic of Colombia, backed
Banana_Wars
Variance of plants in agriculture
"Cassava Diseases in Africa | a major threat to food security" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 14 April 2017. "Panama Disease: An Old
Crop_diversity
1923 novelty song by Frank Silver and Irving Cohn
the many affected by a worldwide decline in the banana crop caused by Panama disease. Its success inspired a parody, "I've Got the Yes! We Have No Banana
Yes!_We_Have_No_Bananas
Species of amphibian
The Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki), also known as the Panamanian golden toad, Zetek's golden frog, and Cerro Campana stubfoot toad and other
Panamanian_golden_frog
Datu of Mactan (fl. 1521)
tried to sail eastward across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of the crew died
Lapulapu
Racial or ethnic group in Panama with African ancestry
overland to ports in Panama City and boarded on ships headed to South America. Initially, indigenous labor was used. Due to abuse and disease, the indigenous
Afro-Panamanians
Banana cultivar
Banana skipper butterfly Panama disease/Fusarium wilt Sigatoka Moko or bacterial wilt Black leaf streak Banana bunchy top disease Banana List of banana cultivars
Saba_banana
Topics referred to by the same term
Connecticut Colony Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense or Foc, the pathogen of Panama disease/Fusarium wilt of banana Search for "foc" on Wikipedia. All pages with
FOC
Australian agricultural scientist
team earned recognition for a strain of Cavendish bananas resistant to Panama disease tropical race 4. Dale grew up in a harbour-side suburb of Sydney. He
James_Dale_(scientist)
Ability of plants to withstand pathogens
mass-cultivated banana cultivar Gros Michel was lost in the 1920s to Panama disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. The current wheat stem rust
Plant_disease_resistance
American businessman (1877–1961)
banana diseases Sigatoka and Panama disease, Zemurray presided over very large acquisitions of land in Central America. Because the diseases were not
Sam_Zemurray
American professor of biology and plant pathology
Kerry O’Donnell, Elizabeth Cigelnik and Randy C. Ploetz had studied Panama disease of banana caused by F. oxysporum. Two years later, he partnered with
Harold_Corby_Kistler
Banana cultivar
rich in vitamins and minerals. Lady Finger bananas are resistant to Panama disease and the black weevil, but is susceptible to Sigatoka leaf spot. Lady
Lady_finger_banana
Banana cultivar
(Cosmopolites sordidus) Grasshoppers Root Nematodes (Radopholus similis) Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense) Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis)
Rhino_Horn_banana
City in Honduras
banana. This division was closed in the late 1930s as a result of 'Panama disease', a blight on the roots of the banana. The port city, and its population
Puerto_Castilla,_Honduras
Irish multinational food corporation
public as the Standard Fruit and Steamship Company. In the 1920s, as Panama disease was destroying crops of the Gros Michel banana, Standard Fruit began
Dole_plc
Military event that took place in January 1596 during the Anglo–Spanish War
via Nombre de Dios in order to cross the isthmus of Panama. Ravaged with dysentery and other diseases the English were repelled and defeated. Drake would
Drake's_Assault_on_Panama
Railway line across Panama linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
The Panama Canal Railway (PCR, Spanish: Ferrocarril de Panamá) is a railway line linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean in Central America. Opened
Panama_Canal_Railway
tried to sail eastward across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of the crew died
History of the Philippines (900–1565)
History_of_the_Philippines_(900–1565)
Diverse group of tropical infectious diseases which are common in developing countries
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical infections that are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa
Neglected_tropical_diseases
Edible fruit cultivar
and was resistant to both burrowing nematode and Race 4[specify] of Panama disease. The banana's pest-resistance, further improved later, has environmental
Goldfinger_banana
In the 1950s, a disease began killing off the banana crops in Panama. The disease was caused by fungus. During the disease, Panamanians switched to Cavendish
Banana_production_in_Panama
Disease affecting a small percentage of the population
A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population. In some parts of the world, the term orphan disease describes a rare
Rare_disease
Mammal parasitic disease
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects in
Chagas_disease
Australian fruits-and-vegetables company
to Panama disease". Fresh Plaza. 27 October 2025. Retrieved 23 June 2026. Bowler, Jacinta (26 October 2025). "How a genetically modified, disease-resistant
Premier_Fresh_Australia
Research center in Pingtung County, Taiwan
response to the devastation in 1967 of Taiwan's banana industry by the Panama disease. The original sponsors were the Taiwan Banana Fruit Quality Improvement
Taiwan Banana Research Institute
Taiwan_Banana_Research_Institute
Topics referred to by the same term
engine Tropical Race 1, a strain of Fusarium oxysporum that causes the Panama disease Type 1 regulatory T cell (Tr-1), a T-lymphocyte lineage with immunoregulatory
TR1
American phytopathologist (1897–1994)
worked mainly on diseases of coffee but also on the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, the pathogen which causes Panama disease in bananas. Wellman
Frederick_Lovejoy_Wellman
Panamanian persons (including residents) that are of Chinese origin/descent
Chinese in Panama, also referred to as Chinese Panamanians (Spanish: chino-panameños; Chinese: 巴拿馬華人; pinyin: Bānámǎ huárén) are Panamanian citizens and
Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama
International border
The Colombia–Panama border is the 266-kilometer-long (165 mi) international boundary between Colombia and Panama. It also splits the Darién Gap, a break
Colombia–Panama_border
The history of Panama includes the history of the Isthmus of Panama prior to European colonization. Before the arrival of Europeans, Panama was widely settled
History_of_Panama
Corregimiento and city in Colón, Panama
corregimiento in Portobelo District, Colón Province, Panama. Located on the northern part of the Isthmus of Panama, it is 32 km (20 mi) northeast of the modern
Portobelo
Town in Queensland, Australia
tested positive for the soil-borne Panama disease. Follow-up testing confirmed the results. One of the strains of the disease affects all types of bananas and
Tully,_Queensland
Post-graduate training institution in Trinidad
Pathologist for Banana Research in 1928, with focus on researching the Panama Disease Cyril Charles Webster, Professor of Agriculture and Deputy Principal
Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture
Imperial_College_of_Tropical_Agriculture
American food scientist, entrepreneur, and art collector (1932–2021)
in Latin America, known as Panama disease (Fusarium Wilt). Wornick, who helped come up with a treatment for Panama Disease, was promoted to scientist
Ronald_C._Wornick
The economy of Panama is based mainly on the tourism and services sector, which accounts for nearly 80% of its GDP and accounts for most of its foreign
Economy_of_Panama
Type of inflation
staple foods can occur from disease, especially when the biodiversity of the crop is low. As with low genetic diversity, one disease can wipe out entire fields
Food_inflation
Indigenous people of Panama and Colombia
Indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. Guna people live in three politically autonomous comarcas or autonomous reservations in Panama, and in a few small
Guna_people
Panamanian president (1917–2009)
1917 in Los Santos Province – 6 November 2009) was the acting president of Panama from 26 February 1988 to 1 September 1989, under the military rule of Manuel
Manuel_Solís_Palma
care. The burden of disease in Panama consists mainly of non-communicable diseases (76,99% of total deaths). Communicable diseases stands for 13,17% of
Health_in_Panama
1988–1990 Carlos Chagas 1879–1934 Bacteriologist, discoverer of the Chagas Disease Cruzado Cz$10,000 obverse Carlos Drummond de Andrade 1902–1987 Writer Cruzado
List_of_people_on_banknotes
Indigenous province in northeast Panama
name San Blas, is a comarca indígena (indigenous province) in northeast Panama. Guna Yala is home to the indigenous people known as the Gunas. Its capital
Guna_Yala
banana-producing areas began suffering from a blight known as the "Panama Disease" which, combined with soil exhaustion from monocrop agriculture, led
Banana_production_in_Honduras
silence on his battle with Parkinson's disease". Good Morning America. Grady, Breanne (24 January 2003). "Norman Panama". Variety. "Dave Parker dies at 74"
List of people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease
List_of_people_diagnosed_with_Parkinson's_disease
Former historic hotel
Tivoli Hotel in Ancón district of Panama City,[citation needed] Republic of Panama, was a historic hotel. US president and Mrs. Teddy Roosevelt were considered
Tivoli_Hotel,_Panama
British botanist (1874–1954)
1912 was in response to an outbreak among banana plants of Panama disease, a wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc)
Sydney_Francis_Ashby
American company (1885–1899)
Soluri, John. "Accounting for Taste: Export Bananas, Mass Markets, and Panama Disease." Environmental History, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 2002. doi:10.2307/3985915
Boston_Fruit_Company
Panamanian boxer (born 1951)
Roberto Carlos Durán Samaniego (born June 16, 1951) is a Panamanian former professional boxer who competed from 1968 to 2001. He held world championships
Roberto_Durán
British plant pathologist
1014–1019. Cannon, S. et al. (2022) Multi-site fungicides suppress banana Panama disease. PLOS Pathogens. Fisher, M. et al. (2022) Tackling antifungal resistance
Sarah_Gurr
Panamanian baseball player (1930–2009)
aged 79, due to complications from Alzheimer's disease. List of Major League Baseball players from Panama Moffi, Larry; Kronstadt, Jonathan (1994). Crossing
Humberto_Robinson
banana production. Black Sigatoka Yellow Sigatoka Septoria leaf spot disease Panama disease Nematodes Insects Nigel, S. (2006). "The banana burrowing nematode
Banana production in Ivory Coast
Banana_production_in_Ivory_Coast
Copper mine in Panama
Cobre Panamá is an open-pit copper mine in Panama, located 120 km (75 mi) west of Panama City and 20 km (12 mi) from the Caribbean Sea coast, in the district
Cobre_mine,_Panama
Extinct species of frog
(colloquially referred to by biologists as "Bd") in Panama. The fungus causes an infectious amphibian disease called chytridiomycosis, which has been linked
Ecnomiohyla_rabborum
American military physician (1851–1902)
spread of the disease. This discovery helped William C. Gorgas reduce the incidence and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases in Panama during the American
Walter_Reed
Water supply and sanitation in Panama is characterized by relatively high levels of access compared to other Latin American countries. However, challenges
Water supply and sanitation in Panama
Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Panama
hockey analyst role at ESPN due to his being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. A former player and coach (most notably coach of the Los Angeles Kings)
2023_in_American_television
Viral disease
Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration. In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains—particularly
Yellow_fever
President of Honduras (1924, 1933–1949)
industry was further threatened by the outbreak in 1935 of epidemics of Panama disease and Black sigatoka in the banana-producing areas. Within a year, most
Tiburcio_Carías_Andino
Overview of human–fungi interactions
diversity within and among crops matter?". Retrieved September 30, 2013. "Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1: The Beginnings of the Banana
Human_interactions_with_fungi
Panamanian citizens of Italian descent
by disease or who needed some kind of help, with an initial membership of 37 persons. To this migration belongs the ancestors of another Panamanian president:
Italian_Panamanians
Wintergarden Ballroom November 16, 1979 Houston The Palace Legionaires Disease November 18, 1979 Avondale Ole Man River's The Contenders November 20,
List_of_Ramones_concerts
Ciboney Ciguayos Guanahatabey Kalinago Lucayan Taíno Hurricanes Influx of diseases Malaria Territorial evolution Geography Regions Antilles Greater Antilles
List of volcanoes in the Caribbean
List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Caribbean
Attack on Panama in 1670/1671
Henry Morgan's Panama expedition, also known as The Sack of Panama, was a military expedition in which English privateers commanded by Welsh Buccaneer
Henry Morgan's Panama expedition
Henry_Morgan's_Panama_expedition
Topics referred to by the same term
countries Public Policy Polling, a polling company Puebla-Panama Plan (Spanish: Plan Puebla Panamá), an economic development and integration initiative in
PPP
Argentine politician and journalist (1964–2026)
Darío Lopérfido (5 June 1964 – 27 February 2026) was an Argentine politician, cultural promoter and journalist who served as general and artistic director
Darío_Lopérfido
Irish mycologist and plant pathologist (1874-1943)
Among his later studies were Panama disease of bananas, witch's broom disease of cacao in Trinidad, and Yellow Leaf disease of tea in Nyasaland. In 1930
Edwin_John_Butler
evidence of sexual diversity that existed with the indigenous population in Panama, before the arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the 15th century. During
LGBTQ_history_in_Panama
Facility where bananas are grown
centered around a single monoculture: The Cavendish banana. The ravages of Panama Disease in that particular cultivar may cause a shift in variety selection,
Banana_plantation
travel, tourism, insurance
PANAMA DISEASE
PANAMA DISEASE
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh
Supreme; Highest
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Who Returns Salutations
Male
Native American
Native American Hopi name PAHANA means "lost white brother."
Girl/Female
Indian
Modest
Girl/Female
Hindu
Conceived in the mind
Girl/Female
Indian
Fem of manar: light-house
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Mythological, Oriya, Sindhi
Lotus; Goddess Lakshmi
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
One of the Pancha Pandava
Girl/Female
English
Mother of God
Girl/Female
Indian
God has shown favour
Female
Spanish
Spanish name PALOMA means "dove, pigeon."
Girl/Female
Hindu
The best, Knowledge of truth
Girl/Female
Indian
God has shown favour
Boy/Male
Hindu
Without miseries
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
The Best
Female
Japanese
(1-愛美, 2-愛海) Japanese name MANAMI means 1) "affectionate beauty" or 2) "love sea."
Female
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name KALAMA means "flaming torch."
Female
Hawaiian
Polynesian myth name of a moon goddess, MARAMA means "moon."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Generator, Producer, Father (King of Mithila; Father of Sita, who found her in a furrow)
Boy/Male
Hindu
Same as Manav, Gold
PANAMA DISEASE
PANAMA DISEASE
PANAMA DISEASE
PANAMA DISEASE
PANAMA DISEASE
PANAMA DISEASE
PANAMA DISEASE
travel, tourism, insurance