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List of incidents which could have led to a nuclear exchange
unintentional use close calls. Intentional use close calls may occur during increased military tensions involving one or more nuclear states. They may
Nuclear_close_calls
Incident that could have caused harm
both. 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident – Incident which nearly precipitated nuclear warfare, example of a nuclear close call Aviation safety –
Near_miss
Submarine whose onboard situation could have started World War III
believing they were under attack and possibly at war, came close to firing a T-5 nuclear torpedo at the US ships. On the night of October 1, 1962, B-59
Soviet_submarine_B-59
Incident which nearly precipitated nuclear warfare
after the Petrov incident Dead Hand – Soviet nuclear weapons-control system List of nuclear close calls Norwegian rocket incident – a rocket carrying
1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident
2024 book by Annie Jacobsen
NATO exercise that nearly triggered Soviet nuclear response Nuclear close calls – List of incidents where nuclear war was narrowly averted Doomsday Clock
Nuclear_War:_A_Scenario
2013 film by Peter Anthony
Naval officer who refused to launch a nuclear torpedo during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis List of nuclear close calls Punter, Jennie (25 April 2013). "Kinosmith
The_Man_Who_Saved_the_World
Soviet Navy vice admiral who prevented nuclear war (1926–1998)
world". Stanislav Petrov Sergey Preminin Nuclear close calls Martin J. Sherwin. Gambling with Armageddon: Nuclear Roulette from Hiroshima to the Cuban Missile
Vasily_Arkhipov
Israel's deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons
romanized: b'rerat shimshon) is a deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons as a "last resort" against any country whose military has invaded
Samson_Option
1984 Mexican radiation incident
rebar triggered the alert and notified Mexico's National Commission on Nuclear Safety and Safeguards [es] (CNSNS) on January 18. CNSNS confirmed a wide
Ciudad Juárez cobalt-60 contamination incident
Ciudad_Juárez_cobalt-60_contamination_incident
Radiation incident in Ukraine, 1980–1989
wall in 1989. Part of the wall was removed and sent to the Institute for Nuclear Research, where the caesium capsule was removed, identified by serial number
Kramatorsk radiological accident
Kramatorsk_radiological_accident
1979 undeclared nuclear explosion
Crozet Islands Vela incident (100x100) The Vela incident was an atmospheric nuclear explosion that occurred on 22 September 1979, near the South African territory
Vela_incident
Israeli Navy submarine class
or submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLCM) – presumably equipped with nuclear warheads or surface-to-air missile (SAM). Little is known about the class'
Dakar-class_submarine
Exposure of Iran nuclear weapons program
documenting the nuclear weapons work of Iran's AMAD Project between 1999 and 2015. The trove was part of Iran's clandestine nuclear archive, and documented
Israeli infiltration of an Iranian nuclear archive
Israeli_infiltration_of_an_Iranian_nuclear_archive
1965 investigation into loss of nuclear materials
Israel's nuclear weapons program. From 1965 to 1980, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated Zalman Shapiro, the president of Nuclear Materials
Apollo_affair
warheads in 1967. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis is regarded as a nuclear close call that cemented the concept of mutually assured destruction. Technologies
Nuclear weapons of the United States
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States
Israeli research center
1445 The Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center (Hebrew: קריה למחקר גרעיני – נגב ע"ש שמעון פרס, formerly the Negev Nuclear Research Center, sometimes
Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center
Shimon_Peres_Negev_Nuclear_Research_Center
Israeli research center
31°53′57″N 34°42′10″E / 31.8993°N 34.7028°E / 31.8993; 34.7028 Soreq Nuclear Research Center is a research and development institute situated near the
Soreq_Nuclear_Research_Center
American investigative journalist (born 1937)
Option (1991), Hersh chronicled the history of Israel's nuclear weapon program, arguing that nuclear capability was sought from the state's founding and that
Seymour_Hersh
1991 nonfiction book by Seymour Hersh
Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy is a 1991 book by Seymour Hersh. It details the history of Israel's nuclear weapons program
The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy
The_Samson_Option:_Israel's_Nuclear_Arsenal_and_American_Foreign_Policy
F5 tornado in 1991
tornado, the costliest tornado of the 1990s Nuclear close calls, incidents that nearly resulted in nuclear explosion, but did not. "The Kansas-Oklahoma
1991_Andover_tornado
Type of foreign policy
ambiguous as to whether or not it possesses nuclear weapons, which its commentators term "nuclear ambiguity" or "nuclear opacity". It is a general consensus that
Policy of deliberate ambiguity
Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity
Israeli covert operation in 1968 to steal processed uranium ore
ore) to support the Israeli nuclear weapons effort. France stopped supplying Israel with uranium fuel for the Dimona nuclear reactor after the 1967 Arab-Israeli
Operation_Plumbat
Israeli politician and intelligence officer (1926–2019)
Ministry of Defense chemist, visited the U.S. Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC) nuclear fuel plant. It emerged that 200 pounds (91 kg)
Rafi_Eitan
Intelligence gathering
(sometimes called the Apollo affair). In the mid-1960s, more than 200 pounds of weapons-grade highly enriched uranium went missing from a nuclear fuel plant
Israeli espionage in the United States
Israeli_espionage_in_the_United_States
Soviet Air Defence Forces officer (1939–2017)
naval officer who refused to launch a nuclear torpedo during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis List of nuclear close calls Mattern, Douglas (28 November 2007)
Stanislav_Petrov
Use of nuclear technology to exert imperial dominance
Crisis. Nuclear blackmail Korean War § U.S. threat of atomic warfare Nuclear close calls Castle Bravo Human radiation experiments Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Nuclear_imperialism
Israeli anti-WMD counter-proliferation doctrine
capability to possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD), particularly nuclear weapons. The roots of this doctrine can be tracked at least to Operation
Begin_Doctrine
1981 Israeli airstrike on an Iraqi nuclear reactor
Israeli Air Force on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor located 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of Baghdad, Iraq. The
Operation_Opera
2019-06-11. "North Korean Nuclear Negotiations: A Brief History". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2019-03-30. "Nuclear Close Calls: The Norwegian Rocket
Timeline of nuclear weapons development
Timeline_of_nuclear_weapons_development
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
to manage, and that the history of nuclear close-calls reveals that the lack of purposeful or accidental nuclear war can be at times variously attributed
Deterrence_theory
Computer worm first discovered in 2010
causing substantial damage to the Iran nuclear program after it was first installed on a computer at the Natanz Nuclear Facility in 2009. Although neither
Stuxnet
Israeli Navy submarine class
kiloton nuclear warhead containing up to 6 kilograms (13 lb) of plutonium. The latter, if true, would provide Israel with an offshore nuclear second-strike
Dolphin-class_submarine
Type of explosive arms
Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target. All nine nuclear
Nuclear_weapons_delivery
2007 Israeli airstrike on a suspected Syrian nuclear reactor
also known as Operation Orchard, was an Israeli airstrike on a suspected nuclear reactor, referred to as the Al Kibar site (also referred to in IAEA documents
Operation_Outside_the_Box
Israel possesses nuclear weapons, including discussions of use in the Gaza war. Citing security threats, Israel rejects international calls to accede to the
Israel and weapons of mass destruction
Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Hungarian-American physicist (1908–2003)
1930s, one of the many so-called "Martians", a group of Hungarian scientist émigrés. He made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy
Edward_Teller
False alarm sent over all communications media in the U.S. state of Hawaii
authorities to the public en masse List of nuclear close calls – List of incidents which could have led to a nuclear exchangePages displaying short descriptions
2018 Hawaii false missile alert
2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert
Family of Israeli ballistic missiles
that the reason for the U.S. airlift was that the Israelis were close to "going nuclear". It is believed that all Jericho 1 missiles were taken out of
Jericho_(missile)
sometimes referred to as "luck": "'Lucky' nuclear close calls can be defined as instances in which unwanted nuclear explosions were avoided either 'independently'
Nuclear_weapon
21st-century assassination campaign
Since 2010, multiple Iranian nuclear scientists have been killed in foreign-linked assassinations. Five were killed from 2010 to 2020 by car bombings
Assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists
Assassinations_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists
Israeli anti-ballistic missile family
of missiles with nuclear warheads, since it would never be able to supply hermetic defense and the impact of even a single nuclear warhead in Israel's
Arrow_(missile_family)
Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 to 1969
(sic)[dubious – discuss] memorandum of understanding (MOU) about Israeli nuclear capabilities. The 10 March 1965 MOU, which has been variously interpreted
Levi_Eshkol
nuclear power International Nuclear Events Scale Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents Nuclear close calls Nuclear criticality safety Nuclear
Vulnerability of nuclear facilities to attack
Vulnerability_of_nuclear_facilities_to_attack
Israeli Air Force base
and four F-16Is of Ramon Airbase flew an attack on an almost completed nuclear reactor in Syria under the code name Operation Outside the Box and destroyed
Hatzerim_Airbase
Israeli Air Force missile base and depot
heliport. Its facilities can now be clearly seen on satellite images. Nuclear warheads are supposed to be stored at the base, that can be fired from
Sdot_Micha_Airbase
Family of Israeli air-to-surface missiles
Turbo has been speculated as being employed in Israel's submarine-based nuclear forces. The United States operated the Popeye under a different designation
Popeye_(missile)
Military airbase in Wisconsin, USA
3055802 M48 Patton S/N 3748 M60A3 R/N 09A06670, S/N 3688A List of nuclear close calls Wisconsin World War II Army Airfields This article incorporates
Volk Field Air National Guard Base
Volk_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base
Espionage related to the creation of nuclear weapons
Nuclear espionage is the purposeful giving of state secrets regarding nuclear weapons to other states without authorization (espionage). There have been
Nuclear_espionage
that possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan is not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan's arsenal is estimated at 170 nuclear weapons as of
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Prime Minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983
West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Begin authorized the bombing of the Osirak nuclear plant in Iraq and the invasion of Lebanon in 1982 to fight Palestine Liberation
Menachem_Begin
Israeli naval base
submarines, widely believed to carry Popeye Turbo cruise missiles armed with nuclear weapons. On 7 February 2021, Brigadier General Tal Politis was appointed
Haifa_naval_base
Prime Minister of Israel (1948–1953; 1955–1963)
to have been "nearly obsessed" with Israel's obtaining nuclear weapons, feeling that a nuclear arsenal was the only way to counter the Arabs' superiority
David_Ben-Gurion
possess nuclear weapons, though only eight formally acknowledge possessing them. In order of first successful nuclear test, the world's nine nuclear-armed
List of states with nuclear weapons
List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons
Bilateral relations between Israel and Pakistan
was unable to stop Pakistan's nuclear weapons program from making major developments, a plan to bomb Pakistani nuclear facilities in a similar fashion
Israel–Pakistan_relations
of nuclear close calls List of nuclear test sites List of nuclear waste treatment technologies List of nuclear weapon test locations List of nuclear weapons
Lists_of_environmental_topics
NATO command post exercise in 1983
of the annual Able Archer exercise. It simulated a period of heightened nuclear tensions between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, leading to concerns that it
Able_Archer_83
2025 American military action
information actually showed Iran was getting closer to crossing the nuclear threshold. One of the major Iranian nuclear sites is the Fordow Uranium Enrichment
2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites
2025_United_States_strikes_on_Iranian_nuclear_sites
Bilateral relations
Damascus'". VOA News. 23 February 2025. "Syria calls for Israel's withdrawal from its lands, national dialogue closing statement says". Reuters. 25 February 2025
Israel–Syria_relations
Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 20 December 2018. "Nuclear Close Calls: The Cuban Missile Crisis". Atomic Heritage Foundation. 15 June 2018
Key events of the 20th century
Key_events_of_the_20th_century
to possess nuclear weapons. Estimates of Israel's stockpile range from 90 to 400 warheads, and the country is believed to possess a nuclear triad of delivery
Israel_and_nuclear_weapons
and the United States began a series of negotiations aimed at reaching a nuclear peace agreement, following a letter from US president Donald Trump to Iranian
2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations
2025–2026_Iran–United_States_negotiations
The Middle East nuclear weapon free zone (MENWFZ) is a proposed agreement similar to other nuclear-weapon-free zones. Steps towards the establishment of
Middle East nuclear weapon free zone
Middle_East_nuclear_weapon_free_zone
2025 war in West Asia
said that the nuclear facilities were "obliterated" but called the intelligence "very inconclusive." The Iranian Parliament voted to close the Strait of
Twelve-Day_War
Military conflict that deploys nuclear weaponry
pp. 29–32. "Nuclear strategists systematically underestimate the chances of nuclear accident... [T]here have been too many close calls for accidental
Nuclear_warfare
2011 nuclear accident in Japan
On 11 March 2011, a major nuclear accident started at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan. The direct cause was the Tōhoku
Fukushima_nuclear_accident
bombed and successfully destroyed an Iraqi nuclear reactor that was under construction at the Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Centre near Baghdad; the reactor
Iraq–Israel_relations
Israeli-American academic
nonproliferation and nuclear history academic communities, well known for his works on Israel's nuclear history and global nuclear history. He is currently
Avner_Cohen
Nuclear weapon designed for use on a battlefield
A tactical nuclear weapon (TNW) or non-strategic nuclear weapon (NSNW) is a nuclear weapon that is designed to be used on a battlefield in military situations
Tactical_nuclear_weapon
1956 international conspiracy against Egypt
allowed Israel to secure French commitments to constructing the Negev Nuclear Research Center and to supplying natural uranium. According to the Israeli
Protocol_of_Sèvres
Government Body in Israel
activities in the nuclear field. It is a front organization for the highly classified organization that headquarters the Israeli nuclear weapons program
Israel Atomic Energy Commission
Israel_Atomic_Energy_Commission
1995 misidentification of sounding rocket
and disclosure protocols were re-evaluated and redesigned. List of nuclear close calls Able Archer 83 Dr. Strangelove EUCOM History Office (23 January 2012)
Norwegian_rocket_incident
American historian (born 1942)
been investigating allegations made by the U.S. and Israel about Iran's nuclear program,[non-primary source needed] and has reported on U.S. diplomacy
Gareth_Porter
Main base of the Israeli Air Force
an aircraft. France, however, intended to use the Mirage IV solely as a nuclear bomber and vehemently rejected any option of selling the large jet to Israel
Tel_Nof_Airbase
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
Nuclear winter is a severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect that is hypothesized to occur after widespread urban firestorms following a large-scale
Nuclear_winter
Transformation of a nuclide to another
(see triple alpha process for an example very close to a three-body nuclear reaction). The term "nuclear reaction" may refer either to a change in a nuclide
Nuclear_reaction
Japanese manga collection
Lightning". Booklist. Retrieved 2024-09-17. "Newly Published, From Nuclear Close Calls to Hollywood's Greatest Love Affair". The New York Times. 2023-07-14
Offshore_Lightning
International treaty
nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons
2012 prose poem by Günter Grass
Dolphin submarine to Israel, a vessel with nuclear capabilities, and calls to supervise Israel's nuclear facilities." "Günter Grass launches poetry attack
What_Must_Be_Said
Scenario of civilization collapse or human extinction by nuclear weapons
A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear annihilation, nuclear armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where
Nuclear_holocaust
Risk of nuclear conflict during the Russo-Ukrainian war
statements widely seen as nuclear blackmail. The possibility of Russia using tactical nuclear weapons, and the risk of broader nuclear escalation, has been
Nuclear risk during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
Nuclear_risk_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)
Research project in Nazi Germany
relating to nuclear technology, including nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors, before and during World War II. These were variously called Uranverein
German nuclear program during World War II
German_nuclear_program_during_World_War_II
"expresses concern about the Israeli nuclear capabilities, and calls upon Israel to accede to the NPT and place all its nuclear facilities under comprehensive
Criticism_of_Israel
Power generated from nuclear reactions
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion
Nuclear_power
Israeli chemist (1903–1975)
April 6, 1975) was an Israeli nuclear scientist and chemist. He is often considered the father of the Israeli nuclear program. Ernst David Bergmann was
Ernst_David_Bergmann
Decommissioned nuclear power plant in Ukraine
Retrieved March 10, 2016. Roof fire at Chernobyl intensifies Ukrainian calls to close nuclear plant Baltimore Sun (October 13, 1991). Schmemann, Serge (1991-10-13)
Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
field of nuclear engineering. Particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are typically taught in close association. Nuclear astrophysics
Nuclear_physics
Severe events involving radioactive materials
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to
Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus. The difference in mass between the reactants and products
Nuclear_fusion
Bilateral relations
September 2012. "Iran's Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 June 2025. "Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel"
Iran–Israel_relations
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
only two nuclear accidents rated at the maximum severity on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident
Chernobyl_disaster
Material in core during nuclear meltdown
Corium, also called fuel-containing material (FCM) or lava-like fuel-containing material (LFCM), is a material that is created in a nuclear reactor core
Corium_(nuclear_reactor)
2014 book about Iran's alleged nuclear capabilities
Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare is a 2014 book authored by Gareth Porter, an American historian, investigative journalist
Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare
Manufactured_Crisis:_The_Untold_Story_of_the_Iran_Nuclear_Scare
One active & one decommissioned nuclear power plant in England
pressurised water reactor (PWR) and is the UK's newest nuclear power station, and is due to close in 2055. A third power station, to consist of twin EPR
Sizewell nuclear power stations
Sizewell_nuclear_power_stations
2019 film directed by Antonin Baudry
calls the film "tense submarine warfare for Tom Clancy fans", a reference to Clancy's submarine classic The Hunt for the Red October. Gallagher calls
The_Wolf's_Call
Force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms
than 0.7 fm, the nuclear force becomes repulsive. This repulsion is responsible for the size of nuclei, since nucleons can come no closer than the force
Nuclear_force
Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage
weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or
Weapon_of_mass_destruction
Set of three types of nuclear-strike standoff weapons
A nuclear triad is a three-pronged military force structure of global-range land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched
Nuclear_triad
of nuclear weapons is the world's third-largest, estimated at 620 nuclear warheads as of 2026[update]. China was the fifth country to develop nuclear weapons
Nuclear_weapons_of_China
Minimum energy required to separate particles within a nucleus
Nuclear binding energy in nuclear physics and nuclear engineering is the minimum energy that is required to fully disassemble the nucleus of one atom
Nuclear_binding_energy
Proposed nuclear power station
The Sizewell C nuclear power station is a project to construct an addition to the existing nuclear power station at Sizewell, Suffolk, England. It will
Sizewell C nuclear power station
Sizewell_C_nuclear_power_station
NUCLEAR CLOSE-CALLS
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