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Galaxy morphological classification scheme advocated by Edwin Hubble
Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for galaxies published by Edwin Hubble in 1926. It is often colloquially known as the Hubble
Hubble_sequence
American astronomer (1889–1953)
Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. He played a crucial role in establishing the fields of extragalactic
Edwin_Hubble
System for categorizing galaxies based on appearance
according to their morphologies, the most famous being the Hubble sequence, devised by Edwin Hubble and later expanded by Gérard de Vaucouleurs and Allan Sandage
Galaxy morphological classification
Galaxy_morphological_classification
Class of galaxy
Irregular galaxies do not fall into any of the regular classes of the Hubble sequence, and they are often chaotic in appearance, with neither a nuclear bulge
Irregular_galaxy
Class of galaxy that has spiral structures extending from their cores
originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist
Spiral_galaxy
Spiral galaxy with a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars
barred spiral galaxy. Edwin Hubble classified spiral galaxies of this type as "SB" (spiral, barred) in his Hubble sequence and arranged them into sub-categories
Barred_spiral_galaxy
Spherical or ovoid mass of stars
one of the three main classes of galaxy described by Edwin Hubble in his Hubble sequence and 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae, along with spiral and
Elliptical_galaxy
Galaxy type intermediate between a spiral galaxy and barred spiral galaxy
are labeled as SAB0, SABa, SABb, or SABc, following a sequence analogous to the Hubble sequence for barred and unbarred spirals. The subtype (0, a, b
Intermediate_spiral_galaxy
2010 American film
Hubble (also known as Hubble 3D, IMAX: Hubble, or IMAX: Hubble 3D) is a 2010 American documentary film about Space Shuttle missions to repair and upgrade
Hubble_(film)
System of stars and interstellar matter
galaxy types based on their appearance is given by the Hubble sequence. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type (shape)
Galaxy
Topics referred to by the same term
Hubble sequence, a classification of galaxy types Hubble's law, a statement in physical cosmology Hubble (crater), a lunar crater 2069 Hubble, a main-belt
Hubble_(disambiguation)
Elliptical galaxy
NGC 6505 is an elliptical galaxy with Hubble sequence classification E/S0 in the northern celestial hemisphere constellation Draco. It is about 608 million
NGC_6505
Class of galaxy between an elliptical galaxy and a spiral galaxy
elliptical galaxies, which results in their intermediate placement on the Hubble sequence. This results from lenticulars having both prominent disk and bulge
Lenticular_galaxy
Galaxy in the constellation Virgo
larger amateur telescopes under excellent conditions. In the modified Hubble sequence galaxy morphological classification scheme of the French astronomer
Messier_87
Galaxy that orbits a larger galaxy due to gravitational attraction
actually distant galaxies with a wide range of morphologies (see Hubble sequence). Despite Hubble's discovery that the universe was teeming with galaxies, a majority
Satellite_galaxy
French astronomer (1918–1995)
superclusters. The de Vaucouleurs modified Hubble sequence is a widely used variant of the standard Hubble sequence. De Vaucouleurs was awarded the Henry Norris
Gérard_de_Vaucouleurs
Instrument to measure the properties of visible light
star spectral classification and discovery of the main sequence, Hubble's law and the Hubble sequence were all made with spectrographs that used photographic
Optical_spectrometer
Type of spiral galaxy without a central bar
fallen over the history of the universe. In 1926, Edwin Hubble introduced the Hubble sequence for morphological classification of galaxies. Spiral galaxies
Unbarred_spiral_galaxy
Largest type of black hole
3847/1538-4357/ab0f32. S2CID 209877088. Graham, A. W. (2023). "Resequencing the Hubble sequence and the quadratic (black hole mass)-(spheroid stellar mass) relation
Supermassive_black_hole
Mountain in California, United States
galaxy, the classification of galaxies according to the Hubble sequence, and the development of Hubble's law relating a galaxy's observed red shift to its distance
Mount_Wilson_(California)
Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices
telescopes are needed in order to see the galaxy's halo. In the updated Hubble sequence galaxy morphological classification scheme by the French astronomer
NGC_4889
Dim, low mass stars on the main sequence
massive, smallest, least luminous, and coolest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of fusing star in the Milky
Red_dwarf
Asteroid
Hubble's law and the discovery of the expanding Universe were his greatest achievements. His classification scheme for galaxies, the Hubble sequence,
2069_Hubble
Radio galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major
Bernardi, M.; Mei, S.; Almeida, J. Sánchez (2011-01-01). "Revisiting the Hubble sequence in the SDSS DR7 spectroscopic sample: a publicly available Bayesian
6C_B084407.8+582055
Subfield of cosmology
(1919) and Reynolds (1920) established the E–S0–S morphological sequence. Edwin Hubble (1926) subsequently popularised and extended this framework, bifurcating
Galaxy formation and evolution
Galaxy_formation_and_evolution
Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major
years away from Earth. NGC 3938 is classified as type Sc under the Hubble sequence, a loosely wound spiral galaxy with a smaller and dimmer bulge. The
NGC_3938
Lenticular galaxy in the constellation Leo
of CALIFA galaxies: A dynamical mass proxy for galaxies across the Hubble sequence". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 479 (2): 2133–2146
NGC_4003
Argentine priest and astronomer (born 1963)
properties in the bar of NGC 6221: Evidence for evolution along the Hubble sequence? Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser., 131, 105-114 1998 BERTOLA F., CAPPELLARI
José_Gabriel_Funes
Irregular version of a barred spiral galaxy
broader classification of galaxies that do not fit neatly into the Hubble sequence of elliptical and spiral galaxies. The presence of a central bar is
Barred_irregular_galaxy
Australian astronomer known for work on galaxy structure and supermassive black holes
2285M. doi:10.1086/300353. Graham, A.W. (2023). "Resequencing the Hubble sequence and the quadratic (black hole mass)–(spheroid stellar mass) relation
Alister_W._Graham
French astrophysicist (born 1958)
evolution of the Hubble sequence". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2022-11-12. F. Hammer; H. Flores; M. Puech; Y. B. Yang (2009-12-01). "The Hubble sequence: just a vestige
François_Hammer
American radio astronomer and astrophysicist
completed a Ph.D. in 2010. Her dissertation, Supernova remnants across the Hubble Sequence, was supervised by Eric Wilcots. After postdoctoral research from 2010
Laura_Chomiuk
Spiral asymptotic to a line
Kennicutt, R. C. Jr. (December 1981), "The shapes of spiral arms along the Hubble sequence", The Astronomical Journal, 86, American Astronomical Society: 1847
Hyperbolic_spiral
Cosmological time duration
the universe. These two methods give slightly different values for the Hubble constant, which is then used in a formula to calculate the age. The range
Age_of_the_universe
Stellar classification
A K-type main-sequence star (also called a "K-type dwarf" or "orange dwarf") is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type K. The spectral
K-type_main-sequence_star
Phenomenon whereby a galaxy shuts down its star formation
Robert C. Kennicutt (1998-09-01). "Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 36: 189–231. arXiv:astro-ph/9807187
Quenching_(astronomy)
Distant star or star cluster
star located in the constellation of Cetus. Discovered in 2022 with the Hubble Space Telescope, it has a comoving distance of 28 billion light-years (8
Earendel (astronomical object)
Earendel_(astronomical_object)
Persistent storm in Jupiter's atmosphere
professional astronomers beginning in April 2006 to study the storms using the Hubble Space Telescope; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing
Great_Red_Spot
Galaxy in the constellation Pegasus
of 1.6' × 1.2'. Being classified as a SABbc class galaxy using the Hubble sequence and the De Vaucouleurs system as an extension, NGC 1 is a spiral galaxy
NGC_1
Correlation between galaxy mass and chemical abundance
Sánchez, S. F.; Vale Asari, N. (2014). "The CALIFA survey across the Hubble sequence: How galaxies grow their bulges and disks". Astronomy & Astrophysics
Mass–metallicity_relation
Main sequence star that is more luminous and bluer than expected
Ancient Cluster". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 30 January 2012. "Hubble Catches up with a Blue Straggler Star". Hubble News Desk. 1997-10-29
Blue_straggler
Natural number
Goddard Space Flight Center. March 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2026. "NASA's Hubble Traces Hidden History of Andromeda Galaxy". NASA Science. National Aeronautics
1,000,000,000,000
Spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo
Kennicutt, R. C. Jr. (December 1981), "The shapes of spiral arms along the Hubble sequence", The Astronomical Journal, 86: 1847–1858, Bibcode:1981AJ.....86.1847K
NGC_5364
Star in the constellation Fornax
UDF 2457 is the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF) identifier for a red dwarf star calculated to be about 59,000 light-years (18 kiloparsecs) from Earth with
UDF_2457
Succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects
cosmic distance ladder. Edwin Hubble observed that fainter galaxies are more redshifted. Finding the value of the Hubble constant was the result of decades
Cosmic_distance_ladder
Observatory
distribution within and between galaxies, the formation of the present-day Hubble sequence and also understanding our own galaxy. For the community of astronomers
Iranian_National_Observatory
NASA/ESA/CSA space telescope launched in 2021
instruments, allowing it to view objects too old, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope. This enables investigations across many fields of astronomy
James_Webb_Space_Telescope
Open cluster in the constrellation Hydrus
by Sk 183, an extremely hot O3 main sequence star visible as the bright isolated star at the centre of the Hubble image. A population of candidate brown
NGC_602
Stormbreaker. Visual effects of the Bifröst in Thor were influenced by Hubble photography as well as other images of deep space, and were done by BUF
Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Features_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe
Stellar classification
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra
A-type_main-sequence_star
Spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 220 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_521
Physical theory of the cosmos
observation of an expanding universe is known as Hubble's law, published in work by physicist Edwin Hubble in 1929, which discerned that galaxies are moving
Big_Bang
Galaxy in the constellation Hydra
Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. VIII. Demographics of Bulges along the Hubble Sequence". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 244 (2): 34. arXiv:1901
NGC_3673
Barred spiral or lenticular galaxy in Sculptor
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 159 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_174
Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus
Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. VIII. Demographics of Bulges along the Hubble Sequence". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 244 (2): 34. arXiv:1901
NGC_1436
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
and 9 being coolest (e.g., A8, A9, F0, and F1 form a sequence from hotter to cooler). The sequence has been expanded with three classes for other stars
Stellar_classification
American astronomer (born 1951)
S., and M. P. Haynes. "Variation of Physical Properties along the Hubble Sequence." Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 32, 115 (1994). Haynes, M. P., and
Martha_P._Haynes
Triple star system in the constellation Piscis Austrinus
object candidate to be directly imaged in visible light, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The mass of the tentative planet, Fomalhaut b, was estimated
Fomalhaut
Elliptical galaxy in the constellation Cetus
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 240 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_519
For the highly cited review "Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence" and related work synthesizing the broad field of stellar formation
NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing
NAS_Award_for_Scientific_Reviewing
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
around the star rather than a more fundamental change. A study using the Hubble Space Telescope suggests that occluding dust was created by a surface mass
Betelgeuse
Barred spiral galaxy in the Local Group
the Hubble Space Telescope, assembled from approximately 600 separate overlapping fields of view taken over 10 years of Hubble observation. Hubble resolves
Andromeda_Galaxy
Catalog of stars
Catalog (GSC), also known as the Hubble Space Telescope, Guide Catalog (HSTGC), is a star catalog compiled to support the Hubble Space Telescope with targeting
Guide_Star_Catalog
Type of star that is luminous, blue, and variable in brightness
(M33). These were followed up by Edwin Hubble with three more in 1926: A, B, and C in M33. Then in 1929 Hubble added a list of variables detected in M31
Luminous_blue_variable
Large self-illuminated object in space
Wendy L. (26 October 1994). "Hubble Space Telescope Measures Precise Distance to the Most Remote Galaxy Yet". Hubble Site. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
Star
Galaxy in the constellation Sculptor
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 260 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_527
Sport climbing route in Germany
ascent of the very short Hubble, with only 4 crux moves, was actually the world's first 9a (5.14d) route. Repeat ascents of Hubble have verified it as being
Action_Directe_(climb)
Young Sun-like star with a circumstellar disk
141943. It is a potential excellent candidate for telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) and the Very-Large
HD_141943
Northern pole-star; brightest star in Ursa Minor
with a mass of 1.26 M☉. In January 2006, NASA released images, from the Hubble telescope, that showed the three members of the Polaris ternary system.
Polaris
Crowdsourced astronomy project
August 2012. The site's third incarnation, Galaxy Zoo Hubble, drew from surveys conducted by the Hubble Space Telescope to view earlier epochs of galaxy formation
Galaxy_Zoo
Continuous progression from past to future
causality, being a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events (or the intervals between them)
Time
Emission nebula in the constellation Sagittarius
Nebula. The outlined area is enlarged right. Hubble image of a stellar jet in the Trifid Nebula This video sequence compares a new view of the Trifid Nebula
Trifid_Nebula
Nearest star to the Solar System
in the Hipparcos New Reduction, in 2007; and 768.77±0.37 mas using the Hubble Space Telescope's fine guidance sensors, in 1999. From Earth's vantage point
Proxima_Centauri
Dutch astronomer
the formation process around galaxies? Do galaxies evolve along the Hubble sequence? She currently leads the COSMOS HI Large Extra-galactic Survey (CHILES)
Jacqueline_van_Gorkom
Brightest star in Earth's night sky
Jodrell Bank using their stellar intensity interferometer. In 2005, using the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers determined that Sirius B has nearly the diameter
Sirius
Galaxy in the constellation Pisces
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 120 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_522
Galaxy in the constellation Pisces
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 190 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_517
Small natural satellite of Pluto
discovery was announced on 11 July 2012. It was discovered by use of the Hubble Space Telescope, and is the smallest of the five known moons of Pluto. It
Styx_(moon)
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
must contain Hubble volumes realizing all initial conditions. Accordingly, an infinite universe will contain an infinite number of Hubble volumes, all
Multiverse
Body of interstellar clouds
hotter (including all O-type main sequence stars), while nebulae with continuous spectra appear with cooler stars. Both Hubble and Henry Norris Russell concluded
Nebula
Bipolar planetary nebula in the constellation Scorpius
identified in 2009, using the upgraded Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The star has a current mass of around 0.64 solar masses
NGC_6302
Galaxy in the constellation Pisces
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 230 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_515
Kuiper belt object
astronomer Marc Buie and the New Horizons Search Team, who had been using the Hubble Space Telescope to find Kuiper belt objects that New Horizons could visit
486958_Arrokoth
Comet that collided with Jupiter
doi:10.1029/94eo00965. "Hubble Ultraviolet Image of Multiple Comet Impacts on Jupiter". News Release Number: STScI-1994-35. Hubble Space Telescope Comet
Comet_Shoemaker–Levy_9
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
spacetelescope.org. ESA/Hubble. Retrieved 14 January 2015. Hoskin & Dewhirst 1999, pp. 292–296. ESA, Edwin Powell Hubble. PBS, Edwin Hubble 1998. HubbleSite, About
Andromeda_(constellation)
Planetary nebula in the constellation Centaurus
including Hubble and VLT observatories. The ESO defines a symbiotic star system as "binaries in which a small hot star (white dwarf or main sequence star)
Southern_Crab_Nebula
Galaxy in the constellation Pisces
the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 95.6 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law
NGC_525
Theories about the end of the universe
and circumstances of its beginning. Observations made by astronomer Edwin Hubble during the 1930s–1950s found that galaxies appeared to be moving away from
Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Stellar core remnant
1093/mnras/112.6.583. Kawaler, S.D. (1998). White dwarf stars and the Hubble Deep Field. The Hubble Deep Field: Proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute
White_dwarf
Star in the constellation Cassiopeia
; Hester, J. J.; Scowen, P. A.; Dufour, R. J.; Buckalew, B. A. (2002). "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Windblown Nebula NGC 7635". The Astronomical
BD+60°2522
Closest known white dwarf star to Earth
detected. High-contrast imaging with instruments such as VLT/SPHERE and Hubble Space Telescope has ruled out giant planets with masses greater than approximately
Sirius_B
Spherical collection of stars
in 2009 on the Hubble Space Telescope, made it possible to distinguish these slightly different curves. The most massive main-sequence stars have the
Globular_cluster
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
galaxy of the Milky Way. NGC 1316 is a relatively close radio galaxy. The Hubble Space Telescope's Ultra-Deep Field is located within Fornax. It is the 41st
Fornax
Star in the constellation Monoceros
retrieved 2015-08-27 "Many Epochs of V838 Mon". The Hubble Heritage Project. Retrieved 3 October 2015. "Hubble Watches Light from Mysterious Erupting Star Reverberate
V838_Monocerotis
Star in the constellation Libra
HD 140283. A study published in 2013 used the Fine Guidance Sensors of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to measure a precise parallax (and therefore distance and
HD_140283
Wolf–Rayet star in the constellation Dorado
Final confirmation of the nature of R136a came after the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. Its Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC) resolved R136a
R136a1
Brightest star in the constellation Lyra
LMT in 2022 and with Hubble STIS and JWST MIRI in 2024. The ALMA image did resolve the outer disk for the first time. The Hubble observation is claimed
Vega
Type of supernova in binary systems
emission when combined with the Hubble diagram of the Type Ia supernova distances have led to an improved value of the Hubble constant. In 1998, observations
Type_Ia_supernova
Science fiction thriller by Alfonso Cuarón
commanded by veteran astronaut Matt Kowalski, is in Earth orbit to service the Hubble Space Telescope. Dr. Ryan Stone is aboard on her first space mission, to
Gravity_(2013_film)
Space Shuttle orbiter (1984–2011)
International Space Station (ISS) assembly missions, and also carried the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit among other satellites. Discovery was the first
Space_Shuttle_Discovery
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