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Mental illnesses and their treatments in Ancient Rome
Mental illness in ancient Rome was recognized in law as an issue of mental competence, and was diagnosed and treated in terms of ancient medical knowledge
Mental illness in ancient Rome
Mental_illness_in_ancient_Rome
Mental illness was an issue that many faced in ancient times much like in the modern world. In ancient Greece, many were divided over what they believed
Mental illness in ancient Greece
Mental_illness_in_ancient_Greece
conditions such as cranial hemorrhaging. Mental illnesses were well known in ancient Mesopotamia, where diseases and mental disorders were believed to be caused
History_of_mental_disorders
Overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome
ancient Rome Medical community of ancient Rome Mental illness in ancient Rome Surgery in ancient Rome Naming conventions People in ancient Rome List of
Outline_of_ancient_Rome
Psychological disorder of morality
Examination of conscience Hyperreligiosity Mental illness in ancient Greece Mental illness in ancient Rome Psychology of religion Spiritual crisis Spiritual
Scrupulosity
in ancient Rome that required face-to-face, physical and private meetings not allowing the substitution of an enslaved person or representative. In Commentarii
Disability_in_ancient_Rome
Roman civilisation from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD
Santonum Meditrinalia Medullia Megalesia Menologia rustica Mens Mental illness in ancient Rome Mercedonius Mercuralia Mercury (mythology) Meroë Head Mesopotamia
Index of ancient Rome–related articles
Index_of_ancient_Rome–related_articles
abortifacient in ancient Rome was the "Balm of Gilead", a plant native to Gilead. Pliny claimed that the plant was "worth double its weight in silver". Dioscorides
Gynecology_in_ancient_Rome
Identification of emperors with divine authority
triumphal dress or simply mental illness. Whatever his plans, there is no evidence for his official cult as a living divus in Rome or his replacement of state
Roman_imperial_cult
Abnormal mental or behavioral patterns
Conceptually, mental insanity also is associated with the biological phenomenon of contagion (that mental illness is infectious) as in the case of copycat
Insanity
Green area in an urban location
All are factors which contribute to the risks of chronic disease and mental illness. Individuals and families who lived closer to 'formal' parks or open
Urban_green_space
Legal concept regarding a defendant's state of mind
guilty due to mental defect can be found in Catholic canon law. The concept of defense by insanity has existed since ancient Greece and Rome. During the
Insanity_defense
Hospital specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders
became the typical European response to mental illness. The first public mental asylums were established in Britain; the passing of the County Asylums
Psychiatric_hospital
changes in psychiatry, a medical specialty which diagnoses, prevents and treats mental disorders. Specialty in psychiatry can be traced in Ancient India
History_of_psychiatry
Mental state of unfulfilled or unrequited love
Hippocratic principles. Physicians of ancient Greece and Rome whose writings survive interpret lovesickness as a depressive illness, characterized by sadness, insomnia
Lovesickness
Intentional killing of human offspring
after the historical era began, including ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Phoenicians, ancient China, ancient Japan, Pre-Islamic Arabia, early modern
Infanticide
British philosopher and academic (born 1961)
recipe for mental health or mental sickness?’ in Philosophical Inquiry; vol. XXIX no. 5 (a special issue dedicated to the relation between ancient philosophy
Angie_Hobbs
Fictional city in Middle-earth
Sandra Ballif Straubhaar states in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia that "the most striking similarities" are with ancient Rome. She identifies several parallels:
Minas_Tirith
1st-century BC Greek physician
it to treat mental illness along with other ailments including viper bites and scorpion stings. Gentle music was recommended to those in a flippant state
Asclepiades_of_Bithynia
Branch of medicine devoted to mental disorders
texts on mental disorders are from ancient India and include the Ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita. The first hospitals for curing mental illness were established
Psychiatry
Generalized neurodevelopmental disorder
than a disease. Intellectual disability can be distinguished in many ways from mental illness, such as schizophrenia or depression. Currently, there is no
Intellectual_disability
Italian Roman Catholic saint
Bibiana of Rome (also sometimes Bibiane, Viviana, or Vivian) is an early Christian Virgin martyr. The earliest mention in an authentic historical authority
Bibiana_of_Rome
Gallo-Roman exorcist and missionary
invoked against mental illness and infertility, and the faculty of medicine of the University of Paris kept their great seal safely in the Church of Saint-Mathurin
Maturinus
Principle in mental health law
involuntary treatment for mental illness. The term "dangerousness" refers to one's ability to hurt oneself or others physically or mentally within an imminent
Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
Obligatory_Dangerousness_Criterion
canon law. History of medicine Disability in ancient Rome Dinu, Radu Harald (2025). "Disability History". In Bennett, Gabriel; Goodall, Emma (eds.). The
Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages
1955 unfinished Greek tragedy
which is a result of a mental illness - the therapy through sleep and dreams that are directly suggestive of what we would in ancient drama call "correspondences"
Asclepius_(Sikelianos)
Roman statute forming the law
encompassing debt created a new understanding within social classes in ancient Rome that ensured financial exploitation would be limited within legal business
Twelve_Tables
Overview of and topical guide to ancient Greece
ancient Greece Agriculture in ancient Greece Pottery of ancient Greece Medicine in ancient Greece Food and diet in ancient medicine Mental illness in
Outline_of_ancient_Greece
Situation in a single-person monarchy in which two or more people hold the title
It is distinct from diarchies or duumvirates (such as Andorra, ancient Sparta and Rome), where monarchical power is permanently divided between two rulers;
Coregency
Sleeping in a sacred area
sleeping in a sacred area with the intention of experiencing a divinely inspired dream or cure. Incubation was practised by many ancient cultures. In perhaps
Incubation_(ritual)
Intentional act causing one's own death
than that found in the general population. War veterans have a higher risk of suicide due in part to higher rates of mental illness, such as post-traumatic
Suicide
Historical view of extreme depression
to the spleen. Hippocrates and other ancient physicians described melancholia as a distinct disease with mental and physical symptoms, including persistent
Melancholia
Act of engaging in prostitution for an extreme need
policed the recruitment of under-age girls in Bangladesh. Engaging in survival sex can have serious effects, mentally and physically damaging to youth into
Survival_sex
Italian politician (1830–1916)
in Rome; as well as professor in numerous subfields of medicine. Guido Baccelli spent almost his entire clinical and teaching life in the ancient, glorious
Guido_Baccelli
1st/2nd century AD Greek physician
2007.007011. PMID 18463065. S2CID 27256621. Gerdtz, J (May 1994). "Mental illness and the Roman physician: the legacy of Soranus of Ephesus". Hospital
Soranus_of_Ephesus
universe and humanity. Roman mythology is the body of myths of ancient Rome as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans. One of a wide
Mythology_of_Italy
Grandson of Tiberius, adopted son of Caligula
by Tiberius, who claimed that never before in the history of Rome had twins been born to a man as high in rank as Drusus, and the event was commemorated
Tiberius_Gemellus
Period of Byzantine history from 518 to 602
was invited to Rome by Pope Silverius while the king was in Ravenna. Hearing of this, the Gothic king Vitiges sent a force to besiege Rome. Belisarius had
Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty
Roman general and statesman (died 172 BC)
a success, he was plagued by controversy and suffered a mental breakdown that culminated in suicide. According to his recorded filiation "Q. f. M. n
Quintus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 179 BC)
Quintus_Fulvius_Flaccus_(consul_179_BC)
Offering of material possessions or the lives of animals or humans to a deity
Sacrificial Ritual in Roman Poetry: Disciplines and their Models." In Rituals in Ink: A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome Held at Stanford
Sacrifice
Slavery as a means to repay debt
Many forms of debt bondage existed in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Debt bondage was widespread in ancient Greece. The only city-state known to
Debt_bondage
Ceremony for a person who has died
the dead, most probably intended for averting the anger of the dead. In ancient Rome, the eldest surviving male of the household, the pater familias, was
Funeral
Fresco by Michelangelo on the Sistine Chapel ceiling
doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450140059034. PMID 2205727. Excerpt via Mental Health & Illness.com. Retrieved 21 September 2010. Tanja Stark (2015). "'Crashing
The_Creation_of_Adam
Roman emperor from AD 37 to 41
– via Internet Archive. Sidwell, Barbara (2010). "Gaius Caligula's mental illness". The Classical World. 103 (2): 183–206. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0165. ISSN 0009-8418
Caligula
Condition of not being accepted as human by society
Institutionalization and segregation of those labeled with a mental illness. Change in the identity of an individual. This was a major theme during the
Social_death
Comparative overview of abortion law and practice
in cases of risk to the life of the pregnant woman, grave permanent injury to her physical or mental health, risk of injury to her physical or mental
Abortion_in_Europe
Removal of male sex organs
unable to access suitable medical care. In some cases, a person with a mental illness has emasculated other people. In some circumstances, a person may be
Emasculation
Large permanent human settlement
words such as metropolis. In toponymic terminology, names of individual cities and towns are called astionyms (from Ancient Greek ἄστυ 'city or town'
City
described at least as far back as classical times. In ancient Greece, disease was thought due to an imbalance in the four basic bodily fluids, or humors. Personality
History_of_depression
Roman general and politician (236/235 – c. 183 BC)
general and statesman who was one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War. Often regarded as one of the greatest
Scipio_Africanus
"The solitary vice: the superstition that masturbation could cause mental illness". West J Med. 175 (1): 66–8. doi:10.1136/ewjm.175.1.66. PMC 1071473
History_of_masturbation
Roman client prince and the last king of Cappadocia
Augustus, Archelaus had a temporary mental illness which resulted in the appointment of a guardian until he recovered. In 18/17 BC, his daughter Glaphyra
Archelaus_of_Cappadocia
with wolves could in some cases possibly cause mental illness and death. One of the earliest written references to black wolves occurs in the Babylonian
Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology
Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology
Ritualistic killing, usually as an offering
symbolic act in its earliest attestation. According to Pliny the Elder, human sacrifice in ancient Rome was abolished by a senatorial decree in 97 BCE, although
Human_sacrifice
Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher (c. 129–216 AD)
History – Ancient surgery The Empire's Physician: Prosperity, Plague, and Healing in Ancient Rome, NYU's Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Lienhard
Galen
Burning of a dead body as a disposal method
but not universal, in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome. According to Cicero, burial was considered the more archaic rite in Rome. The rise of Christianity
Cremation
Attraction between people of the same sex or gender
adopted the same position in 1975, and urged all mental health professionals "to take the lead in removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated
Homosexuality
Legal killing of a person as punishment
issues in America. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4408-0057-3. Bauman, Richard A. (2002). Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome. New York:
Capital_punishment
Historical bereavement practice
visitors began the practice of leaving coins for the dead in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. It was believed that when people died, they needed coins
Coins_for_the_dead
Measure of average lifespan in a given population
PMID 24648481. "Morbidity and Mortality in People With Serious Mental Illness" (PDF). National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. 2006. Archived
Life_expectancy
Curse brought by a malevolent glare
(2016). Beware the Evil Eye: The Evil Eye in the Bible and the Ancient World: Volume 2: Greece and Rome. Eugene, OR: Cascade. Elworthy, Frederick Thomas
Evil_eye
Theories within a culture which explain diseases and illnesses in impersonal terms
In medical anthropology, naturalistic disease theories are those theories, present within a culture, which explain diseases and illnesses in impersonal
Naturalistic_disease_theories
Efforts to reduce the risk of suicide
interventions to stop an impending suicide, methods may include: Treating mental illness Improving coping strategies of people who are at risk Reducing risk
Suicide_prevention
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
micronutrient deficiencies. It adversely affects physical and mental functioning, and causes changes in body composition and body cell mass. Undernutrition is
Malnutrition
Impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions
reported to play a significant part in the high rate of unemployment among those with a diagnosis of mental illness. People with health conditions such
Disability
Roman emperor from AD 41 to 54
born outside Italy. As he had a limp, a stammer, and a tremor due to an illness he suffered when young, Claudius was ostracized by his family and was excluded
Claudius
Professional in the business of funeral procedures
considered care for a grave to be more important than the actual burial. In ancient Rome, wealthy individuals trusted family to care for their corpse, but funeral
Funeral_director
Professional soldier of the Roman army
planned in such a way as to minimize the spread of water-borne illnesses, which ravaged many ancient armies. Engineers took special care in piping fresh
Legionary
Behavior linked to spiritual pursuits
mendicants and teachers. These behaviors may seem to be symptoms of mental illness, but could also be manifestations of religious ecstasy or even be "strategic
Divine_madness
Roman emperor from 574 to 582
power in 574 when Justin II, during an abatement in a period of severe mental illness, proclaimed him caesar and adopted him as his own son. In 578, the
Tiberius_II_Constantine
Means-oriented social benefit
Retrieved 2022-04-22. Samuel Lézé, "France", in: Andrew Scull (ed.), Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness : an A-to-Z Guide, Sage, 2014, pp. 316–17 Allan
Welfare_spending
Permanent or temporary changes to human sex organs
Retrieved 2017-12-13. Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision
Genital modification and mutilation
Genital_modification_and_mutilation
("Compliant Venus") was the first Venus for whom a shrine (aedes) was built in ancient Rome. Little is known of her cult beyond the circumstances of her temple
Venus_Obsequens
Supernatural being originating in folklore
of impressions of past acquaintances – ghosts who represent mental maps of other people in the world and serve as philosophical reference points. Object
Ghost
Intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering
practiced in Ancient Greece and Rome: for example, hemlock was employed as a means of hastening death on the island of Kea, a technique also employed in Massalia
Euthanasia
Class of demons in ancient Mesopotamian mythology
"evil udug" is Udug Hul in Sumerian and Utukkū Lemnutū in Akkadian. The evil udug is often a vector for physical and mental illnesses. The word udug by itself
Udug
Deliberate act of a parent killing their own child
of filicide-suicide in the United Kingdom between 1997 and 2006 showed that 37% of the perpetrators had a recorded mental illness at the time. The most
Filicide
to experience mental illness and psychological distress due to their intersecting experiences of sexism, racism, and homophobia. Mental health providers
History_of_lesbianism
prominent role in ancient legend and history, like with Ajax the Great, who killed himself in the Trojan War, and Lucretia, whose suicide in around 510 B
History_of_suicide
death recorded throughout ancient history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources. Milo of Croton, killed by lions as in later legends The death of
List of unusual deaths in antiquity
List_of_unusual_deaths_in_antiquity
French historian and novelist
combined textbooks for students and articles on illness and healing in the Roman world as well as various mental and cultural aspects of the late Roman society
Bertrand_Lançon
Unidentified plant used as a seasoning and medicine
instead, to silphium's use as a treatment for mental illness, tying it to the "madness of love"). In the Italian military heraldry, il silfio d'oro reciso
Silphium
Concept in classical philosophy
like "awareness". In colloquial British English, nous also denotes "good sense", which is close to one everyday meaning it had in Ancient Greece. The nous
Nous
been common in Abrahamic religions, or more towards passive (penetrated) participants, as was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Which acts are
History_of_male_homosexuality
Grandson and heir of Augustus (20 BC – 4 AD)
Marcellus, then just 19. However, Marcellus died of an illness that had spread throughout the city of Rome that year. With Marcellus gone, Augustus arranged
Gaius_Caesar
TV series
9 January 2026,[update] 140 episodes of Father Brown have aired, currently in its thirteenth series. All episodes for this series became available on the
List_of_Father_Brown_episodes
common in Ancient Rome, and often performed very casually whenever circumstances made the end of a union sensible. There is some evidence that in the early
History_of_marriage
American traditionalist Catholic priest (born 1964)
evaluate modern psychological practices. However, his specific views on mental illness have prompted debate over his boundary definitions between psychology
Chad_Ripperger
1949 philosophical book by Emil Cioran
decay, which may occur in individuals as disease or mental illness, and which may occur in societies as decline into decadence. In 1937, Cioran left his
A Short History of Decay (book)
A_Short_History_of_Decay_(book)
Postulated continued existence after death
future heroes of Rome who will live if Aeneas fulfills his destiny in founding the city. Other eschatological views populate the Ancient Greek worldview;
Afterlife
Swiss-American psychiatrist (1866–1950)
psychological factors and symptoms pertaining to a patient. He considered mental illnesses to be a product of dysfunctional personality, not a pathology of the
Adolf_Meyer_(psychiatrist)
Men attracted to other men
Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture. Ancient Cultures (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4443-4986-3. Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military
Gay_men
Surgically drilling a hole in the skull
the spiritual image in ancient Peru, an illness developed after being separated from the body. Trepanation would have been done in order to allow the spirit
Trepanning
enacted in 1985 and 2012, respectively. In 2010, France became the first country in the world to declassify gender dysphoria as a mental illness. Additionally
LGBTQ_rights_in_France
How societies view, stigmatize or value homosexuality
homosexuality was in and of itself a mental illness. Homosexuality in and of itself was removed from the DSM in 1974, but a diagnosis of distress related
Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality
the history of ancient Rome from the traditional end of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and
History_of_the_Roman_Empire
15th-century codex in an unknown script
genuine creation, mental illness or delusion seems to have affected the author.[page needed] Since the manuscript's modern rediscovery in 1912, there have
Voynich_manuscript
German philosopher (1844–1900)
Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of a serious mental illness, and his mother Franziska decided
Friedrich_Nietzsche
Collection of around 60 Ancient Greek medical works
the corpus, the ancient physicians develop theories of illness, sometimes grappling with the methodological difficulties that lie in the way of effective
Hippocratic_Corpus
Laws concerning suicide around the world
perceived tyranny or injustice which occurred occasionally in cultures such as ancient Rome, medieval Japan, or today's Tibet Autonomous Region. While
Suicide_legislation
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