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American mathematician (1932–2013)
Kenneth Ira Appel (October 8, 1932 – April 19, 2013) was an American mathematician who in 1976, with colleague Wolfgang Haken at the University of Illinois
Kenneth_Appel
American computer scientist
authors of Rog-O-Matic. Andrew Appel is the son of mathematician Kenneth Appel, who proved the Four-Color Theorem in 1976. Appel graduated summa cum laude
Andrew_Appel
Planar maps require at most four colors
the four color theorem resisted until 1976, when it was proven by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken in a computer-aided proof. This came after many false
Four_color_theorem
Proof that is not easily verified by hand
validity. The term was coined by Thomas Tymoczko in 1979 in criticism of Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken's computer-assisted proof of the four color theorem
Non-surveyable_proof
Study of discrete mathematical structures
color theorem, first stated in 1852, but not proved until 1976 (by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, using substantial computer assistance). In logic
Discrete_mathematics
Upper bound for number of colors that suffice to color any graph
case of the sphere is the four-color conjecture, which was settled by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken in 1976. Béla Bollobás, Graph Theory: An Introductory
Heawood_number
Technique used to prove lemmas in structural graph theory
computer-based case analysis for this method, from the original proof by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, was later simplified by Neil Robertson, Daniel P
Discharging method (discrete mathematics)
Discharging_method_(discrete_mathematics)
German mathematician (1906–1995)
be a fundamental ingredient of the eventual computer-aided proof by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. Between 1967 and 1971, Heesch made several visits
Heinrich_Heesch
Academic journal
Zariski. The journal published the proof of the four color theorem by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, which featured a then-unusual[citation needed] tabulation
Illinois Journal of Mathematics
Illinois_Journal_of_Mathematics
Proposition in mathematics that is unproven
ultimately proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. It was the first major theorem to be proved using a computer. Appel and Haken's approach started
Conjecture
Aesthetic value of mathematics
beautiful, and may be even referred to as ugly or clumsy. For example, Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken's proof of the four color theorem made use of computer
Mathematical_beauty
Chinese-born American mathematician
lecturer at the University of New Hampshire, where he was hired by Kenneth Appel in 1999. Prior to getting back to academia, he worked for several years
Yitang_Zhang
Surname list
Appel (born 1958), Dutch documentary filmmaker Karel Appel (1921–2006), Dutch painter Kenneth Appel (1932–2013), American mathematician Kevin Appel (born
Appel_(surname)
Mathematical device used in proof of the four colour theorem
success of valid modern proofs, such as the first successful one by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. Furthermore, the method is used in the proof of
Kempe_chain
Area of discrete mathematics
problem using computers. A computer-aided proof produced in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken makes fundamental use of the notion of "discharging"
Graph_theory
German mathematician (1928–2022)
professor in 1965, retiring in 1998. In 1976, together with colleague Kenneth Appel at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Haken proved the
Wolfgang_Haken
Mumford conjecture geometric invariant theory Haboush's theorem 1976 Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken Four color theorem graph colouring Traditionally
List_of_conjectures
notable people who were born or have lived in Dover, New Hampshire. Kenneth Appel (1932–2013), mathematician; solved the four-color theorem Jeremy Belknap
List of people from Dover, New Hampshire
List_of_people_from_Dover,_New_Hampshire
Methodic assignment of colors to elements of a graph
to four, until the four color theorem was finally proved in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. The proof went back to the ideas of Heawood and
Graph_coloring
Award for advancements in discrete mathematics
Richard M. Karp for classifying many important NP-complete problems. Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken for the four color theorem. Paul Seymour for generalizing
Fulkerson_Prize
American chemist and inventor (1896–1937)
a prestigious mental hospital, under the care of psychiatrist Dr. Kenneth Appel. One month later, he was given permission to leave the institute to
Wallace_Carothers
historical conjectures were finally proven. In 1976, Wolfgang Haken and Kenneth Appel proved the four color theorem, controversial at the time for the use
History_of_mathematics
Mandelbrot publishes Les objets fractals, forme, hasard et dimension. 1976 – Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken use a computer to prove the Four color theorem. 1981 –
Timeline_of_mathematics
Westney - classical pianist Davide Zannoni - classical music composer Kenneth Appel - mathematician, proved four color theorem Boris Aronov - computer scientist
List_of_Queens_College_people
five color theorem. The four-color theorem was eventually proved by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken in 1976. Schröder–Bernstein theorem. In 1896 Schröder
List_of_incomplete_proofs
One hundred years, from 1901 to 2000
ed.). Reading, Mass. [u.a.]: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-55406-9. Kenneth Appel; Wolfgang Haken (26 July 1976). "Every Planar Map is Four-Colorable"
20th_century
Family of infinite discrete groups
extra-large type are torsion-free and have solvable conjugacy problem (Kenneth Appel and Paul Schupp). Artin–Tits groups of extra-large type are biautomatic
Artin–Tits_group
American politician
Peter H. Appel (born 1964) was the administrator of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA). From 2009 to 2011 Appel was the Obama
Peter_H._Appel
from) the standard axioms of set theory. In 1976, Wolfgang Haken and Kenneth Appel used a computer to prove the four color theorem. Andrew Wiles, building
20th_century_in_science
US men's college tennis competition
/ Tom Stow (California) 1927 Wilmer Allison (Texas) John Van Ryn / Kenneth Appel (Princeton) 1928 Julius Seligson (Lehigh) Ralph McElvenny / Alan Herrington
NCAA Division I men's tennis championships
NCAA_Division_I_men's_tennis_championships
American mathematician
with Donald G. Higman; his notable doctoral students there included Kenneth Appel and Joseph Kruskal. Lyndon died on June 8, 1988, in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Roger_Lyndon
popularized the term 'fractal' to describe these structures' self-similarity. Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken prove the four colour theorem, the first theorem
Timeline of computational mathematics
Timeline_of_computational_mathematics
Priest. Sivanthi Adithan, 76, Indian newspaper owner (Dina Thanthi). Kenneth Appel, 80, American mathematician, solved the four color theorem, esophageal
Deaths_in_April_2013
High school in Urbana, Illinois
University at Kingston Andrew Appel (class of 1976), computer scientist at Princeton University and son of Kenneth Appel who proved the Four color theorem
University Laboratory High School (Urbana, Illinois)
University_Laboratory_High_School_(Urbana,_Illinois)
German mathematician (1909–1990)
established an international reputation for Haken. In 1976 Haken, assisted by Kenneth Appel, used computer techniques to solve the Four Color Problem. Besides Haken
Karl_Heinrich_Weise
American annual intercollegiate tournaments (1883– )
Stratford California 1926 Edward Chandler, Tom Stow California (2) 1927 Kenneth Appel, John Van Ryn Princeton (5) 1928 Alan Herrington, Ralph McElvenny Stanford
NCAA Men's Tennis Championship
NCAA_Men's_Tennis_Championship
American logician (1933–2019)
Mathematics Genealogy Project Review of Degrees of unsolvability by Kenneth Appel, MR 0186554 Review of Saturated model theory by P. Stepanek, MR 0398817
Gerald_Sacks
Month of 1976
Two mathematicians at the University of Illinois, Wolfgang Haken and Kenneth Appel, announced in Champaign, Illinois that they had used a computer analysis
June_1976
winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (born 1920). Kenneth Appel, American mathematician (born 1932). 21 April – Shakuntala Devi, Indian
2013_in_science
Jacob Anatoli (c. 1194–1256), mathematician, scientist and translator Kenneth Appel (1932–2013), proved four-color theorem Zvi Arad (1942–2018), mathematician
List_of_Jewish_mathematicians
Computational science history
mathematical visualization tool extensively explored with computing. 1977 – Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken prove the four colour theorem, the first theorem
Timeline of scientific computing
Timeline_of_scientific_computing
Discovery is published posthumously. The four color theorem is proved by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, the first major theorem to be proved using a computer
1976_in_science
Canadian actor (1942–2022)
Kenneth Clifford Welsh CM (March 30, 1942 – May 5, 2022) was a Canadian actor, who made over 300 stage, film, and television appearances over a nearly
Kenneth_Welsh
American actor (born 1959)
Peter Appel (born October 19, 1959) is an American actor of stage, film, and television. He is known for Bad Education (2019), Luck (2011) and Léon: The
Peter_Appel_(actor)
1975 studio album by Bruce Springsteen
through Columbia Records. Co-produced by Springsteen with his manager Mike Appel and the producer Jon Landau, its recording took place in New York. Following
Born_to_Run
American actress, singer, and dancer (born 1975)
and Jonathan Groff performed a selection of songs from many shows at The Appel Room at Lincoln Center; this concert, which also featured Megan McGinnis
Sutton_Foster
are the races to watch". Wyoming Public Radio. Retrieved June 6, 2026. Appel, Emmalee (January 13, 2026). "Former Spokane County Sheriff Ozzie Knezovich
2026 Wyoming gubernatorial election
2026_Wyoming_gubernatorial_election
American game designer (born 1965)
Kenneth Hite (born September 15, 1965) is a writer and role-playing game designer. Hite is the author of Trail of Cthulhu and Night's Black Agents role-playing
Kenneth_Hite
Lukita Maxwell The Breadwinner TriStar Pictures / Wonder Project Eric Appel (director/screenplay); Nate Bargatze, Dan Lagana (screenplay); Nate Bargatze
List of American films of 2026
List_of_American_films_of_2026
Canadian psychiatrist (1849–1926)
(1950–1951) Leo H. Bartemeier (1951–1952) Donald Ewen Cameron (1952–1953) Kenneth E. Appel (1953–1954) Arthur Percy Noyes (1954–1955) R. Finley Gayle Jr. (1955–1956)
Thomas_J._W._Burgess
American actress and producer (born 1984)
Retrieved July 21, 2024. "Terrible Decisions with Ben Schwartz from Eric Appel, Ben Schwartz, and Aubrey Plaza". Funny or Die. September 27, 2009. Archived
Aubrey_Plaza
2001 terror attacks in the U.S.
Retrieved May 15, 2023. Ritchie, Hannah; Hasell, Joe; Mathieu, Edouard; Appel, Cameron; Roser, Max (July 28, 2013). "Terrorism". Our World in Data. Archived
September_11_attacks
Surname list
(1878–1938), American film actor, film director, screenwriter and film producer Appel Front Deutscher Äpfel, organisation founded in Leipzig in 2004 that satirizes
Apfel
Case of child sexual abuse against director Roman Polanski
original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2009. "Pétitions et appels réclamant la libération de Roman Polanski" (in French). Le Parisien. September
Roman Polanski sexual abuse case
Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case
French mathematician (1855–1930)
Paul Appell". Nature. 126 (3189): 924–925. doi:10.1038/126924a0. May, Kenneth (1970). "Appell, Paul". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New
Paul_Émile_Appell
1986 film by Mike Nichols
Forman Karen Akers as Thelma Rice Anna Maria Horsford as Della Kenneth Welsh as Dr. Appel Kevin Spacey as subway thief Mercedes Ruehl as Eve Joanna Gleason
Heartburn_(film)
1977 single by Eagles
Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2012. Appel, Rich (December 10, 2014). "Revisionist History, Holiday Edition: Mariah
Hotel_California
French comics author (1938–2012)
influenced by the teachings of Appel-Guéry and Guy-Claude Burger's instinctotherapy. In effect, Giraud and his family did join Appel-Guéry's commune on Tahiti
Jean_Giraud
2002 film by Gurinder Chadha
Canada, with a limited run at the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts' Bluma Appel Theatre, beginning in December 2019.[citation needed] In July 2025, Chadha
Bend_It_Like_Beckham
American psychiatrist and academic (1921–2021)
the University of Pennsylvania in 1954. The department chair was Kenneth Ellmaker Appel, a psychoanalyst who was president of the American Psychiatric Association
Aaron_Beck
Andrzej; Alaux, Michael; Vautrin, Sonia; Bergès, Hélène; Eversole, Kellye; Appels, Rudi; Safar, Jan; Simkova, Hana; Dolezel, Jaroslav; Bernard, Michel; Feuillet
Longest_word_in_English
American research scientist, medical educator (born 1939)
neurology, psychiatry and addiction psychiatry. He is currently the Kenneth E. Appel Professor of Psychiatry, and vice chair of psychiatry, in the Perelman
Charles_P._O'Brien
Danish group of politically motivated criminal activists
pages of references. Gotfred Appel: Perspektiver for socialismen i Danmark, Futura 1967 or 1968 Anders Riis-Hansen, Kenneth Kainz (2009-09-13). Blekingegadebanden
Blekingegade_Gang
Clown stage show by Slava Polunin
Hall from December 18, 2017 to January 4, 2018. The show ran at the Bluma Appel Theatre at St. Lawrence Centre, Toronto in December 2018. The reviewer wrote:
Slava's_Snowshow
Award for best television comedy series
executive producers; Mark Hentemann, Steve Callaghan, Brian Scully and Richard Appel, co-executive producers; Wellesley Wild, Alec Sulkin and Mike Henry, supervising
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series
Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Comedy_Series
Highest court of jurisdiction in the U.S.
Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2012. Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009). "Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice". HuffPost
Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
States of matter for water as a solid
Laurus, Torsten; Graafsma, Heinz; Bauer, Robert P. C.; Lehmkühler, Felix; Appel, Karen; Konôpková, Zuzana (2025-10-10). "Multiple freezing–melting pathways
Phases_of_ice
Canadian computer scientist
Queen's University. Home page at Queen's University, retrieved 2017-06-17 Appel, Kenneth; Haken, Wolfgang (1989), Every planar map is four colorable, Contemporary
Dorothea_Blostein
the Ministry as follows: 1 John Appel resigned from the Ministry after aligning with the new Farmers' Union party. Kenneth Grant, a former minister, was
Denham_ministry
1978 studio album by Bruce Springsteen
series of legal disputes between Springsteen and his former manager Mike Appel, during sessions in New York City with the E Street Band from June 1977
Darkness_on_the_Edge_of_Town
Country in West Asia
the Neolithic Revolution: A View from the Southern Levant". In Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (eds.). The Neolithic Demographic Transition
Israel
American anthropologist and activist (1961–2020)
for Other People's Debts". Radical History Review (118). Interviewed by Appel, Hannah Chadeayne. Duke University Press: 159–173. ISSN 0163-6545. Bennett
David_Graeber
44–46. Appel 2012, p. 45. Stout 2002, pp. 47–49. Appel 2012, pp. 53–55. Stout 2002, p. 57. Appel 2012, pp. 58–59. Stout 2002, p. 59. Appel 2012, p. 61
History of the New York Yankees
History_of_the_New_York_Yankees
French actress (born 1985)
palestinien : qu'attendez-vous monsieur Macron ? 230 artistes lancent un appel". Libération (in French). 4 June 2024. "Tribune contre le « génocide à at
Léa_Seydoux
1904 play by Anton Chekhov
Van Patten as Charlotta Ivanovna, and Dick Latessa as Firs. 2007: Libby Appel adapted and directed the play in 2007 for her farewell season as artistic
The_Cherry_Orchard
Musical soap opera by R. Kelly
CliffsNotes-style analysis of the next seven chapters. On November 11, 2005, Eric Appel hosted a panel discussion about the song and video at the New York City
Trapped_in_the_Closet
Early photographic technique
University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0198-3. Sobieszek, Robert A.; Appel-Heyne, Odette M.; Moore, Charles R. (1976). The Spirit of Fact: The Daguerreotypes
Daguerreotype
American collegiate social fraternity
and cease activities". Indiana Daily Student. Retrieved July 17, 2026. Appel, Dr. Theodore B. et al. 1993 The Chronicles of Chi Phi, Chi Phi Educational
Chi_Phi
French zoologist and anatomist (1777–1850)
Meeting "Blainville". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. Appel, Toby A. (1980). Henri De Blainville and the Animal Series: A Nineteenth-Century
Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville
Total number of living humans on Earth
Population and Environment. 28 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s11111-007-0034-9. Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre (29 July 2011). "When the World's Population Took Off: The
World_population
German philosopher (1844–1900)
eventually settled in Saxony around the year 1700." Hollingdale 1999, p. 6. Appel, Fredrick (1998). Nietzsche Contra Democracy. Cornell University Press.
Friedrich_Nietzsche
Character from Popeye
(2019; Robot Chicken) Ayami Nakajo (2021–2023; Ajinomoto commercials) Teresa Appel (2021; video game) In her Famous Studios appearance, Olive is given more
Olive_Oyl
1980 video game
Science Department at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh: Andrew Appel, Leonard Harney, Guy Jacobson and Michael Loren Mauldin. In a test during
Rogue_(video_game)
Form of mantra meditation
difficult, however, to deduce any consistent differences therefrom Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, Fuchs FD, Hughes
Transcendental_Meditation
265–281. doi:10.1080/10894160802161448. PMID 19042737. Berardo, Felix M.; Appel, Jeffrey; Berardo, Donna H. (March 1993). "Age dissimilar marriages: Review
Age disparity in sexual relationships
Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships
Hospital in New York, United States
Retrieved February 18, 2022. Brescia, Michael J.; Cimino, James E.; Appel, Kenneth; Hurwich, Baruch J. (November 17, 1966). "Chronic Hemodialysis Using
James J. Peters VA Medical Center
James_J._Peters_VA_Medical_Center
1996 film
Minkins André De Shields as Teddy Dolson J. K. Simmons as Dr. Mingus Peter Appel as Det. Stone Diana Zimmer as Helen Nancy Beatty as Ruth Myrick Gerry Becker
Extreme_Measures
2013 oil train crash in Québec, Canada
and Mail. July 6, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013. "La mairesse lance un appel aux touristes" (in French). La Tribune (Sherbrooke). July 9, 2013. Retrieved
Lac-Mégantic_rail_disaster
Scottish actor (born 1977)
Review: 'Cyrano De Bergerac'", The New York Times, 2 November 2007 Jones, Kenneth."'Sondheim on Sondheim', a New Musical Reflection of a Life in Art, Begins
Euan_Morton
French actor (born 1948)
l'acteur a décidé de faire appel". France Info (in French). 13 May 2025. Retrieved 5 June 2025. "Gérard Depardieu sera jugé en appel en novembre pour agressions
Gérard_Depardieu
American physician and professor of psychiatry (1886–1959)
Practitioners. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1925. Strecker, Edward A., and Kenneth E. Appel. Discovering Ourselves: A View of the Human Mind and How it Works.
Edward_Adam_Strecker
Ban on alcohol from 1920 to 1933
Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-55002-076-2. Retrieved March 7, 2010. Appel, Jacob M. (June 2008). "'Physicians are not Bootleggers': The Short, Peculiar
Prohibition in the United States
Prohibition_in_the_United_States
American cartoonist and animator (born 1954)
minutes, 21 seconds in) Groening, Matt; Oakley, Bill;, Weinstein, Josh; Appel, Richard; Cohen, David; Pulido, Rachel; Smith, Yeardley; Reardon, Jim; Silverman
Matt_Groening
Portugal M Apicella, Manuel 600164 1970-04-19 Longjumeau 1995 France M Appel, Ralf 4600924 1971-07-18 Pirmasens 2008 Germany M title application Arakhamia-Grant
List_of_chess_grandmasters
Organism composed of cells of different genotypes
Engl J Med. 346 (20): 1545–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013452. PMID 12015394. Appel, Jacob M. "The Monster's Law", Genewatch, Volume 19, Number 2, March–April
Chimera_(genetics)
2021 financial markets event
for crackdown after 'meme-stock' saga". Reuters. Retrieved June 28, 2022. Appel, David (February 27, 2024). "Researchers show Reddit users caused the famous
GameStop_short_squeeze
American right-wing to far-right populist political ideology
et al. 2017, p. 330. Tarnoff 2016. Marietta et al. 2017, pp. 313, 317. Appel 2018, pp. 162–163. Löwenthal & Guterman 1949, pp. 92–95. "Trump Speaks at
Trumpism
American comedian, writer and television host (born 1964)
Roll Call (video). Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Vogel, Kenneth P. (May 13, 2011). "Stephen Colbert at the FEC? Really". Politico. Archived
Stephen_Colbert
Historic hotel in Manhattan, New York
at the Chelsea include: Hawk Alfredson, painter Joe Andoe, painter Karel Appel, painter and sculptor Arman, painter Brigid Berlin, artist and Warhol superstar
Hotel_Chelsea
American superhero television series (2001–2011)
"Smallville: The Metropolis Mix". Amazon. Retrieved October 16, 2006. Gerry Appel (March 21, 2003). "Kryptonite Chronicles: 'Smallville' soars for Superman
Smallville
travel, tourism, insurance
KENNETH APPEL
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KENNETH APPEL
travel, tourism, insurance