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Earliest stage of the Aramaic language
Old Aramaic refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, known from early Aramaic inscriptions and dated to the 10th century BCE through the 8th
Old_Aramaic
Semitic language
predominant), and Mandaeism. The Aramaic language is considered endangered, with several varieties used mainly by certain older generations. Researchers are
Aramaic
Variety of Aramaic used in the Hebrew Bible
colloquial dialects of Hebrew along with Old Aramaic until replaced by Aramaic in second century C.E. As Imperial Aramaic had served as a lingua franca throughout
Biblical_Aramaic
Ancient language
Imperial Aramaic is a linguistic term, coined by modern scholars in order to designate a specific historical variety of Aramaic. The term is polysemic
Imperial_Aramaic
Dialect of Middle Aramaic
ʔatīqā (lit. 'the old language') or saprāyā (lit. 'scribal or literary'). It emerged during the first century AD from a local Eastern Aramaic dialect that
Syriac_language
Script used to write the Aramaic language
other symbols instead of Syriac script. The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian peoples
Aramaic_alphabet
Group of Aramaic dialects from the Levant
Western Aramaic is a group of Aramaic dialects once spoken widely throughout the ancient Levant, predominantly in the south, and Sinai, including ancient
Western_Aramaic_languages
Group of Aramaic languages
Eastern Aramaic refers to a group of dialects that evolved historically from the varieties of Aramaic spoken in the core territories of Mesopotamia (modern-day
Eastern_Aramaic_languages
Classical Age dialect of Middle Aramaic
Hatran Aramaic (Aramaic of Hatra, Ashurian or East Mesopotamian) designates a Middle Aramaic dialect, that was used in the region of Hatra and Assur in
Hatran_Aramaic
Western Aramaic dialect spoken in the city of Palmyra in the early centuries AD
Palmyrene Aramaic was a Middle Aramaic dialect, exhibiting both Eastern and Western Aramaic grammatical features, and is therefore often regarded as a
Palmyrene_Aramaic
Neo-Aramaic varieties
varieties of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) spoken by the modern Assyrian people. The various NENA dialects descend from Old Aramaic, the lingua franca in the
Suret_language
Western dialect of Aramaic used by the Nabateans
Nabataean Aramaic is the extinct Aramaic variety used in inscriptions by the Nabataean Arabs of Transjordan, Northwestern Arabia, the Negev, and the Sinai
Nabataean_Aramaic
Branch of the Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages influenced by Hebrew
The Judaeo-Aramaic languages are those varieties of Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages used by Jewish communities. Aramaic, like Hebrew, is a Northwest
Judeo-Aramaic_languages
Extinct Semitic language of Mesopotamia
mid-third millennium BC until its gradual replacement in common use by Old Aramaic among Mesopotamians by the 8th century BC. Akkadian, which is the earliest
Akkadian_language
Northwest Semitic language
English word Hebrew is derived from Old French Ebrau via Latin, from the Ancient Greek hebraîos (Ἑβραῖος) and Aramaic 'ibrāy, all ultimately derived from
Hebrew_language
Modern Western Aramaic language
Western Neo-Aramaic (ܐܰܪܳܡܰܝ, arōmay, "Aramaic"), also referred to as Siryon (ܣܪܝܘܢ, siryōn, "Syriac"), is a modern variety of the Western Aramaic branch consisting
Western_Neo-Aramaic
Ancient Semitic people in the Near East
Semitic Old Aramaic language (1100 BC – 200 AD), which was first written using the Phoenician alphabet, but over time modified to a specifically-Aramaic alphabet
Arameans
Language of the Mandaean religion and community
Classical Mandaic, is the liturgical language of Mandaeism and a South Eastern Aramaic variety in use by the Mandaean community, traditionally based in southern
Mandaic_language
Melkite Aramaic
Christian Palestinian Aramaic was a Western Aramaic dialect that began as a vernacular between the first and third centuries CE, and emerged as a written
Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic
Varieties of the Aramaic language
The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the
Neo-Aramaic_languages
Stele inscribed in Aramaic referencing the House of David
The Tel Dan Stele is a fragmentary stele with an Old Aramaic inscription written in the Phoenician script. It is generally dated to the 9th-century BCE
Tel_Dan_stele
Dialect of Aramaic used by the Samaritans
boxes, or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters. Samaritan Aramaic was the dialect of Aramaic used by the Samaritans in their sacred and scholarly literature
Samaritan_Aramaic
boxes, or other symbols instead of cuneiform script. Hadad-yith'i (Old Aramaic: 𐡄𐡃𐡉𐡎𐡏𐡉, romanized: Hadd-yiṯʿī, Akkadian: 𒁹𒌋𒀉𒀪, romanized: Adad-itʾī)
Hadad-yith'i
King of Aram-Damascus
(/ˈheɪziəl/; Biblical Hebrew: חֲזָאֵל or חֲזָהאֵל, romanized: Ḥăzāʾēl; Old Aramaic 𐤇𐤆𐤀𐤋 Ḥzʔl) was a king of Aram-Damascus mentioned in the Bible. Under
Hazael
Standard form of the Hebrew language
remained a spoken vernacular following the Babylonian captivity, when Old Aramaic became the predominant international language in the region. Hebrew died
Modern_Hebrew
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
Northwest Semitic Aramaic Old Aramaic Samalian (extinct) Imperial Aramaic (extinct) Biblical Aramaic (extinct) Middle Aramaic Eastern Aramaic (dialect continuum)
Semitic_languages
Branch of Eastern Christianity
Classical Syriac language, a variation of the old Aramaic language. In a wider sense, the term can also refer to Aramaic Christianity in general, thus encompassing
Syriac_Christianity
Division of the Semitic languages of the Levant
Bronze Age, which by the time of the Bronze Age collapse are joined by Old Aramaic, and by the Iron Age by Sutean and the Canaanite languages (Hebrew, Phoenician–Punic
Northwest_Semitic_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
Aramaic history may refer to: History of the Aramaic language, general history of the Aramaic language and its variants History of the Old Aramaic languages
Aramaic_history
Middle Aramaic language once used by Jewish writers in Lower Mesopotamia
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: אַרָמִית, ʾarāmîṯ) or Talmudic Aramaic was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between
Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic
First letter of many Semitic abjads
of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʾālep 𐤀, Hebrew ʾālef א, Aramaic ʾālap 𐡀, Syriac ʾālap̄ ܐ, Arabic ʾalif ا, and North Arabian 𐪑. It also
Aleph
Bible in a particular Aramaic dialect
Syriac is a dialect of Aramaic. Portions of the Old Testament were written in Aramaic and there are Aramaic phrases in the New Testament. Syriac translations
Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible
Belief that the Christian New Testament was originally written in Aramaic
Aramaic New Testament hypotheses are a number of hypotheses within Biblical scholarship which argue that the Christian New Testament derives in some form
Aramaic New Testament hypotheses
Aramaic_New_Testament_hypotheses
Assyrian goddess
Asshur (’šr), in the Sfire inscription (A8) from Syria inscribed in Old Aramaic (eighth century BCE). Her Late Babylonian cult is reflected in the spelling
Mullissu
First woman according to the Abrahamic creation myth
Hebrew name Eve (חַוָּה) bears resemblance to an Aramaic word for "snake" (Old Aramaic language חוה; Aramaic חִוְיָא). The origin for this etymological hypothesis
Eve
Semitic deity associated with Venus
of the goddess who was the consort of ʿAttar is itself not attested in Aramaic, but is recorded in Sabaic as 𐩠𐩥𐩨𐩪 (Huwbis) or 𐩠𐩨𐩪 (Hūbis), which
ʿAṯtar
category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla inscription. The Old Aramaic period (850–612 BC) saw increased production and dispersal of inscriptions
Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions
Name list
ስምዖን, Smeon Arabic: سِمْعَان (Simʻān), شَمْعُون (Šamʻūn) Old Aramaic: Šimʻōn (Shim'on) Aramaic (middle and modern): ܫܡܥܘܢ (Šëmʻūn, Shem'un or Sëmʻān, Semaan)
Simon_(given_name)
Prophet in the Book of Numbers
Balaam (/ˈbeɪlæm/; Hebrew: בִּלְעָם, romanized: Bīlʿām; Old Aramaic: 𐤁𐤋𐤏𐤌, romanized: Bilʿām), son of Beor, was, according to the Bible, a gentile
Balaam
Royal title of Ethiopia and Eritrea, equivalent to "king"
comprise separate branches of the Semitic language family. In an ancient Aramaic inscription mentioning the god ʿAṯtar his name is followed by the title
Negus
holds that Jesus often spoke and taught in Aramaic, while likely knowing Hebrew and at least some Greek. Aramaic was a common language of Roman Judaea, and
Language_of_Jesus
Scholarly dictionary
The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament ("HALOT") is a scholarly dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, which has partially supplanted
Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament
Academic field
Aramaic studies, also called Aramaeology or Aramaistics, is the academic discipline concerned with the study of Aramaic, a Northwest Semitic language
Aramaic_studies
Western Aramaic dialect
of which is written in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. There are some older texts in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, notably the Megillat Taanit: the Babylonian
Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic
Online dictionary of Aramaic
Ohio. CAL includes the following Aramaic dialects and texts. Old Aramaic Imperial Aramaic Biblical Aramaic Qumran Aramaic: fragments of Daniel, a "targum"
Comprehensive_Aramaic_Lexicon
Residents of the ancient Near East until the end of antiquity
and the Ugarites. Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew and Maltese remain spoken to this day. Another major Central Semitic language, Old South Arabian languages, were
Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples
Ancient Near Eastern moon god
Old Aramaic: 𐡉𐡓𐡇 yrḥ (however, the name of the Aramaic moon god, Śahr, is not a cognate); Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡩𐡴𐡧 yrḥ; and Nabataean Aramaic:
Yarikh
Archaic form of the Hebrew language
lifetime of Biblical Hebrew under the influence of Aramaic. This probably happened after the original Old Aramaic phonemes /θ, ð/ disappeared in the 7th century BCE
Biblical_Hebrew
Biblical figure and Israelite monarch
king of the united Kingdom of Israel, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. David's reign may have occurred around the 9th century BC, although
David
Ancient unit of currency
"weight" (mishqal) and "consideration" (shiqqul). It is cognate to the Aramaic root tql and the Arabic root ṯql (ث ق ل, in words such as thiqāl "weight"
Shekel
Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialect of Jews in Kurdistan
Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic, also known as Hulaulá (lit. 'Jewish'), is a grouping of related dialects of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic originally spoken by
Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic
Greek translation of Hebrew scriptures
in the Hebrew language during the Second Temple period; Koine Greek and Aramaic were the lingua francas at that time among the Jewish community. The LXX
Septuagint
Ethnic Group in Iran
Assyrians of Iran speak Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, a neo-Aramaic language descended from the eastern dialects of the old Aramaic language with elements of Akkadian
Assyrians_in_Iran
Region of the Middle East
Semitic languages: Akkadian (aka Assyrian and Babylonian), Eblaite, Amorite, Aramaic, Ugaritic, Canaanite languages (including Hebrew, Moabite, Edomite,
Fertile_Crescent
700s–100s BC northern Arab tribal confederation
ʿAttar-Šamē was the god representing the planet Venus, and his epithet Šamē (Old Aramaic: Šamāyīn; lit. 'of the Heavens') refers to his manifestation in the skies
Qedarites
Four-volume book by Porten and Yardeni
The Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, often referred to as TAD or TADAE, is a four volume corpus of Aramaic inscriptions written in Egypt
Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
Textbook_of_Aramaic_Documents_from_Ancient_Egypt
8th-Century BCE Assyrian king, Neo-Assyrian Empire
Ešarra", Biblical Hebrew: תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר, romanized: Tiglaṯ Pilʾeser, Old Aramaic: 𐤕𐤂𐤋𐤕𐤐𐤋𐤉𐤎𐤓, romanized: tgltplysr), sometimes called Pulu or
Tiglath-Pileser_III
Ancient stringed instrument
shrill tone, probably identical with Phoenician: sabecha and Imperial Aramaic: סַבְּכָא, romanized: sabbǝkhā, the Greek form being σαμβύκη or σαμβύχη
Sambuca_(instrument)
Biblical figure
Beor (Hebrew: בְּעוֹר Bə‘ōr, "a burning"; Old Aramaic: 𐤁𐤏𐤓, romanized: Bᵊʿôr) is a name which appears in relation to a king ("Bela son of Beor") and
Beor_(biblical_figure)
Writing system used c. 1050 to 146 BC
millennium BC. It was one of the first alphabets, attested in Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions found across the Mediterranean basin. In the history of writing
Phoenician_alphabet
Volcano in Turkey
Mount Erciyes (Turkish: Erciyes Dağı) is an inactive volcano in Kayseri Province, Turkey. It is a large stratovolcano surrounded by many monogenetic vents
Mount_Erciyes
River in Syria, Turkey
Akkadian and Amorite as ḫabur, in Hebrew: חָבוֹר, romanized: ḥāḇōr, and in Old Aramaic: 𐤇𐤁𐤅𐤓, romanized: ḥbwr. The river was well noted by ancient writers
Khabur
Assyrian author (1892–1975)
what is now the extreme east of Turkey. A native Aramaic speaker, he translated the Aramaic Peshitta Old and New Testaments into English. He popularized
George_Lamsa
Ancient goddess of Northern Syria
the importance of the connection between Athirat and El. The original Aramaic name of the goddess was 𐡏𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕𐡄 (ʿAttarʿattā), with its other forms
Atargatis
Semitic language of eastern Ethiopia
ˈnaːn]) is an Ethio-Semitic language spoken by the Harari people of Ethiopia. Old Harari is a literary language of the city of Harar, a central hub of Islam
Harari_language
Twenty-first letter in many Semitic alphabets
letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician šīn 𐤔, Hebrew šīn ש, Aramaic šīn 𐡔, Syriac šīn ܫ, and Arabic sīn س. The Phoenician letter gave rise
Shin_(letter)
Epithet for a monotheistic god in South Arabia
Hebrew Bible), Old Aramaic (especially as an epithet for the Mesopotamian god Hadad), in addition to many other dialects of post-biblical Aramaic including
Rahmanan
has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Aramaic, Greek, and Hebrew. The Latin Vulgate translation was dominant in Western
List of English Bible translations
List_of_English_Bible_translations
Ancient Semitic language of Moab (Jordan)
sequences are found in Moabite as well as Old Southern Aramaic and Hebrew. First, it was discerned in the Old Aramaic inscription of Zakkur by king of Hamath
Moabite_language
Ancient stele
Aramaic stele which was created during the 9th century BCE and was discovered in 1939 in Roman ruins in Bureij Syria (7 km north of Aleppo). The Old Aramaic
Melqart_stele
Ancient city
Arpad (Old Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡐𐡃, romanized: ʾrpd; Biblical Hebrew: אַרְפַּד, romanized: ʾArpaḏ or אַרְפָּד, ʾArpāḏ; modern Tell Rifaat, Syria) was an ancient
Arpad,_Syria
Extinct Northwest Semitic language of the northern Levant
e.g. ʔrq 'earth', known as an orthographic device also in Old Aramaic (in later Aramaic, Proto-Semitic *ɬʼ shifts instead to /ʕ/). appearance of n for
Samalian_language
Writing found in Canaanite inscriptions
𐤏𐤁𐤓𐤉), also Palaeo-Hebrew, Proto-Hebrew or Old Hebrew, is the writing system found in Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, including pre-Biblical and Biblical
Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet
Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite state
𒌷𒄣𒂊), Quʾe (𒌷𒄣𒀪), and Qui (𒆳𒄣𒄿); the form qwh (𐡒𐡅𐡄) appears in Aramaic sources; the form qw (𐤒𐤅) appears in Phoenician sources; the form qwh
Ḫiyawa
2001 film by Marcello Baldi
Ancient Aramaic Heritage, deals with the Syriac Christian and Assyrian heritage as the cradle of civilization. It covers the pre-Christian Old Aramaic period
The_Hidden_Pearl
Aramean polity from 12th century BCE to 732 BCE
simply "Aram" or "Damascus". It is also referred to as "Aram" in some Aramaic inscriptions. In Assyrian sources, "Aram" was never used to designate it
Aram-Damascus
Phonological pattern in Hebrew
the Biblical Hebrew period due to Aramaic influence. Its time of emergence can be found by noting that the Old Aramaic phonemes /θ/, /ð/ disappeared in
Begadkefat
Ethnic group native to Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia with roots in ancient Assyria. They speak varieties of Neo-Aramaic, a branch of the Semitic language family that replaced Akkadian during
Assyrians
Old language with established literature or use
the 7th and 6th centuries BC) Imperial Aramaic (standardized language of Old Aramaic, 7th to 3rd centuries BC) Old Persian (court language of the Achaemenid
Classical_language
Aramaic word meaning "My God"
Elahi (אֱלָהִי) is an Aramaic word meaning "My God". Elah means "god", with the suffix -i meaning "my." Being Aramaic and not Hebrew (there is no singular
Elahi
Taymanitic Thamudic Aramaic Armazic Eastern Aramaic Western Aramaic Imperial Aramaic Old Aramaic Aramaic Script Avestan Avestan Script Canaanite Ammonite Edomite
List of cities of the ancient Near East
List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East
borough of Pankow. The church was named after the Garden of Gethsemane (Old Aramaic גת שמנא, transliterated Gath Šmānê, Hebrew: גת שמנים, translit. Gath
Gethsemane_Church
All known writing up to 300 CE
published, that is). Peust writes that the corpus of Aramaic is fragmented into numerous dialects: Old Aramaic inscriptions from the first half of the first
Ancient_text_corpora
and the Aramaic inscription (23 lines) on the back. The text is most likely based on an Aramaic prototype. It is the earliest known Aramaic inscription
Tell Fekherya bilingual inscription
Tell_Fekherya_bilingual_inscription
Biblical flood myth
2. Collins 2017, pp. 10–11. Burton 2019, pp. 1978–1979. Based on the Old Aramaic translation of Genesis 7:11, which reads (translated): "In the six-hundredth
Genesis_flood_narrative
Small Semitic nation of ancient Mesopotamia
probably spoke a West Semitic language similar to Old Aramaic. During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Imperial Aramaic became the lingua franca of the empire under
Chaldea
Jehovah's Witnesses Bible translation
first original translation of ancient Biblical Hebrew, Koine Greek, and Old Aramaic biblical texts, until the re-discovery of the German Magdeburger Bibel
New_World_Translation
Ancient writing system
inscriptions. In some older manuscripts and inscriptions, it is possible for any letter to join to the left, and older Aramaic letter forms (especially
Syriac_alphabet
Persistent representation of language
for Ugaritic and Old Persian. With the adoption of Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC), Old Aramaic was also adapted
Writing
5th- to 4th-century BCE Egyptian texts
yielded hundreds of papyri and ostraca in hieratic and demotic Egyptian, Aramaic, Koine Greek, Latin and Coptic, spanning a period of 100 years in the 5th
Elephantine papyri and ostraca
Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca
Mountain range in southern Turkey
Geographie that the name was borrowed into Ancient Greek from the Semitic (Old Aramaic) root טורא (ṭūrā), meaning "mountain". The Taurus Mountains are divided
Taurus_Mountains
Areas historically inhabited by Assyrians
him. Assyrians are eastern Aramaic-speaking, descending from pre-Islamic inhabitants of Upper Mesopotamia. The Old Aramaic language was adopted by the
Assyrian_homeland
First division of the Christian Bible
the Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites, but differs from the Jewish canon in order
Old_Testament
Modern Eastern Neo-Aramaic language
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic is a dialect of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic originally spoken by ethnic Assyrians on the plain of Bohtan in the Ottoman Empire. Its speakers
Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan
Iron Age group of polities
The Aramean states or Aramean kingdoms were an Iron Age group of Aramaic-speaking polities that arose in the northern Levant and northern Mesopotamia
Aramean_states
Home of many cradles of civilization
the Assyro-Babylonian peoples' languages and cultures, that have become Aramaic-speaking. The Sea peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring
Ancient_Near_East
Polish-Belgian Biblical scholar and Orientalist (born 1930)
(1997, 2001) and dealt extensively with Old Aramaic dialects and history, in particular in his Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics (1975, 1994
Edward_Lipiński_(orientalist)
Central Neo-Aramaic language
(Turoyo: ܣܘܪܝܬ), or modern Suryoyo (Turoyo: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ), is a Central Neo-Aramaic language traditionally spoken by the Syriac Christian community in the
Turoyo_language
Historic Aramaic-based alphabet
adopted this "Old Uyghur" script from local inhabitants when they migrated into Turfan after 840. It was an adaptation of the Aramaic alphabet used for
Old_Uyghur_script
Creative works inspired by the Epic of Gilgamesh
into languages using other writing systems such as Ancient Greek or Old Aramaic. Accordingly, the decline of Cuneiform coincided with the disappearance
Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture
Gilgamesh_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture
travel, tourism, insurance
OLD ARAMAIC
OLD ARAMAIC
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OLD ARAMAIC
OLD ARAMAIC
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OLD ARAMAIC
OLD ARAMAIC
travel, tourism, insurance