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Measure of the 'vocabulary richness' of gene sequences
Linguistic sequence complexity (LC) is a measure of the 'vocabulary richness' of a genetic text in gene sequences. When a nucleotide sequence is written
Linguistic sequence complexity
Linguistic_sequence_complexity
Feature of systems that defy description
a measure of the complexity of a complete type in the context of stable theories. In bioinformatics, linguistic sequence complexity is a measure of the
Complexity
Israeli molecular biophysicist
Alexander (2002). "Sequence complexity profiles of prokaryotic genomic sequences: A fast algorithm for calculating linguistic complexity". Bioinformatics
Edward_Trifonov
Complexity of communication
measures the structure and complexity of human communication in a language. Lexical density estimates the linguistic complexity in a written or spoken composition
Lexical_density
Complexity measure in computer science
The Lempel–Ziv complexity is a measure that was first presented in the article On the Complexity of Finite Sequences (IEEE Trans. On IT-22,1 1976), by
Lempel–Ziv_complexity
Scientific study of language
consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable
Linguistics
Actual use of language in concrete situations
structure complexity and processing, or comprehension, efficiency. Specifically, a complex structure refers to a structure containing more linguistic elements
Linguistic_performance
Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid
Bolshoy, A (2002). "Sequence complexity profiles of prokaryotic genomic sequences: A fast algorithm for calculating linguistic complexity". Bioinformatics
Nucleic_acid_sequence
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
Linguistic relativity asserts that language influences worldview or cognition. One form of linguistic relativity, linguistic determinism, regards peoples'
Linguistic_relativity
Computer science metric for string similarity
distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. The Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character
Levenshtein_distance
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, cross-linguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics).
Syntax
other than as an example sentence, although the combinatorial complexity of the linguistic system makes them possible. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
List of linguistic example sentences
List_of_linguistic_example_sentences
Data evaluation test
demonstrated that for Martin-Löf random sequences, the Kolmogorov complexity is essentially the same as linear complexity. These practical tests make it possible
Randomness_test
Structured system of communication
linguistics. As an object of linguistic study, "language" has two primary meanings: an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e.g. "French". The
Language
Study of how society affects language
Language Shift to Language Revitalization and Sustainability. A Complexity Approach to Linguistic Ecology. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona
Sociolinguistics
Overview of and topical guide to linguistics
consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable
Outline_of_linguistics
represent causal sequences, "sufficient conditions" and "necessary and sufficient conditions" are also required. In logico-linguistic modeling this deficiency
Logico-linguistic_modeling
Book by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle
of phonology as a linguistic subsystem, separate from other components of the grammar, that transforms an underlying phonemic sequence according to rules
The_Sound_Pattern_of_English
Process of learning a second language
knowledge of second language. SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives: Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes
Second-language_acquisition
Supervised machine learning techniques
ground truth, and this is used to adjust the model parameters. Due to the complexity of the model and the interrelations of predicted variables, the processes
Structured_prediction
State of standing out as unusual
markedness is related to cognitive complexity—"in terms of attention, mental effort or processing time". Linguistic 'naturalists' view markedness relations
Markedness
Kind of reduplication in South Asian languages
in all languages. For example, Tamil echo words are formed with a ki(i) sequence overwriting the onset and nucleus of the first syllable of the reduplicant
Echo_word
Study of words and their formation
languages. Apparently, a wide variety of languages make use of the hybrid linguistic unit clitic, possessing the grammatical features of independent words
Morphology_(linguistics)
Process in bioinformatics that identifies equivalent sites within molecular sequences
ISSN 0065-227X. PMID 10463075. Wang L; Jiang T. (1994). "On the complexity of multiple sequence alignment". J Comput Biol. 1 (4): 337–48. Bibcode:1994JCoB
Sequence_alignment
Linguistic law
Menzerath and Gabriel Altmann), is a linguistic law according to which the increase of the size of a linguistic construct results in a decrease of the
Menzerath's_law
1992 non-fiction work by Johanna Nichols
Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time is a 1992 book by linguist Johanna Nichols. It is her best-known work, pioneering the use of linguistic typology
Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
Linguistic_Diversity_in_Space_and_Time
shows, that music has a syntax comparable to the linguistic syntax especially concerning a great complexity and a hierarchical organization. Nevertheless
Musical_syntax
Words expressing a complete thought
In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" (a pangram)
Sentence_(linguistics)
Linguistics approach / theory
structures that are able to accommodate the complexity of mental stimuli. Similarly, as humans perceive linguistic abstractions as multilayered, ranging from
Usage-based models of language
Usage-based_models_of_language
Generative linguistics framework
Similarly, other discourse and corpus linguistic analyses have found recursion and other forms of grammatical complexity to be rather rare in spoken discourse
Principles_and_parameters
Process by which people translate thoughts into spoken, written or signed words
layered cognitive process, with cognitive load increasing alongside linguistic complexity. Written language production is more cognitively demanding than
Language_production
Ancient burial sites
radiocarbon dating of the graves allow archaeologists to form a chrono-cultural sequence, further dividing the region's Iron Age into distinct phases. The Kisalian
Kisalian_Graves
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied
Emergence
Brief marginal notation of the meaning of a word or wording in a text
have been lexicalized (that is, fingerspelling sequences that have entered the sign language as linguistic units and that often have slight modifications)
Gloss_(annotation)
Relationship between language and human evolution
much complexity that one cannot imagine it simply appearing from nothing in its final form; therefore it must have evolved from earlier pre-linguistic systems
Origin_of_language
2017 research paper by Google
each input sequence (typically limited by the size of the context window), allowing the model to focus on different parts of the input sequence at different
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Computational methods can study protein sequences to identify regions with low complexity, which can have particular properties regarding their function
List of software to detect low complexity regions in proteins
List_of_software_to_detect_low_complexity_regions_in_proteins
Process of language acquisition
what children hear—their linguistic input—is insufficient to explain how they come to learn language. He argues that linguistic input from the environment
Language_development
Approach to the study of social interaction
questions revolve around participants' orientation, that is, what features (linguistic or other) that cues people to respond in certain ways and influence the
Conversation_analysis
Species of bacterium
Avidan O (1995). Cladis PE, Palffy-Muhorey P. (eds.). "Evolution of complexity during growth of bacterial colonies". NATO Advanced Research Workshop
Paenibacillus_vortex
Circular relationships between cause and effect
Performativity – Linguistic quality Social epistemology – Field of study in analytic philosophy Virtuous circle and vicious circle – Self-reinforcing sequence of eventsPages
Reflexivity_(social_theory)
Process of understanding a complex topic or substance
such as sonnets, which by virtue of their small size and significant complexity lend themselves well to this type of analysis – as units of discourse
Analysis
Ordered listing of items in collection
computational complexity theory for various tasks in the context of enumeration algorithms. Ordinal number Enumerative definition Sequence Jech, Thomas
Enumeration
Effort to promote an endangered language or revive a dead language
language shift to language revitalization and sustainability. A complexity approach to linguistic ecology. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona
Language_revitalization
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
representation learning, autoregressive generation, or conditional sequence-to-sequence tasks. The original version of the transformer architecture was proposed
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Linguistic component of Ancient Greek
participle. The Ancient Greek verbal system preserves nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). Ancient Greek also preserves the PIE middle
Ancient_Greek_verbs
cross-linguistic sentence processing. The model suggests that people interpret the meaning of a sentence by taking into account various linguistic cues
Competition_model
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
pastoralism, moralising high gods and political complexity and costly initiation rites. Cultural and linguistic modifications are not always inherited vertically
Phylogenetics
Continuous progression from past to future
causality, being a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events (or the intervals between them)
Time
Muran language
S2CID 59069607. Sakel, Jeanette (2012-01-01). "Acquiring complexity: The Portuguese of some Pirahã men". Linguistic Discovery. 10 (1). doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A
Pirahã_language
Conversion of character sequences into token sequences in computer science
processed values. Lexers are generally quite simple, with most of the complexity deferred to the syntactic analysis or semantic analysis phases, and can
Lexical_analysis
Process in which a first language is being acquired
takes the surface forms in the input and converts them into abstract linguistic rules and representations." Language acquisition usually refers to first-language
Language_acquisition
Counterintuitive result in probability
number of times. The theorem can be generalized to state that any infinite sequence of independent events whose probabilities are uniformly bounded below by
Infinite_monkey_theorem
Statistical Markov model
a model is difficult: for a sequence of length T {\displaystyle T} , a straightforward Viterbi algorithm has complexity O ( N 2 K T ) {\displaystyle
Hidden_Markov_model
Utterances with fixed forms and often non-literal meaning
Formulaic language (previously known as automatic speech or embolalia) is a linguistic term for verbal expressions that are fixed in form, often non-literal
Formulaic_language
Case study
important way to gain further insight into acquisition of language skills and linguistic development. Starting in late May 1971, UCLA professor Victoria Fromkin
Linguistic development of Genie
Linguistic_development_of_Genie
Something that communicates meaning
Saussure's theory has been particularly influential in the study of linguistic signs. The other major semiotic theory, developed by Charles Sanders Peirce
Sign_(semiotics)
Isolate language spoken in Australia
scale of linguistic differences from other languages in the mainland Australia regions. However, recent research using historical linguistic techniques
Tiwi_language
American linguist (1909–1992)
structures in language, operator grammar, sublanguage grammar, a theory of linguistic information, and a principled account of the nature and origin of language
Zellig_Harris
Processing of natural language by a computer
for the worse efficiency if the algorithm used has a low enough time complexity to be practical. 2003: word n-gram model, at the time the best statistical
Natural_language_processing
2017-06-29. Sequence A146025 in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences Sequence A258107 in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences "Prime Curios
Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)
Stage in child development and language acquisition
Both go through a number of stages, and exhibit similar complexity in their babbling sequences. In studies where deaf and hearing children were compared
Babbling
Group of ethnicities native to Central Africa
been suggested as representing a remnant of an ancient "western Pygmy" linguistic phylum, dubbed "Mbenga" or "Baaka". However, as substrate vocabulary has
African_Pygmies
Multidisciplinary endeavour
intelligence. As the development of computers allowed systems of greater complexity, the 1970's and 1980's saw invention of early systems that modelled creativity
Computational_creativity
sequenced in a way that follows the developmental levels of language in which Pienemann coined those these features as 'developmental'. This sequence
Teachability_Hypothesis
Sentence that starts in a way that a reader's likely interpretation will be wrong
had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher, complexity and linguistic ambiguity in a grammatical sentence Comparative illusion, ungrammatical
Garden-path_sentence
AI whose outputs can be understood by humans
more nuanced implicit desires of the human system designers or the full complexity of the domain data. For example, a 2017 system tasked with image recognition
Explainable artificial intelligence
Explainable_artificial_intelligence
System for reasoning about vagueness
Goguen in the 1960s and 1970s went further by considering issues such as linguistic variables and lattices. Fuzzy logic is based on the observation that people
Fuzzy_logic
Formal language that can be expressed using a regular expression
automata (the latter said to describe "recognizable languages"). A linguistically oriented text first equates regular grammars ("4." above) with DFAs
Regular_language
Ability to learn vocalization
Grammars (FSGs), where they can generate strings of sequences with limited structural complexity. Humans, on the other hand, show deeper hierarchical
Vocal_learning
Structure of a formal language
ambiguous due to the multiple ways in which rule 2 can be used to generate sequences of S {\displaystyle S} s. However, the language it generates is simply
Formal_grammar
Species of bacterium
The genome was sequenced by a hybrid approach using 454 Life Sciences and Illumina, achieving a total of 340X coverage, with 99.8% sequence identity between
Paenibacillus_dendritiformis
How software progresses through its implementation
Data table used to control program flow Cyclomatic complexity – Measure of the structural complexity of a software program DRAKON – Algorithm mapping tool
Control_flow
American linguist (1897–1941)
of his theories. The field of linguistic relativity remains an active area of research in psycholinguistics and linguistic anthropology, generating ongoing
Benjamin_Lee_Whorf
Study of signs
vehicle and referent is conventional or arbitrary, which applies to most linguistic signs. Models of signs analyze the basic components of signs. Ferdinand
Semiotics
1766 travel book by Tobias Smollett
of Horace Walpole, ambassador to France 1763–1765, an observer of the complexity of cultural relations between France and Great Britain in the 18th century
Travels Through France and Italy
Travels_Through_France_and_Italy
Subfamily of Indo-European languages
million at the turn of the twenty-first century. It is the largest ethno-linguistic group in Europe and is highly diverse. The Slavic languages are conventionally
Slavic_languages
1957 book by Noam Chomsky
pages, it is recognized as one of the most significant and influential linguistic studies of the 20th century. It contains the now-famous sentence "Colorless
Syntactic_Structures
Application of respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior
argued that Skinner's view of language as behavior did not explain the complexity of human language. Justin B. Leaf and others examined and responded to
Applied_behavior_analysis
Aspect of music
increased complexity to disrupt the sense of a regular beat, leading eventually to the widespread use of irrational rhythms in New Complexity. This use
Rhythm
Statistical analysis
anomaly detection. In offline change point detection it is assumed that a sequence of length T {\displaystyle T} is available and the goal is to identify
Change_detection
Symbols found upon Vinča culture artifacts
are grouped with other symbols tend to appear on whorls. Quantitative linguistic analysis leads to the conclusion that 59% of the signs share the properties
Vinča_symbols
grammars. All NooJ parsers process Atomic Linguistic Units (ALUs), as opposed to word forms (i.e. sequences of letters between two space characters).
NooJ
Experimental constructed language
ambiguity in natural human languages. Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and extensive phoneme inventory, the latter being simplified in an upcoming
Ithkuil
Set of written symbols that represent the syllables or moras which make up spoken words
In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) morae which make
Syllabary
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
structure, and linguistic properties. Some studies have shown up to 76 accuracy points across formatting changes in few-shot settings. Linguistic features significantly
Prompt_engineering
2011 anthology by Nick Land
Brassier. It was first published by Urbanomic—founded by Mackay prior—with Sequence Press and later republished by the MIT Press. The anthology collects essays
Fanged_Noumena
Aspect of the Luganda language
(â). Rising tones are not found in Luganda, even on long vowels, since a sequence such as [àá] automatically becomes [áá]. Tones perform various functions
Luganda_tones
Peak in electrical brain activity
"can be elicited in nonlinguistic (but rule-governed) sequences." Dependencies and complexity Some studies have found a P600 elicited by words where
P600_(neuroscience)
Analysing a string of symbols, according to the rules of a formal grammar
relations, etc." This term is especially common when discussing which linguistic cues help speakers interpret garden-path sentences. Within computer science
Parsing
Tibeto-Burman language
18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984. Owing to the linguistic prestige of Old Pyu in the Pagan Kingdom era, Old Burmese borrowed a substantial
Burmese_language
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
regex or regexp), sometimes referred to as a rational expression, is a sequence of characters that specifies a match pattern in text. Usually such patterns
Regular_expression
physics, for linguistic analysis of symbolic sequences. It has been applied to bio-medical signals, human languages, and DNA sequences. Prof. Peng received
Chung-Kang_Peng
Theoretical linguistic framework
Meaning–text theory (MTT) is a theoretical linguistic framework, first put forward in Moscow by Aleksandr Žolkovskij and Igor Mel’čuk, for the construction
Meaning–text_theory
Automatic analysis of syntactic structure of natural language
calculated using a learned neural span scorer. This approach is not only linguistically-motivated, but also competitive with previous approaches to constituency
Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)
Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
Bruno Olsson, Francesca Di Garbo (2019) Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity, vol. I Kofi Yakpo (2019) A grammar of Pichi Matti Miestamo, Anne
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Branch of machine learning
development is research into models of just enough complexity through an estimation of the intrinsic complexity of the task being modelled. This approach has
Deep_learning
Study of computation
natural language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data. The fundamental concern of computer science is determining what
Computer_science
Specification of a conceptualization
'car' extensions GOLD, General Ontology for Linguistic Description GUM (Generalized Upper Model), a linguistically motivated ontology for mediating between
Ontology (information science)
Ontology_(information_science)
human genome sequence, adding over 100 million new bases. It aims to capture more population diversity than the previous reference sequence and is based
Human_Pangenome_Reference
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
Girl/Female
Indian
Sentence, Writing, Essay
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Sentence
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sentence
Girl/Female
Hindu
Line, Sentence
Boy/Male
Tamil
Symbol, First word in a sentence
Boy/Male
Indian, Sikh
Music; In-sequence
Biblical
a dividing; a sentence
Biblical
dividing, sentence
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anuloma | அநà¯à®²à¯‹à®®à®¾
Sequence
Anuloma | அநà¯à®²à¯‹à®®à®¾
Boy/Male
Hindu
Sentence
Girl/Female
Tamil
Line, Sentence
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Order; Sequence
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Sequence
Girl/Female
Biblical
A dividing, a sentence.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Line, Sentence
Girl/Female
Biblical
Dividing, sentence.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Symbol, First word in a sentence
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Sentence
Girl/Female
Muslim
Sentence, Writing, Essay
Girl/Female
Hindu
Line, Sentence
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
Boy/Male
Hindu
Basil, Goddess Radha, Tulsi
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Sharp; The Earth
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lamp
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Joy; Celebration; Happy; Celebrate
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pushpanjali | பà¯à®·à¯à®ªà®‚ஜ஼லி
Flower offering
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Telugu
A Mountain; A Flower; A Celestial Tree; Flower; Lord Ganesh
Girl/Female
Latin
Purified.
Girl/Female
Gaelic
Thin.
Girl/Female
Indian
Earth
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
LINGUISTIC SEQUENCE-COMPLEXITY
n.
That which follows or succeeds as an effect; sequel; consequence; result.
n.
That which follows as a result; a sequence.
a.
Lacking grammatical sequence.
n.
A person skilled in languages.
a.
Alt. of Linguistical
adv.
In natural sequence; consequently; so.
n.
A linguist; a philologist.
n.
Three or more cards of the same suit in immediately consecutive order of value; as, ace, king, and queen; or knave, ten, nine, and eight.
n.
A hymn introduced in the Mass on certain festival days, and recited or sung immediately before the gospel, and after the gradual or introit, whence the name.
n.
The science of languages, or of the origin, signification, and application of words; glossology.
v. t.
To decree or announce as a sentence.
adv.
In a linguistic manner; from the point of view of a linguist.
n.
A melodic phrase or passage successively repeated one tone higher; a rosalia.
n.
A master of the use of language; a talker.
n.
The state of being sequent; succession; order of following; arrangement.
n.
All five cards, of a hand, in consecutive order as to value, but not necessarily of the same suit; when of one suit, it is called a sequence flush.
n.
The science of language; comparative philology; linguistics; glottology.
n.
Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as, the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences.
a.
Of or pertaining to language; relating to linguistics, or to the affinities of languages.
n.
Any succession of chords (or harmonic phrase) rising or falling by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale; a succession of similar harmonic steps.