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Cylindrical conformal map projection
The Mercator projection (/mərˈkeɪtər/) is a conformal cylindrical map projection first presented by Flemish geographer and mapmaker Gerardus Mercator in
Mercator_projection
Adaptation of the standard Mercator projection
The transverse Mercator map projection (TM, TMP) is an adaptation of the standard Mercator projection. The transverse version is widely used in national
Transverse Mercator projection
Transverse_Mercator_projection
Mercator variant map projection
Web Mercator, Pseudo-Mercator, or Google Web Mercator is a variant of the Mercator map projection used for coordinates in WGS 84 Web Mercator or WGS 84
Web_Mercator_projection
Cylindrical equal-area map projection
a superior alternative to the commonly used Mercator projection, on the basis that the Mercator projection greatly distorts the relative sizes of regions
Gall–Peters_projection
Map projection
The oblique Mercator map projection is an adaptation of the standard Mercator projection. The oblique version is sometimes used in national mapping systems
Oblique_Mercator_projection
Equal-area pseudocylindrical global map projection
approved a resolution addressing the projection in September 2026. The resolution discouraged use of the Mercator projection for most uses other than navigation
Equal_Earth_projection
Flemish cartographer (1512–1594)
Gerardus Mercator (/dʒəˈrɑːrdəs mɜːrˈkeɪtər, mər-/; 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a Flemish geographer, cosmographer and cartographer. He is most
Gerardus_Mercator
Map projection in which every angle between two curves that cross each other is preserved
ellipsoid) Oblique Mercator projection Space-oblique Mercator projection (a modified projection from Oblique Mercator projection for satellite orbits with
Conformal_map_projection
Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane
sphere or ellipsoid. The most well-known map projection is the Mercator projection. This map projection has the property of being conformal. However,
Map_projection
Map projection system
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a system for specifying locations on the Earth, based on transverse Mercator projections. It covers the part of
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system
First map in Mercator's projection
map, characterizes the Mercator projection. While the map's geography has been superseded by modern knowledge, its projection proved to be one of the
Mercator_1569_world_map
Cylindrical compromise map projection
The Miller cylindrical projection is a modified Mercator projection, proposed by Osborn Maitland Miller in 1942. The latitude is scaled by a factor of
Miller_cylindrical_projection
Map projection
Space-oblique Mercator projection is a map projection devised in the 1970s for preparing maps from Earth-survey satellite data. It is a generalization
Space-oblique Mercator projection
Space-oblique_Mercator_projection
Ratio of distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground
formulae for the Mercator projections may be found in The Mercator Projections. Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections, John P. Snyder
Scale_(map)
Topics referred to by the same term
Mercator (Latin for "merchant") often refers to the Mercator projection, a cartographic projection named after its inventor, Gerardus Mercator. Mercator
Mercator
Cylindrical perspective map projection
illustration of projection, rather than for practical maps. Its vertical stretching is even greater than that of the Mercator projection, whose construction
Central cylindrical projection
Central_cylindrical_projection
Arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle
line is given by a straight line in the Mercator projection. This is a defining property of this projection. The effect of following a rhumb line course
Rhumb_line
Compromise map projection
It largely preserves the familiar shapes of the Mercator projection while modestly reducing Mercator's distortion. Polar regions are subject to extreme
Van_der_Grinten_projection
Pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection
IV projection, to express support for the African Union's UN proposal to implement an equal-area world map and phase out the Mercator projection. Given
Eckert_IV_projection
Cylindrical equidistant map projection
the use of all rectangular world maps) List of map projections Mercator projection 360 video projection Wikimedia Gallery of Equirectangular World Maps Flattening
Equirectangular_projection
Family of map projections
cylindric projection and its virtues, specifically disparaging Mercator's projection.) Weisstein, Eric W. "Cylindrical Equal-Area Projection." From MathWorld—A
Cylindrical equal-area projection
Cylindrical_equal-area_projection
Cylindrical compromise map projection
inherent in any projection. It distorts sizes less than the Mercator projection does, and distorts shapes less than an equirectangular projection does. The
Gall_stereographic_projection
Map of most or all of the surface of the Earth
Perhaps the best-known projection is the Mercator Projection, originally designed as a nautical chart. Mercator projection (showing between 82°S and
World_map
Polyhedral compromise map projection
The projection does not have some of the major distortions of the Mercator projection, like the expansion of countries in far northern latitudes, and allows
AuthaGraph_projection
Pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection
sinusoidal projection is a pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection, sometimes called the Sanson–Flamsteed or the Mercator equal-area projection. Jean Cossin
Sinusoidal_projection
Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position
parallels (as red lines) on the commonly used Mercator projection and the Transverse Mercator projection. On the former the parallels are horizontal and
Latitude
Pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection
distribution of phenomena. The projection was developed in 1923 by John Paul Goode to provide an alternative to the Mercator projection for portraying global areal
Goode_homolosine_projection
Pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection
phenomena. The projection was developed in 1929 by Samuel Whittemore Boggs [fr] (1889–1954) to provide an alternative to the Mercator projection for portraying
Boggs_eumorphic_projection
Cylindrical equidistant map projection
Nevertheless, the use of the Cassini projection has largely been superseded by the transverse Mercator projection, at least with central mapping agencies
Cassini_projection
Mapping practices and methods of analysis grounded in critical theory
Mercator projection known as the Web Mercator. Other mapping projections include the Gall-Peters and Robinson projection. The Gall-Peters projection attempts
Critical_cartography
transverse Mercator projection with zones spaced 3° of longitude apart, one half of the spacing of UTM zones, to further reduce distortion. Like any Mercator projection
Modified_transverse_Mercator
Conic conformal map projection
the equations used to perform the Lambert Conformal Conic and Mercator map projections of CCS83 Lambert Conformal Conic to Geographic Transformation Formulae
Lambert conformal conic projection
Lambert_conformal_conic_projection
Set of geographic coordinate systems for regions of the United States
on either a transverse Mercator projection or a Lambert conformal conic projection. The choice between the two map projections is based on the shape of
State_Plane_Coordinate_System
Diplomatic crisis over US annexation threats
on Greenland was likely fuelled by its appearance on the common Mercator projection of the globe, which greatly exaggerates the island's area relative
Greenland_crisis
Geographic notion
5 {\displaystyle \cos(60^{\circ })=0.5} . On the Mercator projection or on the Gall-Peters projection, a circle of latitude is perpendicular to all meridians
Circle_of_latitude
Polyhedral compromise map projection
over other projections for world maps. It has less distortion of relative size of areas, most notably when compared to the Mercator projection; and less
Dymaxion_map
Characterization of distortion in map projections
transverse Mercator projection with Tissot's indicatrices The stereographic projection with Tissot's indicatrices The sinusoidal projection with Tissot's
Tissot's_indicatrix
Type of technical drawing
military projection A variation of military projection is used in the video game SimCity Space-oblique Mercator projection Oblique Mercator projection Hatsusaburō
Oblique_projection
Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships
Robinson Van der Grinten A controversial projection is Web Mercator – a variant of the standard Mercator projection – which was adopted by Google around 2005
Map
English mathematician and cartographer (1561–1615)
which for the first time explained the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection by building on the works of Pedro Nunes, and set out a reference
Edward_Wright_(mathematician)
List of early depictions of the world
Gerardus Mercator world map of 1569 introduced a cylindrical map projection that became the standard map projection known as the Mercator projection. It was
Early_world_maps
Pseudoconical compromise map projection
systems having moved onto conformal projection systems, typically modeled on the transverse Mercator projection. The rectangular polyconic has one specifiable
Rectangular polyconic projection
Rectangular_polyconic_projection
Coordinate system for Israel
coordinate system for Israel since 1998. It is based on the transverse Mercator map projection, optimized for Israel. ITM has replaced the old Israeli Cassini
Israeli_Transverse_Mercator
Study and practice of making maps
the Bonne projection is intermediate between the two. In 1569, mapmaker Gerardus Mercator first published a map based on his Mercator projection, which uses
Cartography
Line between the poles with the same longitude
angular degrees north or south of the Equator. On a Mercator projection or on a Gall-Peters projection, each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of
Meridian_(geography)
from 090º to 270º. On a nautical chart plotted according to the Mercator projection, a loxodromic course appears as a straight line. Great circle navigation
Loxodromic_navigation
Unit of speed
navigating an aircraft or ship. On a standard nautical chart using Mercator projection, the horizontal (East–West) scale varies with latitude. On a chart
Knot_(unit)
Pseudoazimuthal compromise map projection
The Winkel tripel projection (Winkel III), a modified azimuthal map projection of the world, is one of three projections proposed by German cartographer
Winkel_tripel_projection
Cartesian geographic coordinate system
map projection. Each projected coordinate system, such as "Universal Transverse Mercator WGS 84 Zone 26N," is defined by a choice of map projection (with
Projected_coordinate_system
Type of conformal map projection
instance of a stereographic projection of the Earth's surface. Its popularity in cartography increased after Rumold Mercator used its equatorial aspect
Stereographic_map_projection
Coordinate system for Ireland
Northern Ireland (OSNI) in 2001. It is based on the transverse Mercator map projection, optimised for the island of Ireland. The older Irish grid reference
Irish_Transverse_Mercator
Web mapping service
according to a 2011 report. Google Maps previously used a variant of the Mercator projection, and therefore could not accurately show areas around the poles.
Google_Maps
Conformal map projection
the area of the sphere, against 13% for the Mercator projection and 50% for the stereographic projection. The curvature of lines representing great circles
Peirce_quincuncial_projection
Antiderivative of the secant function
calculus. It is important because it is the vertical coordinate of the Mercator projection, used for marine navigation with constant compass bearing. Three
Integral of the secant function
Integral_of_the_secant_function
Nautical charts, first made in the 13th century
navigational tools for crossing the open ocean, and were replaced by later Mercator projection charts. Portolans were most useful in close quarters identification
Portolan_chart
Azimuthal equidistant map projection
at the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. The projection appears in many Renaissance maps, and Gerardus Mercator used it for an inset of the north polar regions
Azimuthal equidistant projection
Azimuthal_equidistant_projection
Mathematical function relating circular and hyperbolic functions
of the Mercator projection. The two angle measures ϕ {\textstyle \phi } and ψ {\textstyle \psi } are related by a common stereographic projection s = tan
Gudermannian_function
is considered that this is because of the widespread use of the Mercator projection and the common mapping practice of putting Europe in the centre,
Omission of New Zealand from maps
Omission_of_New_Zealand_from_maps
Geographic coordinate system
Mercator projection. Its measurements used the Bessel ellipsoid as an approximation of the Earth's shape, and its maps used the Mercator projection as
Swiss_coordinate_system
Point or an area on Earth's surface or elsewhere
Gridlines on the Mercator projection
Location
Pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection
known as the Babinet projection, homalographic projection, homolographic projection, and elliptical projection. The projection trades accuracy of angle
Mollweide_projection
Pseudocylindrical compromise map projection
The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map that shows the entire world at once. It was created in an attempt to find a good compromise
Robinson_projection
American cartographer (1926–1997)
and set to work creating what became known as the space-oblique mercator projection, which he provided to the USGS at no charge. Library of Congress
John_P._Snyder
Conic equal-area map projection
The Albers equal-area conic projection, or Albers projection, is a conic, equal area map projection that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and
Albers_projection
Navigational aid drawn on early portolan charts
of exploration in marine navigation. Since the invention of the Mercator projection c. 1600, the term rhumb line (or loxodrome) has been redefined to
Rhumbline_network
Map projection
stereographic projection. List of map projections E. Guyou (1887) "Nouveau système de projection de la sphère: Généralisation de la projection de Mercator", Annales
Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection
Guyou_hemisphere-in-a-square_projection
Projection of a sphere through its center onto a plane
A gnomonic projection, also known as a central projection, gnomic projection, or rectilinear projection, is a perspective projection of a sphere, with
Gnomonic_projection
based on a conformal map projection of the Earth spheroid. It is used in conjunction with the universal transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to
Universal polar stereographic coordinate system
Universal_polar_stereographic_coordinate_system
Current calendar year
resolution which calls for wider use of the Equal Earth projection over the Mercator projection to better reflect the true size of equatorial regions such
2026
about the creating an alternative to the "Evil Mercator" (Hass and Ward 244). The Mercator projection has severe distortion at the poles and northern
John_Paul_Goode
Transverse Mercator projection has many implementations. Louis Krüger in 1912 developed one of his two implementations that expressed as a power series
Transverse Mercator: Redfearn series
Transverse_Mercator:_Redfearn_series
Registry of geographic reference systems
used by the Global Positioning System among others. EPSG:3857 - Web Mercator projection of WGS 84, used for display by many web-based mapping tools, including
EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
EPSG_Geodetic_Parameter_Dataset
Io). A triaxial equivalent of the Mercator projection was developed by John P. Snyder. Equidistant map projections of a triaxial ellipsoid were developed
Map projection of the triaxial ellipsoid
Map_projection_of_the_triaxial_ellipsoid
System of geographic grid references used in Great Britain
be slightly less flattened. The British maps adopt a transverse Mercator projection with an origin (the "true" origin) at 49° N, 2° W (an offshore point
Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid
Swiss polymath (1728–1777)
any of his projections but they are now known as: Lambert conformal conic Transverse Mercator Lambert azimuthal equal area Lagrange projection Lambert cylindrical
Johann_Heinrich_Lambert
measured on the Transverse Mercator projection N = distance north of the equator, measured on the Transverse Mercator projection ε = 2 r − 1 ( r − 1 ) 2
Transverse Mercator: Bowring series
Transverse_Mercator:_Bowring_series
Geographic coordinate system
the Palestine Grid but used the transverse Mercator projection. The difference between the two projections was only a few metres. After the establishment
Palestine_grid
New Zealand mathematician and geodesist (1913–1985)
Mercator Projection", New Zealand Geographer, 10 (2): 151–164, doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.1954.tb01308.x; reprinted as "The Oblique Mercator Projection"
Laurence_Patrick_Lee
(projected to the Airy ellipsoid then flattened using the Transverse Mercator projection), or as the point farthest from the boundary of the country (either
Centre points of the United Kingdom
Centre_points_of_the_United_Kingdom
Particular mapping that projects a sphere onto a plane
by Gualterius Lud was in stereographic projection, as were later the maps of Jean Rotz (1542), Rumold Mercator (1595), and many others. In star charts
Stereographic_projection
superseded the 1949 version, and the bespoke NZMG projection was replaced by New Zealand Transverse Mercator 2000 (NZTM2000). New Zealand topographical maps
Cartography_of_New_Zealand
This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on Wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. Because there is no limit to the number
List_of_map_projections
in 1617. The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became
List of Dutch inventions and innovations
List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_innovations
Imperial dynasty of China (960–1279)
feature a cylindrical projection similar to Mercator projection, the latter being a cartographic innovation of Gerardus Mercator in 1569. The Song Chinese
Song_dynasty
Type of map projection
or equal-area projection is a map projection that preserves relative area measure between any and all map regions. Equivalent projections are widely used
Equal-area_projection
Topics referred to by the same term
Philippines Theban Mapping Project, of archaeologic sites Transverse Mercator projection 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine, an organic chemistry reagent Thymidine
TMP
Topographic map of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
for want of a better. The Mercator projection is now used on the vast majority of nautical charts. Since the Mercator projection is conformal, that is, bearings
Nautical_chart
Model of n-dimensional hyperbolic geometry
orthographic projection; the band model of the hyperbolic plane is a conformal “cylindrical” projection analogous to the Mercator projection of the sphere;
Hyperboloid_model
Graphical representation of the scale of a map
shown below. Since most nautical charts are constructed using the Mercator projection whose scale varies substantially with latitude, linear scales are
Linear_scale
Decolonial theory
September 4th 2026, arguing in favor of Equal Earth map projection as opposed to Mercator projection maps of the world, Robert Dussey, Minister for Foreign
Cognitive_justice
Result of differential geometry proved by Gauss
perfect, even for a portion of the Earth's surface. Thus every cartographic projection necessarily distorts at least some distances. The catenoid and the helicoid
Theorema_Egregium
East-West geographic coordinate
"Chapter 5: The geometry of the ellipsoid". The Mercator Projections: The Normal and Transverse Mercator Projections on the Sphere and the Ellipsoid with Full
Longitude
were used for their maps of Canada and South America. Like Ortelius and Mercator, the Vaugondy's credited their sources, which has greatly benefited the
Robert_de_Vaugondy
Direction that Muslims face while praying salah
Even though a line drawn on world maps—such as those using the Mercator projection—would suggest a southeastern direction to Mecca, the astronomical
Qibla
Mercator projection, with calculated mathematical tables which made it possible to use in practice. The book made clear why only with this projection
History_of_navigation
Cartographer and US Army officer (1918–2007)
(September 23, 1918 – March 27, 2007) helped to develop the Space-oblique Mercator projection with John P. Snyder and John Junkins, and developed the first satellite
Alden_Partridge_Colvocoresses
Azimuthal perspective map projection
Orthographic projection in cartography has been used since antiquity. Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a
Orthographic_map_projection
Documentary television series by Ali Mazrui
ethnocentrism”, reflected in the contemporary map; based on the Mercator projection, which portrays North America as one and a half times the size of
The Africans: A Triple Heritage
The_Africans:_A_Triple_Heritage
System of geographic location identifiers
adopted extensions to the "geo" URI scheme: z: Zoom level for Web Mercator projection scaling. The value is an integer from 1 to 21. q: Perform a search
Geo_URI_scheme
Series of mountain ranges in the western Americas
North American Cordillera: A Color Shaded-Relief Map in Oblique Mercator Projection About the Pacific-North America Pole of Rotation, Scale Circa 1:5
American_Cordillera
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MERCATOR PROJECTION
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