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Form of human–computer interaction
In human–computer interaction, the keystroke-level model (KLM) predicts how long it will take an expert user to accomplish a routine task without errors
Keystroke-level_model
Cognitive modeling method
certain task. Other cognitive modeling methods include parallel design, GOMS, and keystroke-level model (KLM). Cognitive modeling is one way to evaluate the
Human_processor_model
Capacity of a system for its users to perform tasks
memory is believed to have an infinite capacity and decay time. Keystroke level modeling is essentially a less comprehensive version of GOMS that makes
Usability
Specialized model for human-computer interaction observation
Basically there are five different GOMS models: the Keystroke-Level Model, CMN-GOMS, NGOMSL, CPM-GOMS, and SGOMS. Each model has a different complexity and varies
GOMS
Action of recording the keys struck on a keyboard
Keystroke logging, often referred to as keylogging or keyboard capturing, is the action of recording (logging) the keys pressed on a keyboard, typically
Keystroke_logging
Biometrics from keystrokes
Keystroke dynamics, keystroke biometrics, typing dynamics, or typing biometrics refer to the collection of biometric information generated by key-press-related
Keystroke_dynamics
Overview of and topical guide to human–computer interaction
Steering law GOMS – goals, operators, methods, and selection rules Keystroke-level model (KLM) Motion pictures featuring interesting user interfaces: 2001:
Outline of human–computer interaction
Outline_of_human–computer_interaction
Mathematics notation where operators follow operands
drops (top copy on pop aka top stack level repetition) in order to ease some calculations and to save keystrokes. HP used reverse Polish notation on every
Reverse_Polish_notation
Scientific study
Card, Stuart K.; Moran, Thomas P.; Newell, Allen (1980). "The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems". Communications
Interruption_science
Topics referred to by the same term
Ganganagar district, Rajasthan, India Karachi–Lahore Motorway, Pakistan Keystroke-level model, a form of human–computer interaction Loadable kernel module, a
KLM_(disambiguation)
Programmable calculator, 1982–1984
Voyager series calculator are keystroke programmable, meaning that it can remember and later execute sequences of keystrokes to solve particular problems
HP_Voyager
Topics referred to by the same term
as KSLM from 1934 to 2007 KLM (human-computer interaction), aka "Keystroke-Level Model", a hard science approach to human–computer interaction This disambiguation
KSLM
1977 microcomputer by Tandy Corporation
from "keyboard bounce", resulting in multiple letters being typed per keystroke. The problem was described in Wayne Green's editorial in the first issue
TRS-80
Human research factorization and quantification system
simplest form of a GOMS model is a keystroke-level model (KLM) - in which all physical actions are listed (e.g., keystrokes, mouse clicks), also termed
Human_performance_modeling
State machines and generalizations in UML
For example, Keystroke is an event for the keyboard, but each press of a key is not an event but a concrete instance of the Keystroke event. Another
UML_state_machine
Human-computer interaction template
information about all of the levels above the current branch. This technique is more flexible than the Keystroke-Level Model (KLM) because the pseudo-code
CMN-GOMS
Financial calculator made by Hewlett-Packard
Anniversary Edition (NW258AA) was introduced in 2011. Only 40,000 of this model were made. The internal hardware of the HP-12C changed again in 2015, when
HP-12C
Method
Keystroke logging is a program that can oversee the writing process of the user. It can be used to analyze the user's typing activities, as keystroke
Network_eavesdropping
Assignments for computer keyboard keys
used to expedite common operations by reducing input sequences to a few keystrokes, hence the term "shortcut". To differentiate from general keyboard input
Keyboard_shortcut
Computing state associated with a point in time
are distinct from the implementation mechanisms used. Event propagation models, such as bubbling, capturing, and pub/sub, define how events are distributed
Event_(computing)
Measure of writing, typing, or reading speed
definition of each "word" is often standardized to be five characters or keystrokes long in English, including spaces and punctuation. For example, under
Words_per_minute
Hewlett-Packard handheld RPN calculator
discontinued in 1990. The HP-41C is keystroke programmable meaning that it can remember and later execute sequences of keystrokes to solve particular problems
HP-41C
Company logo
September 7, 2010, a colorless Google logo going by the name of the "Keystroke Logo" was introduced, which lit up with the standard Google colors as
Google_logo
Series of pocket calculators by Hewlett-Packard
(HP-32E, HP-37E, HP-38E/C) Numerical integration (HP-34C) Programmability (keystroke programming with branching, loops, tests and flags) HP-34C HP calculators
HP_30_series
Methods used to protect cloud-based assets
Organizations use the cloud in a variety of service models (e.g., SaaS, PaaS, IaaS) and deployment models (private, public, hybrid, and community). Security
Cloud_computing_security
Web application framework
links and forms in the same way that Swing components react to mouse and keystroke events. Wicket is categorized as a component-based framework. Wicket uses
Apache_Wicket
Artificial intelligence tool
architecture has fueled concerns over telemetry and data mining of individual keystrokes. In late 2022 GitHub Copilot has been accused of emitting Quake game source
GitHub_Copilot
Programmable scientific calculator produced by Hewlett-Packard
vector calculations Unit conversions and table of physical constants Keystroke programmability with approximately 30 kilobytes of memory for programs
HP_35s
Electric keyboard instrument
sounds with rubber pads, each matching one of the keys and responding to a keystroke by striking a given point on a tensioned string, and was designed to resemble
Clavinet
German cipher machine during World War II
stepping mechanism varied slightly from model to model. The right-hand rotor stepped once with each keystroke, and other rotors stepped less frequently
Enigma_machine
Signal to a computer processor emitted by hardware or software
port triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Hardware interrupts can arrive asynchronously with
Interrupt
Canadian philosopher
Three Normative Models of the Welfare State, Public Reason 3 (2): 13-43 "In Due Course | Building the Republic of Letters, one keystroke at a time". 2021-06-25
Joseph_Heath
1999 Microsoft operating system version
including: Slow Keys: Ignore any keystroke not held down for a certain period. Bounce Keys: Ignore repeated keystrokes pressed in quick succession. Repeat
Windows_2000
Programmable handheld calculator with magnetic card reader
$5,190 in 2025), it featured nine storage registers and room for 100 keystroke instructions. It also included a magnetic card reader/writer to save and
HP-65
Arrangement of keys on a typographic keyboard
hardware components—merely by changing the software that interprets the keystrokes. Often, a user can change keyboard mapping in system settings. In addition
Keyboard_layout
Family of block-oriented display terminals and printers made by IBM
interrupts to the mainframe. By ensuring the CPU is not interrupted at every keystroke, a 1970s-era IBM 3033 mainframe fitted with only 16 MB of main memory
IBM_3270
Excessive access to computer resources
scripting Easily guessable passwords Theft or hijacking of session cookies Keystroke logging Privilege escalation attacks are a significant concern in regulated
Privilege_escalation
2000 book by Jef Raskin
includes a chapter demonstrating four models of quantifying the efficiency of a software interface: the GOMS keystroke model, Raskin's own efficiency measure
The_Humane_Interface
Computer memory management scheme
data used by the X server to respond to a keystroke is not in main memory, then if the user enters a keystroke, the server will take one or more page faults
Memory_paging
expansion. The user's high-level goals are unfolded until only operators remain. Generally operators are considered to be keystroke-level operations, but that
NGOMSL
Computer recognition of written text
collaborate with OCR to automate data entry from forms by removing the need for keystrokes. It has a high degree of accuracy and is a dependable method for processing
Intelligent character recognition
Intelligent_character_recognition
Counterintuitive result in probability
precisely, under the assumption of independence and randomness of each keystroke, the monkey would almost surely type every possible finite text an infinite
Infinite_monkey_theorem
Product line of digital pianos
designed in such a way that the click is discernible only on the lightest keystrokes, similar to the keyboard of a grand piano. Natural Wood (NW) is graded
Clavinova
Relational database management system
keystroke recording actions that had no equivalent in Windows. An object-based language based on ideas from Hypercard was used in place of keystroke recording
Paradox_(database)
Virtual keyboard app for Android and iOS
Google states that Gboard does not transmit the actual content of users' keystrokes, independent analyses have shown that the app collects and sends metadata
Gboard
Electronic calculator capable of plotting graphs
most common programming languages used for calculators are similar to keystroke-macro languages and variants of BASIC. The latter can have a large feature
Graphing_calculator
Speech dictation software application
applications. Whispr Flow confirm that the App can read the device user's keystrokes, prompting security concerns amongst some advisors and users. Wispr Flow
Wispr_Flow
Multidisciplinary field of engineering
typewriters". They contained a single electrical component, the motor. Where the keystroke had previously moved a typebar directly, now it engaged mechanical linkages
Electromechanics
Malicious software used to steal information
Infostealers are usually distributed under the malware-as-a-service (MaaS) model, where developers allow other parties to use their infostealers for subscription
Infostealer
Type of standardized secure cryptoprocessors
access to a computer can circumvent TPM, e.g., by installing a hardware keystroke logger, by resetting TPM, or by capturing memory contents and retrieving
Trusted_Platform_Module
Cryptographic network protocol
developers have stated that the major impact of the attack is to degrade the keystroke timing obfuscation features of ssh. The vulnerability was fixed in OpenSSH
Secure_Shell
1982 home computer
keyboard stroke. Other keywords require a change of keyboard mode by a few keystrokes. The BASIC interpreter is derived from the one used on the ZX81. A BASIC
ZX_Spectrum
Desktop run remotely from local device
which is installed on the remote computer. In a typical VNC session, all keystrokes and mouse clicks are registered as if the client were actually performing
Remote_desktop_software
Tibeto-Burman language
around them (as with ြ). These character clusters are built with multiple keystrokes. In particular, the inconsistent placement of diacritics as a feature
Burmese_language
Computer input/output device for users
computer to which it was attached would have to respond quickly to each keystroke. The term "intelligent" in this context dates from 1969. Notable examples
Computer_terminal
User behavior journey in virtual space
preference and opinions. Click tracking Conversion rate optimization Keystroke logging Phorm Real-time Marketing Software Asset Management WW Moe, PS
Click_path
Method of computer access control
fingerprint, face, voice, or iris recognition. Behavioral biometrics such as keystroke dynamics can also be used. Increasingly, a fourth factor is coming into
Multi-factor_authentication
Software for editing plain text documents
roll of paper, without an illuminated display. Commands (often a single keystroke) effected edits to a file at an insertion point, that the operator needed
Text_editor
from a saved game can be done by pressing a single controller button or keystroke, instead of opening a file dialog to locate the save file. Typically,
Glossary_of_video_game_terms
1993 video game
to micromanage both the pilot and navigator roles with their myriad of keystrokes in the heat of the battle. PC Zone gave Tornado a rating of 93%. PC Review's
Tornado_(1993_video_game)
Computing feature predicting ending to a word a user is typing
increase their typing speed, as well as to help them decrease the number of keystrokes needed in order to complete a word or a sentence. The need to increase
Autocomplete
Mechanical device for typing characters
consequently, the carriage on an Arabic typewriter moves to the right after each keystroke. In Arabic script, letters take different shapes depending upon their
Typewriter
Low level firmware interface to the hardware
characters. For another example, the BIOS keyboard interface interprets many keystrokes and key combinations to keep track of the various shift states (left and
BIOS_interrupt_call
Potential negative action or event facilitated by a vulnerability
Risk assessment model. The spread over a network of threats can lead to dangerous situations. In military and civil fields, threat level has been defined:
Threat_(computer_security)
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
applications. A key logger is spyware that silently captures and stores each keystroke that a user types on the computer's keyboard. Social engineering is the
Computer_security
Principal protocol used to stream data across an IP network
because TCP is waiting for a full buffer. In the case of telnet, each user keystroke is echoed back by the server before the user can see it on the screen
Transmission_Control_Protocol
Calculator designed to calculate problems in science, engineering, and mathematics
calculator (Casio fx-7000G). Calculator input methods – Ways in which keystrokes are interpreted Formula calculator – Software calculator that can evaluate
Scientific_calculator
Cat-shaped handheld barcode reader
the unique bar code which the device scanned and CAT as a wordplay on "Keystroke Automation Technology". It enabled a user to open a link to an Internet
CueCat
Cybersecurity term
Information Warriors, and, more tentatively, Political Activists. In the model, motivation is grouped into four broad domains: curiosity, notoriety, revenge
Threat_actor
Computer input device
has ten keys, two at each finger and is able to replace all standard keystrokes with chords of four keys or less. It is small at 3.25"x 2.25" and weighs
Chorded_keyboard
information available f (e.g. IP address, GPS location, connection type, and keystroke dynamics), user validation accuracy is improved without inconveniencing
Risk-based_authentication
Family of programmable calculators and desktop computers
This made recursion possible. Chronologically, the models of the family were: HP 9810A, a keystroke programmable computer with magnetic cards and LED display
HP_9800_series
Class of hand-held calculator
solving complex functions. While there are several companies that manufacture models of graphing calculators, Hewlett-Packard is a major manufacturer. The following
Comparison of HP graphing calculators
Comparison_of_HP_graphing_calculators
Use of software to collect users' mouse cursor positions
representations of real experiments. Click tracking Eye tracking Macro recorder Keystroke logging Usability testing Recorded Future Lopez, Richard B.; Stillman
Mouse_tracking
Act of proving an assertion
accessories to extract some behavioral attributes such as touch dynamics, keystroke dynamics and gait recognition. These attributes are known as behavioral
Authentication
a full or a partial recovery of the keystrokes. The best practical attack fully recovered 95% of the keystrokes of a PS/2 keyboard at a distance up to
Computer security compromised by hardware failure
Computer_security_compromised_by_hardware_failure
Password management software
engineer's personal computer was compromised, and the attacker used a keystroke logger to obtain the employee's credentials and access an internal vault
LastPass
Video-focused social media platform
information, IP addresses, a user's mobile carrier, unique device identifiers, keystroke patterns, and location data, among other data. Other information collected
TikTok
British-American scientist (born 1959)
has a log of personal analytics, including emails received and sent, keystrokes made, meetings and events attended, recordings of phone calls, and even
Stephen_Wolfram
Type of client in a computer network
effectively allow applications to run on a centrally-hosted virtual PC and copy keystrokes and screen images between the local PC and the virtual PC. These ultra-thin
Rich_client
Subculture of individuals
the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hacking
Hacker_culture
Computer malware timeline
trojan that targets Microsoft Windows to steal banking information by keystroke logging. February 17: Mocmex is a trojan, which was found in a digital
Timeline of computer viruses and worms
Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms
2011 video game
makes switching back and forth between editing and testing a matter of keystrokes. "Free, open source FPS 'Red Eclipse' hits version 1.0". Joystiq. Archived
Red_Eclipse
Computer hardware interface
before an operating system is started. It can then invade the kernel, log keystrokes, or steal encryption keys. The ease of connecting Thunderbolt devices
Thunderbolt_(interface)
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
completion of the command or the option is usually activated by the Tab keystroke after typing its name. This feature is available in interactive mode only
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Computer keyboard key
later-model terminals such as the VT220–VT420. EDT recognizes an additional usage for the Gold key, to enter a repeat count. For example, the keystrokes GOLD20=
Gold_key_(DEC)
Horizontal line immediately above a portion of writing
most fonts. In ChromeOS and Linux, the symbol can be added using the keystrokes Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U to activate Unicode input, then type "00AF" as the code
Overline
Word processor
customization of the keyboard—for remapping keystrokes and for execution of complex commands with individual keystrokes—as well as customization of what is loaded
XyWrite
Component of aircraft avionics
for a variety of reasons. Significant engineering design minimizes the keystrokes in order to minimize pilot workload in flight and eliminate any confusing
Flight_management_system
1981 home computer
mode; Processing the incoming cassette audio signal in LOAD mode; Sensing keystrokes; Using memory addresses provided by the CPU to decide when ROM and RAM
ZX81
Rule for substituting a set input with a set output
allow short sequences of keystrokes and mouse actions to transform into other, usually more time-consuming, sequences of keystrokes and mouse actions. In
Macro_(computer_science)
Musical instrument
recording studio. Usually multiple samples are available for the same keystroke, attempting to reproduce the diversity of sounds heard on an acoustic
Digital_piano
Software that manages computer hardware resources
user moves a mouse, the cursor immediately moves across the screen. Each keystroke and mouse movement generates an interrupt called Interrupt-driven I/O
Operating_system
Multidisciplinary field of science
Gabriel; Christensen, Helen (2023-05-15). "Associations Between Smartphone Keystroke Metadata and Mental Health Symptoms in Adolescents: Findings From the
Digital_phenotyping
Peer-to-peer wireless screencasting standard
for all Miracast devices with no additional setup past using the WIN+K keystroke to pair with a compatible display sink (including Microsoft's own Wireless
Miracast
Programmable machine that processes data
system to "hang", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes
Computer
CPU and Expansion Interface (spontaneous reboots) and keyboard bounce (keystrokes would randomly repeat), and the earliest versions of TRSDOS similarly
History_of_personal_computers
Testing software without automation
regression testing of user interfaces. They rely on recording of sequences of keystrokes and mouse gestures, then playing them back and observing that the user
Manual_testing
Anonymous operating system
system incorporates several security tools, including Kloak to obfuscate keystrokes from behavioral biometrics, and sdwdate to synchronize system time securely
Whonix
Calculator product line by Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett-Packard company over the years. Their desktop models included the HP 9800 series, while their handheld models started with the HP-35. Their focus has been
HP_calculators
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
Boy/Male
Muslim
Instrument to level something
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant spelling of Levin.English, North German, and Dutch : from the Germanic personal name represented by Old English Lēofwine, Saxon Liafwin, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + wine ‘friend’.English and Scottish : habitational name from places called Leven in East Yorkshire, Fife, and Renfrew. The first is probably from a stream name, possibly derived from a Celtic word meaning smooth (as in Welsh llyfyn). The Scottish place name is from a Gaelic river name meaning ‘elm river’.Dutch and North German : from a Flemish saint’s name, Lefwin (Lieven), the patron saint of Ghent (see Lewin 2).
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
High Level
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Lovell, LOVEL means "little wolf."
Boy/Male
Hebrew
United.
Boy/Male
Japanese
Flat and level field.
Girl/Female
Indian
Intelligent, Level headed
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : nickname for a fleet-footed or timid person, from Old French levre ‘hare’ (Latin lepus, genitive leporis). It may also have been a metonymic occupational name for a hunter of hares.English (of Norman origin) : topographic name for someone who lived in a place thickly grown with rushes, from Old English lǣfer ‘rush’, ‘reed’, ‘iris’. Compare Laver 3. Great and Little Lever in Greater Manchester (formerly in Lancashire) are named with this word (in a collective sense) and in some cases the surname may also be derived from these places.English (of Norman origin) : possibly from an unrecorded Middle English survival of an Old English personal name, Lēofhere, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + here ‘army’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lovell.
Boy/Male
Indian
Instrument to level something
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
King Richard III' Lord Lovel.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bevill.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a late Old English personal name Lēofweald, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + weald ‘power’, ‘rule’.French : variant spelling of Level.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Revell.French : habitational name from any of the places so named, for example in Isère and Haute-Garonne.French and southern French : nickname from Old French, Occitan reveau ‘rebel’.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Intelligent, Level headed
Boy/Male
British, Christian, English, French
Little Wolf; Young Wolf
Surname or Lastname
Jewish
Jewish : variant spelling of Levy.English : variant spelling of Leavey.
Boy/Male
Yiddish
Dearly loved.
Male
Yiddish
(לֶעמְל) Yiddish name LEMEL means "little lamb; meek."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Level Headed; Intelligent
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Portuguese, Swedish
Father-like
Biblical
God is my strength
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
All Coming Together
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess Santhoshi maa
Girl/Female
Arabic
Secret
Girl/Female
Spanish Latin
Victor.
Boy/Male
Indian
The Eastward Direction
Girl/Female
British, English, Greek, Irish
Pearl
Surname or Lastname
English (Staffordshire)
English (Staffordshire) : unexplained.
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
KEYSTROKE LEVEL-MODEL
v. t.
To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as, to level a road, a walk, or a garden.
v. t.
Figuratively, to bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.; as, to level all the ranks and conditions of men.
v. t.
To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.
a.
Coinciding or parallel with the plane of the horizon; horizontal; as, the telescope is now level.
n.
A horizontal line or plane; that is, a straight line or a plane which is tangent to a true level at a given point and hence parallel to the horizon at that point; -- this is the apparent level at the given point.
v. i.
To be level; to be on a level with, or on an equality with, something; hence, to accord; to agree; to suit.
v. t.
To adjust or adapt to a certain level; as, to level remarks to the capacity of children.
a.
Having the slant of a bevel; slanting.
a.
Even; flat; having no part higher than another; having, or conforming to, the curvature which belongs to the undisturbed liquid parts of the earth's surface; as, a level field; level ground; the level surface of a pond or lake.
a.
Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial; as, a level head; a level understanding. [Colloq.]
v. t.
To attend the levee or levees of.
n.
A uniform or average height; a normal plane or altitude; a condition conformable to natural law or which will secure a level surface; as, moving fluids seek a level.
n.
An approximately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth; as, to climb from the level of the coast to the level of the plateau and then descend to the level of the valley or of the sea.
v. t.
To bring to a lower level; to overthrow; to topple down; to reduce to a flat surface; to lower.
n.
A measurement of the difference of altitude of two points, by means of a level; as, to take a level.
n.
A keystone.