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See searches and references containing LEXICAL SIMPLIFICATION!LEXICAL SIMPLIFICATION
Lexical simplification is a sub-task of text simplification. It can be defined as any lexical substitution task that reduces text complexity. Lexical
Lexical_simplification
Automated process
natural language Language reform Lexical simplification Lexical substitution Semantic compression Text normalization Simplified English Basic English Siddharthan
Text_simplification
Conversion of character sequences into token sequences in computer science
Lexical tokenization is conversion of a text into (semantically or syntactically) meaningful lexical tokens belonging to categories defined by a "lexer"
Lexical_analysis
Category of words based on shared grammatical properties in a clause
traditional scheme does—include word class, lexical class, and lexical category. Some authors restrict the term lexical category to refer only to a particular
Part_of_speech
Ongoing series of evaluations of computational semantic analysis systems
Martha Palmer and Marc Light organized a workshop entitled Tagging with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How? in conjunction with the Conference on Applied
SemEval
Complexity of communication
Lexical density is a concept in computational linguistics that measures the structure and complexity of human communication in a language. Lexical density
Lexical_density
Sentence composed of homonyms
homophones can be used to create complicated linguistic constructs through lexical ambiguity. It has been discussed in literature in various forms since 1967
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
tone is the use of pitch contour, pitch register, or both to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. In
Tone_(linguistics)
Pidgin language last attested in 1711, in Canada
Algonquian-Basque Pidgin reflects characteristics of lexical borrowing, morphological simplification, and phonological adaptations, showing its potential
Algonquian–Basque_pidgin
Root word of a set of word forms
verb for "follow" will be found under sequor ("I follow"). Lexeme Lexical item Lexical Markup Framework Null morpheme Principal parts Root (linguistics)
Lemma_(morphology)
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
of relexification: the substrate language replaces the native lexical items with lexical material from the superstrate language while retaining the native
Creole_language
Comparison of languages
is basically the same as Lao spoken in Laos. Using just tone and some lexical items, there are at least twelve distinct speech varieties of Isan, most
Comparison_of_Lao_and_Isan
Standard accent for British English
tire–tar mergers. There are differing opinions as to whether /æ/ in the BATH lexical set can be considered RP. The pronunciations with /ɑː/ are invariably accepted
Received_Pronunciation
All the words in a language collectively
as child, children, child's and children's may realise the same lexical item. Lexical grouping may be: Formulaic: it relies on partially fixed expressions
Lexis_(linguistics)
Lexical token that names a programming language's entities
In computer programming languages, an identifier is a lexical token (also called a symbol, but not to be confused with the symbol primitive data type)
Identifier (computer languages)
Identifier_(computer_languages)
Extinct Caddoan language of the Southern US
grave accent over the vowel ⟨ù꞉⟩. Tone occurs both lexically (as a property of the word), non-lexically (as a result of tonological processes), and also
Caddo_language
Dialect of Lisp in the Emacs text editor
prominent characteristic of Emacs Lisp is in its use of dynamic rather than lexical scope by default. That is, a function may reference local variables in
Emacs_Lisp
Level of ease with which a reader can understand written text
document Total number of entity mentions in document Average lexical chain length Average lexical chain span In 2012, Sowmya Vajjala at the University of Tübingen
Readability
Variety of French spoken in Quebec
from both Canadian and American English to fill accidental gaps in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. From the
Quebec_French
Word used in place of an exact word
of vague lexical items. Some earlier studies that did not yet adopt the term "placeholder" use the terms "filler", "dummy". The terms "lexical filler"
Placeholder_word
20th-century dispute among American linguists
kill with the same lexical base NOT ALIVE with transformation causative, it becomes (CAUSE TO BECOME NOT ALIVE). This simplified the projections rules
Linguistics_wars
Method for data management
text mining, concordance generation, speech segmentation, lexing, or lexical analysis. The terms 'indexing', 'parsing', and 'tokenization' are used
Search_engine_indexing
Writing the Chinese languages
The other program investigated the simplification of the standard character forms. Initially, character simplification was not competing with the idea of
Written_Chinese
Subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan languages
Tibetan. Following Nishi (1987) and Beyer (1992), he identified several lexical innovations that can be used as a diagnosis to distinguish Tibetic from
Tibetic_languages
Process of words becoming part of a language grammar
distinguishes between two types of linguistic items: lexical items or content words, which carry specific lexical meaning grammatical items or function words,
Grammaticalization
Munda language
rather than inherent lexical property. The information carried by the lemma does not determine its inherent syntactical and lexical category. Virtually
Kharia_language
Mathematical model of computation
finite-state machines that implement a lexical analyzer and a parser. Starting from a sequence of characters, the lexical analyzer builds a sequence of language
Finite-state_machine
Paleosiberian language family
(ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013) found lexical similarities among Nivkh, Mongolic, and Tungusic, likely due to lexical borrowings. Hudson & Robbeets (2020)
Nivkh_languages
Small set of grammatically distinctive verbs of English
in It's raining or I've finished. Slightly simplified, the sixth is that auxiliary verbs, unlike lexical verbs, "typically, but not necessarily" precede
English_auxiliary_verbs
Branch of Sino-Tibetan languages
substantial phonological divergence but little lexical divergence. Chengdu (Sichuan) was somewhat divergent lexically but very little on the other measures. The
Sinitic_languages
during the 8th and 9th centuries, which led to much lexical borrowing and grammatical simplification. The Anglian dialects had a greater influence on Middle
History_of_English
Loaned translation of an expression
22601/PET.2016.01.07. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X. Smith
Calque
Grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme
solely on a direct orthography-to-phonology route, but information on a lexical-syntactical level must also be accessed in order to choose the correct
Logogram
Form of source code, without regard to meaning
language syntax is generally distinguished into three levels: Words – the lexical level, determining how characters form tokens; Phrases – the grammar level
Syntax (programming languages)
Syntax_(programming_languages)
Software that translates code from one programming language to another
require manual modification. The lexical grammar and phrase grammar are usually context-free grammars, which simplifies analysis significantly, with context-sensitivity
Compiler
Particles in Chinese
belong to function words (虚词; 虛詞; xūcí). In other words, they have no lexical meaning, but are used to indicate certain grammatical information. This
Chinese_particles
Reference work for synonyms
natural language processing for word-sense disambiguation and text simplification for machine translation systems. Conceptual dictionary W.E. Collinson
Thesaurus
Classical Latin and also appeared in Spanish through consonant cluster simplification from Vulgar Latin (see below), and Latin voiced stops—/b/, /d/, and
History of the Spanish language
History_of_the_Spanish_language
Closeness of linguistic varieties
basis and hence are generally mutually intelligible, despite the numerous lexical differences. Certain linguistic sources also treat the two standards on
Mutual_intelligibility
Indexing component of Chinese characters
sense also have a coincidental semantic association. The character simplification pursued in the People's Republic of China and elsewhere has modified
Chinese_character_radicals
Dialect of Hokkien spoken in the city of Xiamen
phonologically. There are some differences between the two, especially lexical, as a result of physical separation and the differing histories of mainland
Amoy_dialect
Aspect of verb grammar
but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or lexical causative forms (such as English rise → raise, lie → lay, sit → set). Some
Causative
Language influencing or influenced by another through contact
(1990). McWhorter, John (2007). "Mandarin Chinese: "Altaicization" or Simplification?". Language Interrupted: Signs of Non-Native Acquisition in Standard
Stratum_(linguistics)
Programming language standard
as a string Common Lisp supports lexical environments. Formally, the bindings in a lexical environment have lexical scope and may have either an indefinite
Common_Lisp
of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin, so there are few lexical differences between the two languages; however, Afrikaans has considerably
Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch
Comparison_of_Afrikaans_and_Dutch
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
or the combination of affixes with aspectual meanings with the semantic lexical aspect of different verbs. However, some linguists have suggested that
Greenlandic_language
Fundamental unit of cognition
embedded in domain-specific theories, while conceptual atomism argues that lexical concepts are separate units without internal structure. Philosophers debate
Concept
Chinese one-syllable poem
complexities and unique attributes of the Chinese language, arguing that simplification and romanization would undermine its rich tonal and logographic system
Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den
Lion-Eating_Poet_in_the_Stone_Den
Expression considered non-standard, characteristic of uneducated speech or writing
non-standard or characteristic of uneducated speech or writing. In colloquial or lexical English, "vulgarism" or "vulgarity" may be synonymous with profanity or
Vulgarism
Process of compacting a lexicon while retaining semantics
Controlled natural language Information theory Lexical substitution Quantities of information Text simplification Ceglarek, D.; Haniewicz, K.; Rutkowski, W
Semantic_compression
Hypothetical language family consisting of Indo-European and Uralic
with the Northwest Caucasian languages, absorbing a Northwest Caucasian lexical blending before moving farther westward to a region north of the Black
Indo-Uralic_hypothesis
Proposed language family including Basque and Aquitanian
and treated the whole as one language, called Aquitanian, a working simplification rather than a claim that the two were identical. The scholarly dispute
Vasconic_languages
Indo-Aryan language
Indian Bhojpuri. Over time, Mauritian Bhojpuri has undergone grammatical simplification when compared to its Indian counterpart. The most notable change is
Bhojpuri_language
Tibetic language
identified two prominent features of the language: a distinct tone and simplification of compound consonants. A grammar book has also been published. Stod
Stod_Bhoti
English-based pidgin language
features that are common to other pidgin languages, such as reduction, simplification, and reduplication. There is also a marked lack of inflections or use
Butler_English
English language during the Middle Ages
the beginning of the 13th century onwards; this delay in Scandinavian lexical influence in English has been attributed to the lack of written evidence
Middle_English
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK, and in lexical analysis. Regular expressions are supported in many programming languages
Regular_expression
Indo-European language
moderate number of lexical cognates. Many shared grammatical elements or features of these two branches do not corroborate the lexical isoglosses. Albanian
Albanian_language
Type of couplet in Chinese poetry
rules: Both lines must have the same number of Chinese characters. The lexical category of each character must be the same as its corresponding character
Duilian_(poetry)
Bantu language of Uganda
two languages are almost mutually intelligible, and have an estimated lexical similarity of between 82% and 86%. Luganda, a Bantu language, shares its
Luganda
Austronesian language spoken in Flores, Indonesia
in the case of Sika, this includes extreme morphological simplification and about 20% lexical replacement in basic vocabulary. It has been hypothesized
Sikka_language
Unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast China
tentatively be read based on Pumpokol data, with both words including lexical and grammatical morphemes that are not actually attested in Pumpokol. The
Jie_language
Language that arises amongst a bilingual group
distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing. Other terms used in linguistics for the concept of a mixed language
Mixed_language
Dialect of Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong
conversational code-switches to long-term lexical borrowings. The recipient language (Cantonese) absorbs foreign lexical elements by what Sarah G. Thomason (2001)
Hong_Kong_Cantonese
Rewording a text while preserving its meaning
Additionally, sentences can be paraphrased automatically using text simplification software. N'Ko "uses a set of paired punctuation, U+2E1C ⸜ LEFT LOW
Paraphrase
Northwest Semitic language
the different Jewish reading traditions, generally tending towards simplification. In line with Sephardi Hebrew pronunciation, emphatic consonants have
Hebrew_language
Loss of ability to write
agraphia and peripheral ("nonaphasic") agraphia. Central agraphias include lexical, phonological, deep, and semantic agraphia. Peripheral agraphias include
Agraphia
Linguistic hypothesis on the origin of the English language
exist a consensus that Old English underwent fairly radical grammatical simplification in the process of evolving into Middle English, and that this evolution
Middle English creole hypothesis
Middle_English_creole_hypothesis
Eastern Romance language
150,000 words in its contemporary form, Romanian showed a high degree of lexical permeability, reflecting contact with Thraco-Dacian, Slavic languages (including
Romanian_language
Language family
three branches are held together by morphological evidence, as very few lexical cognates are shared among them. The family was proposed by William A. Foley
Ramu–Lower_Sepik_languages
Niger–Congo language of the Igbo people, mainly spoken in Nigeria
derivation. The words created by these suffixes always belong to the same lexical category as the root from which they are created, and the suffixes' effects
Igbo_language
Intentionally devised human language
artificial or constructed. Similarly, Latino sine flexione (LsF) is a simplification of Latin from which the inflections have been removed. As with Interlingua
Constructed_language
East Slavic language
yet there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian, and a closer lexical distance to West Slavic Polish and South Slavic Bulgarian. Ukrainian is
Ukrainian_language
Romance language
written standard, though these will often display different phonological, lexical, and sometimes even syntactic features. While there is broad mutual intelligibility
Portuguese_language
Concept in linguistics
erroneous generalizations or simplified language rules, which may be classified as phonological fossilization, lexical fossilization, syntactic fossilization
Fossilization_(linguistics)
Words that look or sound alike, but are not related
Moss (1992), p. ?. Szubko-Sitarek, Weronika (2014-10-07). Multilingual Lexical Recognition in the Mental Lexicon of Third Language Users. Springer. p
False_cognate
Language-Alphabet system of North Korea
vocabulary that conflicts with state ideology and exercising control over lexical meaning. The idiolect and style of Kim Il Sung, North Korea's first leader
North Korean standard language
North_Korean_standard_language
Traditional naming system in Vietnam
(MRZ) for Vietnamese names as SURNAME<<MIDDLENAME<PRIMARYNAMES, and the Lexical name order (alphabetization by surname with comma) according to the "Surname
Vietnamese_name
Phonology of the English language
the dialect under consideration. When considering English as a whole, lexical sets are often used, each named by a word containing the vowel or vowels
English_phonology
West Germanic language
was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the
English_language
American linguist
McNamara, Danielle S. (April 2011). "Text readability and intuitive simplification: A comparison of readability formulas". Reading in a Foreign Language
Scott_Crossley
Category of words in Proto-Indo-European
extensively simplified, and daughter languages show a steady trend towards more and more regularization and simplification. Far more simplification occurred
Proto-Indo-European_nominals
Branch of the Chinese language family
sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese. Most Mandarin varieties have four lexical tones, alongside unstressed syllables commonly described as having a neutral
Mandarin_Chinese
Phenomenon in natural language
choice. Deontic logic Disjunction Hans Kamp Modal logic Ross's paradox Simplification of disjunctive antecedents Sluicing Aloni, Maria (2016). "Disjunction"
Free_choice_inference
Dialect of Yue Chinese
proper is closest to the dialect of Kaiping, both phonologically and lexically. It also bears phonological resemblance to the speech of Heshan, a later
Taishanese
Open source web application framework
particular binding is valid. The ECMA-262 specification defines scope as: a lexical environment in which a Function object is executed in client-side web scripts;
AngularJS
Sound in spoken language, articulated with an open vocal tract
there are languages with lexical words that not only contain no vowels, but contain no sonorants at all, like (non-lexical) shh! in English. These include
Vowel
modern kana usage (gendai kanazukai). Hiragana (平仮名) emerged as a manual simplification via cursive script of the most phonetically widespread kanji among those
Japanese_writing_system
Dialect of Romanian
varieties of the Daco-Romanian grouping of dialects, with consistent phonetic, lexical, and syntactic features that distinguish it from other dialects, including
Moldavian_dialect
System of phonetic notation
IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in spoken (oral) language:
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Aid for teaching English reading
vowel in cat (lexical set trap), and a "round a" or "one-storey a" ⟨ɑ⟩ for the sound in father (lexical set palm). However, the bath lexical set (words such
Initial_Teaching_Alphabet
Western Iranian language
indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system. Although the "middle period" of the
Persian_language
Mandarin Chinese dialect of Harbin, China
Standard Mandarin for two reasons. One of the sources of the distinct lexical features of the Harbin dialect is the area's colonial Russian influence
Harbin_dialect
Linguistic comparison
romeni e quelli calabresi, (Lexical concordances between Romanian and Calabrian dialects), did not only deal with lexical facts, but extended his observations
Comparison of Italian and Romanian
Comparison_of_Italian_and_Romanian
Linguistic phenomenon
convey a grammatical function, such as plurality or intensification, and in lexical derivation to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts
Reduplication
Knowledge and Lexical Change in Late Imperial China. Brill (Leiden), 2001. P. 57 of Zuckermann, G. (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in
Transcription into Chinese characters
Transcription_into_Chinese_characters
Wu Chinese language variety
reduced by tone sandhi. Of the six phonetic tones, there are only fourteen lexical patterns created by two tonic syllables. With one exception, the shǎng
Wenzhounese
Multilingual online dictionary
engineering and semantic network constructing. Ontology matching. Text simplification. Medero & Ostendorf assessed vocabulary difficulty (reading level detection)
Wiktionary
Sound system of Spanish
sequences (hiatus) as diphthongs, there is still lexical contrast between diphthongs and hiatus. Some lexical items vary by speaker or dialect between hiatus
Spanish_phonology
Chinese characters used in Japanese writing
efforts to simplify the Kanji characters, now known as shinjitai (新字体; 'new character form'), by a process similar to China's simplification efforts, with
Kanji
LEXICAL SIMPLIFICATION
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