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In physics, a null is a point in a field where the field quantity is zero as the result of two or more opposing quantities completely cancelling each
Null_(physics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Null, null, a-null, núll, or Nullus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Null may refer to: Nuller, an optical tool using interferometry to block
Null
Boundary region of asymptotically flat spacetimes in general relativity
In theoretical physics, null infinity is a region at the boundary of asymptotically flat spacetimes. In general relativity, straight paths in spacetime
Null_infinity
In radio electronics, a null is a direction in an antenna's radiation pattern where the antenna radiates almost no radio waves, so the far field signal
Null_(radio)
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
The theory of relativity comprises two physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905
Theory_of_relativity
Unexpected outcome in experiments
In science, a null result is a result without the expected content: that is, the proposed result is absent. It is an experimental outcome which does not
Null_result
Vector on which a quadratic form is zero
a vector space X with an associated quadratic form q, written (X, q), a null vector or isotropic vector is a non-zero element x of X for which q(x) =
Null_vector
Key results in general relativity on gravitational singularities
{E[{\vec {X}}]^{a}}_{a}} to be negative even if the Null Energy Condition holds. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 6 October 2020
Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems
Penrose–Hawking_singularity_theorems
Concept used in black hole solutions
trapped. Null hypersurface Raychaudhuri equation Senovilla, Jose M. M. (September 15, 2011). "Trapped Surfaces". International Journal of Modern Physics D.
Trapped_surface
Causal relationships between points in a manifold
{\displaystyle X} is: timelike if g ( X , X ) < 0 {\displaystyle \,g(X,X)<0} null or lightlike if g ( X , X ) = 0 {\displaystyle \,g(X,X)=0} spacelike if g
Causal_structure
Statistical test comparing two probability distributions
distribution functions of two samples. The null distribution of this statistic is calculated under the null hypothesis that the sample is drawn from the
Kolmogorov–Smirnov_test
Nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s
[ˈdɔʏtʃə fyˈziːk], lit. "German Physics") or Aryan Physics (German: Arische Physik) was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s
Deutsche_Physik
Unsolved problem in physics
In theoretical physics, the hierarchy problem is the problem concerning the large discrepancy between aspects of the weak force and gravity. There is
Hierarchy_problem
Proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem
hypotheses are compared. These are called the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states that there
Hypothesis
Differentiable manifold with nondegenerate metric tensor
modeling spacetime, where tangent vectors can be classified as timelike, null, and spacelike. In differential geometry, a differentiable manifold is a
Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold
Method of statistical inference
hypotheses: a default "null" hypothesis (denoted H0) and its negation, the "alternative" hypothesis (H1). Typically the test will select a null hypothesis that
Statistical_hypothesis_test
Hypothetical topological feature of spacetime
violation of the averaged null energy condition. Quantum effects such as the Casimir effect cannot violate the averaged null energy condition in any neighborhood
Wormhole
Concept in mathematical physics
mathematical physics, a null dust solution (sometimes called a null fluid) is a Lorentzian manifold in which the Einstein tensor is null. Such a spacetime
Null_dust_solution
Study of collection and analysis of data
an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical
Statistics
Misinterpretation of statistical significance
two results: either the null hypothesis is rejected (which however does not prove that the null hypothesis is false), or the null hypothesis cannot be rejected
Misuse_of_p-values
Holding aloft without mechanical support
levitation, Yahoo! News". yahoo.com. "Levitation in Miniature, Null Hypothesis". null-hypothesis.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved
Levitation_(physics)
Mathematics of general relativity
alternative energy conditions in common use: The null energy condition stipulates that for every future-pointing null vector field k → {\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}
Energy_condition
Mathematical description of spacetime used in relativity
In physics, Minkowski spacetime (or Minkowski space; /mɪŋˈkɔːfski, -ˈkɒf-/) is the main mathematical description of spacetime in the absence of gravitation
Minkowski_spacetime
Geometrical construct in general relativity
dynamic Einstein field equations. Mathematically a Killing horizon is a null hypersurface defined by the vanishing of the norm of a Killing vector field
Killing_horizon
Number
"none" are often used. The English words "nought" or "naught", "nil", and null are also synonymous. It is often called "oh" in the context of reading out
0
Educational YouTube channel
MinutePhysics. November 27, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2017 – via YouTube. Null Island: The Busiest Place That Doesn't Exist. MinutePhysics. July 7
MinutePhysics
Statistical technique used to correct for multiple comparisons
testing is based on rejecting the null hypothesis when the likelihood of the observed data would be low if the null hypothesis were true. When multiple
Bonferroni_correction
Currently unrealized ability
potentials using physical models: Helmholtz, Gibbs, Grand, and Null". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 160 (21) 214104. Bibcode:2024JChPh.160u4104N. doi:10.1063/5
Potential
Topics referred to by the same term
modelling Higgs boson, in physics, symbol H0 Hammett acidity function, in chemistry, H0 Hubble constant, in cosmology, H0 Null hypothesis, in statistics
H0
Physical and science fiction concept
that would exactly oppose the force of gravity. Under the known laws of physics, anti-gravity is not possible. Experimental measurements rule out repulsion
Anti-gravity
Phenomenon within general relativity
unbounded at the Cauchy horizon. It also predicts the existence of a weak null singularity at the Cauchy horizon of a spinning or charged black hole. Mass
Mass_inflation
Continuous deformation between two continuous functions
called a null-homotopy.) For example, a map f {\displaystyle f} from the unit circle S 1 {\displaystyle S^{1}} to any space X {\displaystyle X} is null-homotopic
Homotopy
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
theories more likely to be falsified in physics but less likely to be falsified in soft psychology, as the null hypothesis is always false since any two
Replication_crisis
Concept in inferential statistics
\alpha } , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given that the null hypothesis is true; and the p-value of a result, p {\displaystyle
Statistical_significance
Technique in numerical relativity
(1973). "A space-time calculus based on pairs of null directions". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 14 (7): 874–881. Bibcode:1973JMP....14..874G. doi:10
GHP_formalism
Lorentzian metric η = ηab by defining and examining the so-called "principal null directions". Let us explain this. The bivector Fab yields a skew-symmetric
Classification of electromagnetic fields
Classification_of_electromagnetic_fields
Principle in theoretical physics
celestial sphere at null infinity. Strominger and others in the subfield aim to approach it as testable within real world physics using gravitational
Holographic_principle
First letter of the Greek alphabet
underneath a normal curve in statistics to denote significance level when proving null and alternative hypotheses. It is also commonly used in algebraic solutions
Alpha
Vector describing a wave; often its propagation direction
In physics, a wave vector (or wavevector) is a vector used in describing a wave, with a typical unit being cycle per metre. It has a magnitude and direction
Wave_vector
Mathematical model combining space and time
In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of
Spacetime
Indonesian physicist (1937–2022)
in the Null Formalism. A year after completing his dissertation, Silaban went back to Bandung in 1972 and taught at the Department of Physics, Bandung
Pantur_Silaban
Magnetic confinement fusion reactor
feature: a "magnetic null," or circular line on which the magnetic field is zero. This is necessarily the case, as inside the null the magnetic field points
Field-reversed_configuration
American physicist, writer, and Nobel Laureate (born 1940)
American astrophysicist and author. He shared the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics with Rainer Weiss and Barry C. Barish "for decisive contributions to the
Kip_Thorne
Alternative assumption to the null hypothesis
the null hypothesis. The test of significance is designed to assess the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis. Usually, the null hypothesis
Alternative_hypothesis
French physicist (1892–1987)
Foundations of Physics, July 2001, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 659–664 Pryce, Maurice Henry Lecorney; null, null; Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice; null, null (1997). "On
Louis_de_Broglie
Obsolete postulated medium for the propagation of light
to do so. A range of proposed aether-dragging theories could explain the null result but these were more complex, and tended to use arbitrary-looking coefficients
Luminiferous_aether
Theory proposed by Roger Penrose
In theoretical physics, twistor theory was proposed by Roger Penrose in 1967 as a unification of general relativity (space-time geometry) and quantum
Twistor_theory
American physicist
Quantum Bousso Bound". "Proof of the Quantum Null Energy Condition". "A General Proof of the Quantum Null Energy Condition". "Black Holes, Quantum Information
Raphael_Bousso
Twenty-first letter in the Greek alphabet
section; for example, "⌀14" means the diameter of the circle is 14 units. The null sign, ∅, which denotes the empty set in mathematics is sometimes also erroneously
Phi
Popular science book by physicist Nick Herbert
(the meet of the sets of photons which will pass through each filter is null), yet the insertion of a diagonally-oriented polarizer between them allows
Quantum_Reality
Self-reinforcing single wave packet
In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a nonlinear, self-reinforcing, localized wave packet that is strongly stable, in that it preserves its shape
Soliton
Geometric object that has length and direction
space Grassmann's Ausdehnungslehre Hilbert space Normal vector Null vector Parity (physics) Position (geometry) Pseudovector Quaternion Tangential and normal
Euclidean_vector
1887 investigation of the speed of light
stationary aether. In addition, the Michelson–Morley null result was further substantiated by the null results of other second-order experiments of different
Michelson–Morley_experiment
Book by Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld
The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta is a science book for the lay reader. Written by the physicists
The_Evolution_of_Physics
Dynamic disturbance in a medium or field
makes a standing wave. In a standing wave, the amplitude of vibration has nulls at some positions where the wave amplitude appears smaller or even zero
Wave
This glossary of physics is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to physics, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including mechanics
Glossary_of_physics
Solution of Einstein field equations
{e}}_{0}} and is therefore null. The circle r = r c {\displaystyle r=r_{c}} at a given t is a closed null curve, but not a null geodesic. Examining the frame
Gödel_metric
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
fluctuating zero-point fields lead to a kind of reintroduction of an aether in physics since some systems can detect the existence of this energy.[citation needed]
Zero-point_energy
Flat-sided three-dimensional shape
Group Theory, and the Physical Properties of Crystals, Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 824, Springer, p. 27, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7598-0, ISBN 978-1-441-97598-0
Polyhedron
Classification used in differential geometry and general relativity
four simple principal null directions, Type II: one double and two simple principal null directions, Type D: two double principal null directions, Type III:
Petrov_classification
German facilitator, writer
esotericism and held the view that modern physics would get closer to the esoteric world view. In her lecture "Von Null Ahnung zu etwas Quantenphysik?" ('From
Vera_F._Birkenbihl
Symmetry between bosons and fermions
Supersymmetry is a theoretical framework in physics that suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles
Supersymmetry
Theory of rapid universe expansion
physicists, including Alexei Starobinsky at Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Alan Guth at Cornell University, and Andrei Linde at Lebedev Physical
Cosmic_inflation
Number of positive, negative and zero eigenvalues of a metric tensor
Alternatively, it can be defined as the dimensions of a maximal positive and null subspace. By Sylvester's law of inertia these numbers do not depend on the
Metric_signature
Distance over which a wave's shape repeats
In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. In other
Wavelength
Set of integral curves of a vector field
Congruences generated by nowhere vanishing timelike, null, or spacelike vector fields are called timelike, null, or spacelike respectively. A congruence is called
Congruence (general relativity)
Congruence_(general_relativity)
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or simply special relativity, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert
Special_relativity
Hypothetical travel into the past or future
an arbitrary point in spacetime has very limited support in theoretical physics, and is usually connected only with quantum mechanics or wormholes. Some
Time_travel
Compact astronomical body
singularity would be stretched and squeezed by an infinite amount. They are also null singularities, meaning that a photon could travel parallel to them without
Black_hole
Nucleosynthesis Nuclide Nuclotron Nuker Team Null corrector Null dust solution Null surface Nuller Nulling interferometry Number density Numerical model
Index_of_physics_articles_(N)
Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light
Alan; Alan Kostelecký, V.; IUHET 280 (1994). "Nuclear null tests for spacelike neutrinos". Physics Letters B. 336 (3–4): 295–302. arXiv:hep-ph/9409404.
Faster-than-light
Branch of physics that studies light
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour, manipulation, and detection of electromagnetic radiation, including its interactions with
Optics
Last letter of the Greek alphabet
dominant nature of functions In relational database theory to represent NULL, a missing or inapplicable value In APL, to represent the right parameter
Omega
the 19th century—until the Michelson–Morley experiment returned its famous null result. Further experiments were in general agreement with Michelson and
Timeline of luminiferous aether
Timeline_of_luminiferous_aether
Extension to the Poincaré group
dimensions, conformal transformations map null rays to null rays and light cones to light cones, with a null hyperplane being a degenerate light cone.
Conformal_symmetry
preorder, when it would be confusing or not convenient to use < and >. ∅ (null sign) Denotes the empty set, and is more often written ∅ {\displaystyle
Glossary of mathematical symbols
Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols
Set of spacetime events, light-connected to a given event
In special and general relativity, a light cone (or null cone) is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event — localized to a single
Light_cone
Alternative of event horizon first suggested by Stephen Hawking
The notion of an "apparent horizon" begins with the notion of a trapped null surface. A (compact, orientable, spacelike) surface always has two independent
Apparent_horizon
Statistical interpretation with many tests
multiple null hypotheses. Suppose we have a number m of null hypotheses, denoted by: H1, H2, ..., Hm. Using a statistical test, we reject the null hypothesis
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
Unsolved problem in physics What is dark matter? How was it generated? More unsolved problems in physics In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is an
Dark_matter
Overview article
wavefront interferes with the wavefront coming from the actual object, giving a null fringe if there has been no movement of the object and mapping out the displacement
Physics_of_optical_holography
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
is called a light-like or null geodesic—a generalization of the straight lines along which light travels in classical physics. Such geodesics are the generalization
General_relativity
Type of massless subatomic particle
In physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous
Goldstone_boson
American physicist (1866–1941)
fundamental physics. Following on with the basic apparatus as the earlier Michelson–Morley experiment, Miller and Morley published another null result in
Dayton_Miller
Scientific procedure performed to validate a hypothesis
compared against its opposite or null hypothesis ("if I release this ball, it will not fall to the floor"). The null hypothesis is that there is no explanation
Experiment
Formulation in general relativity
of general relativity normally begin with the construction of a complex null tetrad { l a , n a , m a , m ¯ a } {\displaystyle \{l^{a},n^{a},m^{a},{\bar
Construction of a complex null tetrad
Construction_of_a_complex_null_tetrad
Elementary particle or quantum of light
electric field. This provides a means for precision tests of Coulomb's law. A null result of such an experiment has set a limit of m ≲ 10−14 eV/c2. Sharper
Photon
Motion-independent mass, equals total mass when at rest
mass times the speed of light squared. Systems whose four-momentum is a null vector, a light-like vector within the context of Minkowski space (for example
Invariant_mass
Mathematic demonstration of rotations in 3-dimensions
In mathematics and physics, the plate trick, also known as Dirac's string trick (after Paul Dirac, who introduced and popularized it), the belt trick
Plate_trick
Coordinate system used in general relativity
a spherically symmetric black hole) which are adapted to radial null geodesics. Null geodesics are the worldlines of photons; radial ones are those that
Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates
Eddington–Finkelstein_coordinates
Path of an object through spacetime
4-dimensional spacetime. It is an important concept of modern physics, and particularly theoretical physics. The concept of a "world line" is distinguished from
World_line
that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the specific statistical model assumed in the null hypothesis
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Topological structure of 4D spacetime
∪ D then has a topology nearly covering the plane, leaving out only the null cone on (0,0). Hyperbolic rotation of the plane does not mingle the quadrants
Spacetime_topology
Generalization of straight line to a curved space time
along a timelike geodesic; massless particles like the photon instead follow null geodesics (replace −1 with zero on the right-hand side of the last equation)
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesics_in_general_relativity
American physicist
of MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics. Best known for his work on null experiments, King was also involved in the Physical Sciences Study Committee
John_G._King_(physicist)
In particle physics, CLs represents a statistical method for setting upper limits (also called exclusion limits) on model parameters, a particular form
CLs_method_(particle_physics)
Analysis of the dimensions of different physical quantities
c ≠ 0 is known as a dynamic quantity. A quantity that has all exponents null is said to have dimension one. The unit chosen to express a physical quantity
Dimensional_analysis
Concept in linear algebra
θ ≤ 180°. The vector projection of a on b is a vector a1 which is either null or parallel to b. More exactly: a1 = 0 if θ = 90°, a1 and b have the same
Vector_projection
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
Topologically, the event horizon is defined from the causal structure as the past null cone of future conformal timelike infinity. A black hole event horizon is
Event_horizon
Topics referred to by the same term
deallocation COALESCE, an SQL function that selects the first non-null from a range of values Null coalescing operator, a binary operator that is part of the
Coalescence
NULL PHYSICS
NULL PHYSICS
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Danish, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Swedish
Shining Light; Light; The Light of the Sun from Eleanor and Variation of Helen; Sun Ray; Stone; Champion; Horn; Torch; Moon; Moon Elope
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a strong, aggressive, bull-like man, from Middle English bul(l)e, bol(l)e. Occasionally, the name may denote a keeper of a bull. Compare Bulman.German (mainly northern) : from a byname for a cattle breeder, keeper, or dealer. Compare South German Ochs.South German : nickname for a short fat man, a variant of Bolle, or a nickname for a man with the physical characteristics of a bull.
Boy/Male
British, English, Spanish
Strong Leader; Empty
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Possibly a shortened form of any of several German compound surnames formed with Full- or Füll-.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hill 1.English : from a pet form of Hugh.
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
Love's Labours Lost' A constable.
Girl/Female
Afghan, Australian, Danish, Swedish
God
Male
English
Medieval pet form of English Oliver, probably NOLL means "elf army."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old English personal name, Lulla.German (Lüll) : from a short form of any of the Germanic personal names formed with liut- ‘people’ as the first element.Catalan (also Llull) : from the personal name Lullus, probably of Germanic origin.
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Greek Emmanouel, EMÃNUEL means "God is with us."
Boy/Male
Celtic
Champion.
Surname or Lastname
Dutch and German
Dutch and German : from the personal name Nel, a reduced form of Cornelius.South German : nickname from Middle High German nelle ‘crown of the head’, perhaps denoting an obstinate person.English : from the Middle English personal name Nel(le), a variant of Neill.
Boy/Male
British, English
Grinder
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin, possibly from an unrecorded late survival of the Old English personal name Tula.South German (Tüll) : from a nickname for someone who was patient, from Middle High German dult ‘patience’; or from a personal name formed with the same word; or from Middle High German tult, dult ‘fair’, ‘festival’ (Bavarian Dult).South German : nickname for a stubborn man, Tull.Altered spelling of German Toll.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old English personal name Cula.Americanized spelling of German and Swedish Kall or German Koll.
Female
English
Pet form of English Eleanor, NELL means "foreign; the other."
Girl/Female
Arabic
Arabian Jasmine
Boy/Male
Hindu
Battle maiden
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English gulle ‘gull’ or gul(le) (Old Norse gulr) ‘yellow’, ‘pale’ (of hair or complexion).Swiss German : nickname for an irascible or unreliable person, from an Alemannic form of Latin gallus ‘rooster’. See also Guell.
Girl/Female
Greek American English French
Shining light. The bright one.
NULL PHYSICS
NULL PHYSICS
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pleased
Boy/Male
Australian, German
Counselor; Protector
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Muslim
Distinguished servant of Allah
Girl/Female
Native American
She has large breasts.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Hindu
Mother of the world, Goddess Lakshmi, Goddess Durga
Girl/Female
Arabic, British, Indian, Malayalam, Muslim, Tamil
Snow Drop; Waterfall
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servant of the Provider
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
One who Releases Another from Straitened Circumstances; An Epithet of Allah
NULL PHYSICS
NULL PHYSICS
NULL PHYSICS
NULL PHYSICS
NULL PHYSICS
a.
Quite full; choke-full.
Compar.
Not wanting in any essential quality; complete, entire; perfect; adequate; as, a full narrative; a person of full age; a full stop; a full face; the full moon.
a.
Full to the brim; quite full; chock-full.
v. t.
To move or operate by the motion of drawing towards one; as, to pull a bell; to pull an oar.
Compar.
Abundantly furnished or provided; sufficient in. quantity, quality, or degree; copious; plenteous; ample; adequate; as, a full meal; a full supply; a full voice; a full compensation; a house full of furniture.
v. t.
To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of; to free from integument; as, to hull corn.
a.
No; not any; as, nul disseizin; nul tort.
superl.
Not bright or clear to the eye; wanting in liveliness of color or luster; not vivid; obscure; dim; as, a dull fire or lamp; a dull red or yellow; a dull mirror.
v. t.
To gather with the hand, or by drawing toward one; to pluck; as, to pull fruit; to pull flax; to pull a finch.
superl.
Furnishing little delight, spirit, or variety; uninteresting; tedious; cheerless; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; as, a dull story or sermon; a dull occupation or period; hence, cloudy; overcast; as, a dull day.
v. t.
To heat, sweeten, and enrich with spices; as, to mull wine.
a.
Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce.
n.
The act of rowing; as, a pull on the river.
n.
A promontory; as, the Mull of Cantyre.
v. t.
To endeavor to raise the market price of; as, to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as, to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.
n.
A knob, handle, or lever, etc., by which anything is pulled; as, a drawer pull; a bell pull.
v. i.
To become dull or stupid.
n.
A contest; a struggle; as, a wrestling pull.
n.
A cully; a dupe; a gull. See Cully.
v. t.
To dispirit or deaden; to dull or blunt.