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Version history of the Linux kernel
the version history of the Linux kernel, a free, open-source, and Unix-like kernel that is used on many computer systems worldwide. Since the Linux kernel's
Linux_kernel_version_history
Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel. The resulting Linux kernel has
History_of_Linux
Family of Unix-like operating systems
Linux (/ˈlɪnʊks/ LIN-uuks) is a family of free and open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, which was first released on 17 September
Linux
History of the Ubuntu operating system
Announced as 6.20. Debian version history Fedora Linux release history openSUSE version history Linux kernel version history "The story of Ubuntu", Ubuntu
Ubuntu_version_history
Version of the Linux kernel without proprietary code
to the Free Software Foundation Latin America, Linux-libre is a modified version of the Linux kernel that contains no binary blobs, obfuscated code,
Linux-libre
Free Unix-like operating system kernel
The Linux kernel is a free and open-source Unix-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds
Linux_kernel
Linux distribution
The distribution included a previous version of GCC for compiling the kernel, called "kgcc". As of Red Hat Linux 8.0, UTF-8 was enabled as the default
Red_Hat_Linux
Project for adding Rust language to Linux kernel
Rust were accepted, and released in kernel version 6.8. In December 2025, it was announced that Rust in the Linux kernel is no longer experimental with Rust
Rust_for_Linux
List of Windows 10 operating system versions
phones on the Your Phone app, Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 (WSL 2; WSL 2 includes a custom Linux kernel, unlike its predecessor), the ability to use Windows
Windows_10_version_history
Virtualization module in the Linux kernel
kernel to function as a hypervisor. It was merged into the mainline Linux kernel in version 2.6.20, which was released on February 5, 2007. KVM requires a
Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine
Releases of Debian GNU/Linux, a computer operating system
release", is version 9.13, released on 18 July 2020; 5 years ago (2020-07-18). Major upgrades include the Linux kernel going from version 3.16 to 4.9,
Debian release version history
Debian_release_version_history
Operating system distribution
Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a commercial Linux distribution developed by Red Hat. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is released in server versions for x86-64,
Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
Mid-weight family of operating systems
(Advanced Hardware Support), a 64-bit version of Xfce with newer graphics drivers, currently with Linux kernel 6.16 (or newer) and firmware for very recent
MX_Linux
Software engineering tool
some other Linux kernel developers had previously taken advantage of. Version control List of version-control software Comparison of version-control software
Distributed_version_control
Feature of the Linux kernel that partitions kernel resources
Namespaces are a feature of the Linux kernel that partition kernel resources such that one set of processes sees one set of resources, while another set
Linux_namespaces
Unique identification of incremental software updates
of the Linux kernel, and Linux 2.4 was the stable release family that Linux 2.3 matured into. After the minor version number in the Linux kernel is the
Software_versioning
Fedora OS release dates
in Fedora Core 1 included: Version 2.4.19 of the Linux kernel; Version 2.4 of the GNOME Desktop Environment (GNOME); Version 3.1 of the K Desktop Environment
Fedora_Linux_release_history
Linux distribution
efficient desktops and servers.[citation needed] Gentoo supports building a Linux kernel tailored to specific hardware. It provides detailed control over which
Gentoo_Linux
Fatal error condition in Unix-like operating systems
following is an implementation of the Linux kernel final initialization in kernel_init(): static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused) { ... /* * We try
Kernel_panic
Linux distribution by Fedora Project
estimated 1.2 million users, including Linus Torvalds, creator of the Linux kernel (as of November 2025[update]). Fedora has a reputation for focusing on
Fedora_Linux
Console of the Linux kernel
The Linux console is a system console internal to the Linux kernel. A system console is the device which receives all kernel messages and warnings and
Linux_console
Linux distribution of the late 1990s and early 2000s
first commercial distribution to include version 2 of the Linux kernel. Caldera offered three versions of OpenLinux, with one for hackers and the other two
Caldera_OpenLinux
Lightweight Linux distribution
Puppy Linux is a family of light-weight Linux distributions that focus on ease of use and minimal memory footprint. The entire system can be run from
Puppy_Linux
Lightweight Linux distribution
Tiny Core Linux (TCL) is a minimal Linux kernel based operating system focusing on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. It was developed by
Tiny_Core_Linux
Distributed operating system kernel
version of the HarmonyOS operating system, replacing previous versions that relied on the AOSP compatibility layer, Linux kernel, and LiteOS kernel.
HongMeng_Kernel
List of Android operating system versions
tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36. The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February
Android_version_history
Linux distribution for Apple Silicon-powered Macs
Asahi Linux is a project that ports the Linux kernel and related software to Apple Silicon-powered Macs, started by Hector Martin. It does so by reverse-engineering
Asahi_Linux
Framework to support computer security models
Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework allowing the Linux kernel to support, without bias, a variety of computer security models. LSM is licensed
Linux_Security_Modules
Feature for a Linux environment in Windows
real Linux kernel – a managed virtual machine (via Hyper-V) that implements the full Linux kernel. As a result, WSL 2 is compatible with more Linux binaries
Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux
Finnish and American software engineer (born 1969)
who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel since 1991. He also created the distributed version control system Git. Torvalds was one of the
Linus_Torvalds
Linux distribution by Oracle
Compatible Kernel (RHCK) – identical to the kernel shipped in RHEL Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel (UEK) – based on newer mainline Linux kernel versions, with
Oracle_Linux
Linux distribution
Linux is a set of Russian operating systems based on RPM Package Manager (RPM) and built on a Linux kernel and Sisyphus package repository. ALT Linux
ALT_Linux
Mascot of Linux
the Linux kernel. Originally created as an entry to a Linux logo competition, Tux is the most commonly used icon for Linux, although different Linux distributions
Tux_(mascot)
Arch-derived Linux distribution
Garuda Linux is an Arch Linux-based, Linux distribution targeted towards gaming. It offers multiple desktop environments, but the KDE Plasma version is the
Garuda_Linux
Resource limit method in Linux
"container" in the Linux kernel context, and the control groups functionality was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 2.6.24, which was
Cgroups
Rolling release Linux distribution
Arch Linux (/ɑːrtʃ/) is an open source, rolling release Linux distribution. Arch Linux is kept up-to-date by regularly updating the individual pieces
Arch_Linux
Kernelspace root solution for Android
adapted KernelSU for GKI-compatible kernels. The adaptation, which was released in January 2023, ensures that any device booting with Linux kernel version 5
Kernel_Assisted_Superuser
1990s debate regarding the Linux kernel
Torvalds had a written debate over the Internet regarding the Linux kernel and kernel architecture in general. Tanenbaum, the creator of Minix, began
Tanenbaum–Torvalds_debate
History of Apple's current Mac operating system
eventually became the basis for Mac OS X. NeXTSTEP was based on the Mach kernel developed at CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) and BSD, an implementation
MacOS_version_history
PlayStation 3 feature
from a Live CD that the distributor's kernel would boot. The installation manual for the Yellow Dog Linux version for PS3 stated, "It was fully intended
OtherOS
Linux distribution
was the first release to offer a comprehensive Linux distribution containing more than the Linux kernel, GNU, and other basic utilities, including an implementation
Softlanding_Linux_System
Linux distribution
GNU/Linux-libre is a Linux distribution for the i686 and x86-64 architectures, including the GNU operating system components and the Linux-libre kernel instead
Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre
I/O fail-over and load-balancing
included in mainline Linux with kernel version 2.6.12, which was released on June 17, 2005. DM-MPIO in Linux consists of kernel components and user-space
Linux_DM_Multipath
Operating system
Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS), formerly known as Linux-8086, is a Linux-like operating system kernel. It is a subset of the Linux kernel, intended
Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset
Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset
to get the kernel release and then cross-reference it with the RHEL version history. Asianux Asianux 1.0 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.0. Asianux
List of commercial products based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux
List_of_commercial_products_based_on_Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
Linux distribution
April 3rd, 2026, Artix Linux 2026.04 was published as the first official ISO release for 2026, which comes with Linux kernel 6.19.10, XLibre as the default
Artix_Linux
Ubuntu or Debian-based Linux distribution
developed by the Linux Mint team, with MATE and Xfce available as alternatives. A Debian based version of Linux Mint also exists, called Linux Mint Debian
Linux_Mint
Operating system based on the Linux kernel
A Linux distribution, often abbreviated as distro, is an operating system that includes the Linux kernel for its kernel functionality. Although the name
Linux_distribution
Linux distribution
December 1992. This alpha release contained the 0.98.1 version of the Linux kernel, the v11r5 version of the X Window System supporting up to 1024x768 with
Yggdrasil_Linux/GNU/X
Linux distribution
existing user base. By combining the Linux kernel with a BSD-derived userland and non-GNU core components, Chimera Linux provides an alternative leaner and
Chimera_Linux
Software framework for audio
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) is a software framework and part of the Linux kernel that provides an application programming interface (API)
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture
Computer operating system
architecture which adapted the Linux kernel to run as a user-space server hosted on top of the Mach microkernel version 3.0. This "single server" architecture
MkLinux
Distributed version control software system
Git was originally created by Linus Torvalds for version control in the development of the Linux kernel. The trademark "Git" is registered by the Software
Git
Operating system
Linux Kodachi 9 is a derivative of Debian 13 (Trixie) focused on computer security, countering forensics and enabling anonymous browsing with minimized
Linux_Kodachi
Uses in embedded systems
"Real-Time Linux Wiki". Archive Kernel.org. "PREEMPT_RT patch versions". Linux Foundation. Cintay, Emre. "The Impact of Linux on Emerging Technologies: IoT
Linux_on_embedded_systems
Retrieved January 11, 2013. "Linux Kernel FAQ". A full task-isolation mode for the kernel Supports ELF since version 3.2.0 "MinixReleases". Minix Wiki
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels
Abstraction layer for Linux kernel to show graphics on the system console
The framebuffer subsystem in the Linux kernel fbdev is used to show graphics on a computer monitor, typically on the system console. It was designed as
Linux_framebuffer
Type of Linux installation
and BeagleBone. The book Hardened Linux From Scratch (HLFS) focuses on security enhancements such as hardened kernel patches, mandatory access control
Linux_from_Scratch
Logical volume management system
In Linux, Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a device mapper framework that provides logical volume management for the Linux kernel. Most modern Linux distributions
Logical Volume Manager (Linux)
Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)
Community-supported Linux distribution
Linux kernel to version 2.6.37. openSUSE 12.1 was released on 16 November 2011. This includes Plasma 4.7 and GNOME 3.2 and Firefox 7.0.1. The Linux kernel
OpenSUSE
Debian-based Linux distribution for penetration testing
version 2023.1, the KDE Plasma version uses Wayland. With version 2024.4 in December 2024, version 6.11 of the Linux kernel is introduced, official support
Kali_Linux
Computer security vulnerability
of the Linux kernel that affected all Linux-based operating systems, including Android devices, that used older versions of the Linux kernel created
Dirty_COW
Linux kernel security module
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including
SELinux
Computer security technique
libraries. When applied to the kernel, this technique is called kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR). The Linux PaX project first coined the
Address space layout randomization
Address_space_layout_randomization
Distributed operating system
Unix-like Linux kernel and replaces the previous multikernel system with its own bespoke HarmonyOS microkernel. The rich execution environment (REE) version of
HarmonyOS_5
pre-OpenHarmony, was the first public release of HarmonyOS 1.0 with LiteOS and Linux kernel space with AOSP compatibility layer occurred with the release of Huawei's
HarmonyOS_version_history
Linux distribution
μClinux is a variation of the Linux kernel, previously maintained as a fork, that targets microcontrollers without a memory management unit (MMU). It was
ΜClinux
Linguistic controversy about software projects
systems that use the Linux kernel in combination with GNU software should be referred to as Linux or GNU/Linux. Supporters of the term Linux argue that it is
GNU/Linux_naming_controversy
Linux distribution
Calculate Linux 18 Released with Linux Kernel 4.18, Faster Boot". softpedia. Retrieved 19 October 2018. "Calculate Utilities". Calculate-linux.ru. Retrieved
Calculate_Linux
Operating systems based on GNU
the Linux kernel; most of which refer to themselves as "GNU/Linux", and use a deblobbed version of the Linux kernel (like the Linux-libre kernel) and
GNU_variants
Filesystem in Unix-like operating systems
running processes in the kernel. In Linux, it can also be used to obtain information about the kernel and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime
Procfs
Computer manufacturer using free software
management Snap initiated by Canonical and adds the latest Linux kernel and the latest version of KDE Plasma. In addition, Tuxedo OS uses its own software
Tuxedo_Computers
Linux distribution
Enterprise Server 11 (SLES 11) was released on 24 March 2009 and included Linux kernel 2.6.27, Oracle Cluster File System Release 2, support for the OpenAIS
SUSE_Linux_Enterprise
repository file Git [open, distributed] – designed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development; decentralized; goals: fast, flexible, and robust Global
List of version-control software
List_of_version-control_software
Linux standard for directory structure
popular by its use in Linux distributions, but it is used by other Unix-like systems as well. The latest version of the standard, version 3.0, was originally
Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard
Linux kernel security module
Tomoyo Linux (stylised as TOMOYO Linux) is a Linux kernel security module which implements mandatory access control (MAC). Tomoyo Linux is a MAC implementation
Tomoyo_Linux
Usage of Linux operating system on IBM mainframes
collection of patches and additions to the Linux 2.2.13 kernel on December 18, 1999, to start today's mainline Linux on IBM Z. Formal product announcements
Linux_on_IBM_Z
Linux operating system
32-bit Debian Linux based distro, but recent releases (including the latest version 7.6) have also been equipped with a 64-bit kernel on the DVD edition
Knoppix
Linux distribution
g. Windows NT) and newer platforms (Linux, Windows 10). CAINE is based on Ubuntu 18.04 64-bit, using Linux kernel 5.0.0-32. CAINE system requirements
CAINE_Linux
Live patching feature for Linux kernel
feature of the Linux kernel that implements live patching of a running kernel, which allows kernel patches to be applied while the kernel is still running
Kpatch
Core of a computer operating system
microkernel design. Some kernels, such as the Linux kernel, are both monolithic and modular, since they can insert and remove loadable kernel modules at runtime
Kernel_(operating_system)
Operating system by Google
Google. In contrast to Google's Linux-based operating systems such as ChromeOS and Android, Fuchsia is based on a custom kernel named Zircon. It publicly debuted
Fuchsia_(operating_system)
Set of real-time patches for Linux kernel
PREEMPT_RT is a feature of the Linux kernel which implements both hard and soft real-time computing capabilities. It was formerly maintained as a set of
PREEMPT_RT
Lightweight Unix shell
https://github.com/chimera-linux/chimerautils/blob/master/src.freebsd/sh/TOUR Xu, Herbert. "COPYING". The Linux Kernel Archives. Retrieved 23 December
Almquist_shell
Technical specification for firmware architecture
implementation. The Linux kernel added support for booting 64-bit kernels on 32-bit UEFI firmware implementations with x86-64 CPUs since version 3.15, requiring
UEFI
Software system
modified version of Debian Linux which provides the required real-time kernel. Due to the tight real-time operating system integration, a standard Linux desktop
LinuxCNC
Playing video games on Linux-based operating systems
Linux-based operating systems can be used for playing video games. Because fewer games natively support the Linux kernel than Windows, various software
Video_games_and_Linux
Linux distribution
first Linux distribution created for computer users who were not Unix experts and featured a menu-driven installer that installed both the kernel and a
MCC_Interim_Linux
Free and open-source software license
is legally acceptable to use ZFS as binary kernel module in Linux. (As opposed to building it into the kernel image itself.) Others followed Ubuntu's conclusion
Common Development and Distribution License
Common_Development_and_Distribution_License
Free and open-source VPN protocol
the Linux version of the software reached a stable production release and was incorporated into the Linux 5.6 kernel, and backported to earlier Linux kernels
WireGuard
Research distributed operating system
Vx32 virtual machine allows a slightly modified Plan 9 kernel to run as a user process in Linux, supporting unmodified Plan 9 programs. In 1991, Plan 9's
Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs
Software interface for Unix-like systems
mainstream Linux kernel tree in kernel version 2.6.14. The userspace side of FUSE, the libfuse library, generally followed the pace of Linux kernel development
Filesystem_in_Userspace
Free software collection
with other kernels such as Linux or FreeBSD. A stable version (or variant) of GNU can be run by combining the GNU packages with the Linux kernel, making
GNU
Live patch extension for Linux kernel
Ksplice is an open-source extension of the Linux kernel that allows security patches to be applied to a running kernel without the need for reboots, avoiding
Ksplice
Software for deploying containerized applications
private cloud. When running on Linux, Docker uses the resource isolation features of the Linux kernel (such as cgroups and kernel namespaces) and a union-capable
Docker_(software)
widely supported. Linux kernel portability to instruction set architectures other than x86, was an early feature added to the kernel. Information on features
Comparison of Linux distributions
Comparison_of_Linux_distributions
Proprietary software tool for distributed revision control of computer source code
projects, one of which was the source code of the Linux kernel. The license for the "community" version of BitKeeper had allowed for developers to use the
BitKeeper
Copy-on-write file system for Linux
added to the Linux kernel beginning with version 6.7 in 2024. In June 2025, Linus Torvalds announced bcachefs would be ejected from the kernel as a result
Bcachefs
Russian Linux-based computer operating system
Astra Linux, also supports OSes with Linux kernel 2.6.x up to 5.x.x, as well as several Microsoft Windows OSes. It is declared the Astra Linux licenses
Astra_Linux
Linux distribution for server virtualization
Debian GNU/Linux and uses a modified Ubuntu LTS kernel. Two types of virtualization are supported: container-based with LXC (starting from version 4.0 replacing
Proxmox_Virtual_Environment
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
Female
English
Medieval English contracted form of Roman Latin Petronel, PERONEL means "little rock."
Surname or Lastname
Swedish
Swedish : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -ell. The first element is unexplained, possibly from a place-name.English, Scottish, and northern Irish : unexplained; possibly a respelling of Scottish Kerneil, a habitational name from Carneil in Carnock, Fife.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Fear, or vision of God.
Girl/Female
Australian, Celtic, Christian, Irish
Graceful; Kernel
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Kornelios, CORNEL means "of a horn."
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of English Kenneth, KENNET means both "comely; finely made" and "born of fire."Â
Biblical
fear, or vision of God
Biblical
fear, or vision of God
Male
English
Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Cenhelm, KENELM means "keen protection."Â
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Biblical, British, English, Hebrew, Netherlands
Strong; Open Minded; Fear; Vision of God
Male
English
Latin form of Greek Linos, LINUS means either "a cry of grief"Â or "flax, linen." In the bible, this is the name of one of Paul's Christian associates. In mythology, this is the name of a musician, the personification of lamentation. He was killed by Apollo who was his rival in music. Another version of the story says he was killed by Hercules.Â
Female
English
Variant form of English Keren, KERENA means "horn (of an animal)."Â
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Muriel, MERIEL means "sea-bright."
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Greek Bartholomaios, JERNEJ means "son of Talmai."
Girl/Female
Australian, Celtic, Christian, Irish
Kernel; Nut
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of German Werner, VERNER means "Warin warrior," i.e. "covered warrior."
Male
Polish
Polish form of Roman Latin Cornelius, KORNELI means "of a horn."
Girl/Female
German
Little and Womanly; Female Version of Charles
Girl/Female
Australian, Chinese, Christian, Danish, German, Irish
Kernel; Nut
Male
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Meirion, MERRION means "like Marius."
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu, Traditional
Lord of Braj Land
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Lemon.
Male
Turkish
Turkish form of Latin Alexandrus, ISKENDER means "defender of mankind."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Mirthful; Happy; Tidy; Pleased
Male
Egyptian
, Amen the Sun; or, the self-existing Sun.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess Parvati
Boy/Male
Biblical
An adversary to Christ.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
Indian
Fire, th month of iranian calendar
Boy/Male
Muslim
Hope of the kind
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
LINUX KERNEL-VERSION-HISTORY
n.
The state of being turned back or outward; as, eversion of eyelids; ectropium.
v. t.
To put or keep in a kennel.
imp. & p. p.
of Kern
a.
Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels.
n.
A translation; that which is rendered from another language; as, the Common, or Authorized, Version of the Scriptures (see under Authorized); the Septuagint Version of the Old Testament.
imp. & p. p.
of Kernel
n.
A genus of herbaceous plants including the flax (Linum usitatissimum).
n.
A single seed or grain; as, a kernel of corn.
n.
An account or description from a particular point of view, especially as contrasted with another account; as, he gave another version of the affair.
v. i.
To take the form of kernels; to granulate.
n.
See Kimnel.
n.
See Weanel.
n.
See Persian columns, under Persian, a.
n.
The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as, the kernel of an argument.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Kernel
n.
The essential part of a seed; all that is within the seed walls; the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument; as, the kernel of a nut. See Illust. of Endocarp.
v. i.
To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels.
n.
Any species of the genus Cornus, as C. florida, the flowering cornel; C. stolonifera, the osier cornel; C. Canadensis, the dwarf cornel, or bunchberry.