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Gamma 'bomb' debate, 1997 to 2009
The hafnium controversy was a debate over the possibility of "triggering" rapid energy releases, via gamma-ray emission, from 178m2Hf, a nuclear isomer
Hafnium_controversy
Chemical element with atomic number 72 (Hf)
Hafnium is a chemical element; it has symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles
Hafnium
Chemical element with atomic number 104 (Rf)
experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homolog to hafnium in group 4. The chemical properties of rutherfordium are characterized
Rutherfordium
Hypothetical nuclear weapon
thermonuclear reaction, without requiring any fissile material (See also hafnium controversy). Davidson, Keay (1998-07-20). "Activists: Super-laser may bring
Pure_fusion_weapon
Mechanisms to release this energy as bursts of gamma radiation (as in the hafnium controversy) have been proposed as possible triggers for conventional thermonuclear
Nuclear_weapon
Group of chemical elements
table. It contains only the four elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), and rutherfordium (Rf). The group is also called the titanium group
Group_4_element
continued to be used in French chemical literature for hafnium. IUPAC finally confirmed the name "hafnium" in 1949. Element 74 has been known since the end
List of chemical element naming controversies
List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies
Religious rejection of evolution
dating, rubidium–strontium dating, samarium–neodymium dating, lutetium–hafnium, rhenium–osmium dating, and uranium–lead dating. Wiens, Roger C. (2002)
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
epoch Hadron spectroscopy Hadronization Hafele–Keating experiment Hafnium controversy Hagedorn temperature Hagen Kleinert Hagen–Poiseuille equation Hagen–Poiseuille
Index_of_physics_articles_(H)
Chemical element with atomic number 71 (Lu)
doing, discovering hafnium in 1923. This discovery announcement, being in direct conflict with Urbain's celtium, ignited a controversy on element 72 throughout
Lutetium
Disputes between American and Soviet scientists over element naming
elements 102 to 109 (most notably 104 to 106) were the subject of a major controversy starting in the 1960s and settled by IUPAC in 1997. It was described
Transfermium_Wars
French chemist
accurately, and called it "hafnium". A decades-long controversy over credit and naming was eventually decided in favor of hafnium. Although Urbain was right
Georges_Urbain
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
named hafnium after Bohr's hometown of Copenhagen (Hafnia in Latin). Urbain's celtium proved to be simply purified lutetium (element 71). Hafnium and rhenium
Periodic_table
Earth's most severe extinction event
craton and the Indochinese plate, a subduction zone with a volcanic arc. Hafnium isotopes from syndepositional magmatic zircons found in ash beds created
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Chemical element with atomic number 74 (W)
180W. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (hafnium) by alpha emission, but only 180W has been observed to do so, with a half-life
Tungsten
List of history of chemical elements
Metallen, einschließlich Hafnium, durch fraktionierte Distillation" [The separation of zirconium from other metals, including hafnium, by fractional distillation]
Timeline of chemical element discoveries
Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries
Innermost layer(s) of a planet
hafnium-182/tungsten-182 isotopic system has a half-life of 9 million years, and is approximated as an extinct system after 45 million years. Hafnium
Planetary_core
Bilateral relations
intrusions between February 2020 and June 2021, including the large-scale "HAFNIUM" campaign exploiting Microsoft Exchange Server vulnerabilities. Targeting
China–United_States_relations
Bilateral investment treaty between Ukraine and the United States
fluorine, fluorspar, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, gold, graphite, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, lanthanum, lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese
Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement
Ukraine–United_States_Mineral_Resources_Agreement
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
Felipe P.; Münker, Carsten (July 2019). "Early Moon formation inferred from hafnium-tungsten systematics". Nature Geoscience. 12 (9): 696–700. Bibcode:2019NatGe
Moon
Type of material
now known for hafnium. After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last
Metal
Igneous rock with more than 50% carbonate minerals
along with lesser magnetite, linnaeite (cobalt), baddeleyite (zirconium–hafnium), and by-product gold, silver, nickel and platinum. Bell, Keith, ed. (1989)
Carbonatite
Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)
conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney International. 97 (1): 42–61. doi:10.1016/j.kint
Potassium
Metals suitable for making coins
exhibit and publication: aluminum, antimony, carbon, cobalt, copper, gold, hafnium, iron, lead, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum
Coinage_metals
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
modify element name spellings: Spanish iterbio (ytterbium), Italian afnio (hafnium), Swedish moskovium (moscovium); but those modifications do not affect
Chemical_element
Furry-centric art website
COVID-19 pandemic.[non-primary source needed] Several of the site's controversies have stemmed from infighting and conduct between the admins and staffers
Fur_Affinity
Row 6 of the periodic table
tumours. Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically
Period_6_element
Chemical element with atomic number 85 (At)
observed, while other sources assert or imply its existence. Despite this controversy, many properties of diatomic astatine have been predicted; for example
Astatine
Capital and most populous city of Denmark
Hafnia, from the final havn or "haven", is the namesake of the element hafnium. Substantial discoveries of flint tools in the area provide evidence of
Copenhagen
Chemical element with atomic number 41 (Nb)
driven by the Cold War and Space Race. It is composed of 89% niobium, 10% hafnium and 1% titanium and is used for liquid-rocket thruster nozzles, such as
Niobium
for the Swedish village of Ytterby, where their ores were first found. Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Danish capital Copenhagen. Holmium
Naming_of_chemical_elements
Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
(March 21, 2011). "Aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease: After a Century of Controversy, Is there a Plausible Link?". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 23 (4):
Aluminium
Chemical element with atomic number 16 (S)
Institute in 1993; the UK national school curriculum in 2000 (there was some controversy). It is now the more common spelling in British books. The World Health
Sulfur
Austrian-Swedish nuclear physicist (1878–1968)
now "as famous for the abduction of Lise Meitner as for the discovery of hafnium". Meitner learned on 26 July that Sweden had granted her permission to
Lise_Meitner
Relative atomic mass as defined by IUPAC (CIAAW)
revised". CIAAW. 2018-06-05. 2019 (hafnium value changed): Meija, Juris; et al. (2019-12-09). "Standard atomic weight of hafnium revised". CIAAW. Retrieved 2020-02-25
Standard_atomic_weight
Chemical element with atomic number 28 (Ni)
UK coins was replaced with nickel-plated steel. This ignited a public controversy regarding the problems of people with nickel allergy. An estimated 3
Nickel
Key reliability issue in MOSFETs
oxide thickness (EOT). Even with the introduction of new materials like hafnium oxide in the gate stack, NBTI remains and is often exacerbated by additional
Negative-bias temperature instability
Negative-bias_temperature_instability
Metals with low densities
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element)
Light_metal
Indian activist and physicist (1920–2005)
Ohio State University in 1960. His thesis was The Radioactive Decay of Hafnium and Thulium Isotopes. From 1961 to 1972 he was Principal of the National
Hosur_Narasimhaiah
Passage of an object through the gases of an atmosphere from outer space
Probe (SHARP). These TPS materials are based on zirconium diboride and hafnium diboride. SHARP TPS have suggested performance improvements allowing for
Atmospheric_entry
Chemical element with atomic number 84 (Po)
independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy. This element was the first one discovered by the Curies while they were
Polonium
Series of chemical elements
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element)
Transition_metal
Elements predicted but not found in 1869
but in 1871 he placed lanthanum (57) in that spot. The 1923 discovery of hafnium (72) validated Mendeleev's original 1869 prediction. Some other predictions
Mendeleev's predicted elements
Mendeleev's_predicted_elements
Element whose atomic number is greater than 92
element names. The naming of transuranic elements may be a source of controversy. So far, essentially all transuranium elements have been discovered at
Transuranium_element
Chemical element with atomic number 105 (Db)
SF activity nearly matched that of niobium pentachloride, rather than hafnium tetrachloride. The team identified a 2.2-second SF activity in a volatile
Dubnium
Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element)
Extended_periodic_table
Chemical element with atomic number 46 (Pd)
25. PMID 20583886. Usselman, Melvyn (1978). "The Wollaston/Chenevix controversy over the elemental nature of palladium: A curious episode in the history
Palladium
Elements with atomic numbers 57-70
lanthanides in association with the elements such as tantalum, niobium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, and titanium, from group 4 and group 5, often in
Lanthanide
Etymology of chemical elements
unknown or recently synthesized elements. List of chemical element naming controversies Naming of elements Kevin A. Boudreaux. "Derivations of the Names and
List of chemical element name etymologies
List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies
Abbreviations used in chemistry
muonium Pn: protonium Ps: positronium List of chemical elements naming controversies List of elements Nuclear notation Name changed due to a standardization
Chemical_symbol
Chemical element with atomic number 86 (Rn)
Zdrojewicz, Zygmunt; Strzelczyk, Jadwiga (Jodi) (2006). "Radon Treatment Controversy, Dose Response". Dose-Response. 4 (2): 106–18. doi:10.2203/dose-response
Radon
Development of the table of chemical elements
gaps occurred at atomic numbers 43 (technetium), 61 (promethium), 72 (hafnium), 75 (rhenium), 85 (astatine), and 87 (francium). In 1914, Swedish physicist
History_of_the_periodic_table
Term used for certain metallic elements
well as less well-known heavy metals, including gallium, thallium, and hafnium. Some heavy metals are either essential nutrients (typically iron, cobalt
Heavy_metals
Sebastiano (January 2021). "Cesium in Biology, Pancreatic Cancer, and Controversy in High and Low Radiation Exposure Damage—Scientific, Environmental,
Biological roles of the elements
Biological_roles_of_the_elements
Hot semifluid material found beneath the surface of Earth
elements, or HSFEs), which include such elements as zirconium, niobium, hafnium, tantalum, the rare-earth elements, and the actinides. Potassium can become
Magma
Chemical element with atomic number 81 (Tl)
received a medal: thallium, for the discovery of the new element. The controversy between both scientists continued through 1862 and 1863. Most of the
Thallium
F-block chemical elements
period, with thorium, protactinium and uranium corresponding to 6th-period hafnium, tantalum and tungsten, respectively. Synthesis of transuranics gradually
Actinide
Any of the chemical elements in the second row of the periodic table
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element)
Period_2_element
(Strontium) Scandinavia Scandium Sc 21 Hafnia, Latin name for Copenhagen Hafnium Hf 72 55°41′N 12°34′E / 55.683°N 12.567°E / 55.683; 12.567 (Hafnia)
List of chemical elements named after places
List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places
1086/427539. ISSN 0004-6256. Lee, Der-Chuen; Halliday, Alex N. (December 1995). "Hafnium–tungsten chronometry and the timing of terrestrial core formation". Nature
History_of_life
Chemical element with atomic number 44 (Ru)
pluranium, ruthenium, and polinium. This discrepancy led to a long-standing controversy between Berzelius and Osann about the composition of the residues. As
Ruthenium
Any element in row 7 of the periodic table
respectively) shown in a single cell of the main table, between barium and hafnium, and radium and rutherfordium, respectively. This convention is entirely
Period_7_element
Archean greenstone belt in southwestern Greenland
I. S.; Hoffman, J. E.; Kokfelt, T.F.; Whitehouse, M. J. (May 2012). "Hafnium isotope evidence for a transition in the dynamics of continental growth
Isua_Greenstone_Belt
Chemical elements with atomic numbers from 104 to 120
superheavies have half-lives of minutes or less. The element naming controversy involved elements 102–109. Some of these elements thus used systematic
Superheavy_element
Chemical element with atomic number 45 (Rh)
1098/rstl.1805.0024. Usselman, Melvyn (1978). "The Wollaston/Chenevix controversy over the elemental nature of palladium: A curious episode in the history
Rhodium
Pseudoscientific form of Young Earth creationism
dating, rubidium–strontium dating, samarium–neodymium dating, lutetium–hafnium, rhenium–osmium dating, and uranium–lead dating. Wiens 2002, pp. 20–21
Creation_science
Chemical element with atomic number 63 (Eu)
97Y. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2003.09.002. Chengyu Wu (2007). "Bayan Obo Controversy: Carbonatites versus Iron Oxide-Cu-Au-(REE-U)". Resource Geology. 58
Europium
Third row of the periodic table
reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates from its discovery: silicon was first
Period_3_element
Group of chemical elements
about its purity, source, and the identity of its discoverer, causing controversy. He eventually identified himself and read his paper on the discovery
Group_10_element
Fourth row in the periodic table of chemical elements
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element)
Period_4_element
Group of chemical elements
1098/rstl.1805.0024. Usselman, Melvyn (1978). "The Wollaston/Chenevix controversy over the elemental nature of palladium: A curious episode in the history
Group_9_element
Element in first row of periodic table
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element)
Period_1_element
Harmful effects of certain metals
Ali H, Khan E (2 January 2018). "What are heavy metals? Long-standing controversy over the scientific use of the term 'heavy metals' – proposal of a comprehensive
Metal_toxicity
Chemical element with atomic number 109 (Mt)
"meitnerium". The naming of meitnerium was discussed in the element naming controversy regarding the names of elements 104 to 109, but meitnerium was the only
Meitnerium
Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within Earth's mantle
elements. Stable isotope ratios of the elements strontium, neodymium, hafnium, lead, and osmium show wide variations relative to MORB, which is attributed
Mantle_plume
shortly thereafter by reddit, proprietary verification checkmarks caused controversy, parts of its source code were leaked, and applications of a "state-affiliated
Timeline of computing 2020–present
Timeline_of_computing_2020–present
Chemical element with atomic number 110 (Ds)
American team proposed hahnium after Otto Hahn in an attempt to resolve the controversy of naming element 105 (which they had long been suggesting this name
Darmstadtium
Chemical element with atomic number 102 (No)
Irène Joliot-Curie, who had recently died, creating an element naming controversy that would not be resolved for several decades, with each group using
Nobelium
Pakistani-American experimental physicist
existing isotopes, including isotopes of Erbium, Ytterbium, Thulium, Osmium, Hafnium, Tungsten, Mercury, Titanium, and Lead. In December 1982, physicists at
Mujaddid_Ahmed_Ijaz
Group of elements in the periodic table
SF activity nearly matched that of niobium pentachloride, rather than hafnium tetrachloride. The team identified a 2.2-second SF activity in a volatile
Group_5_element
Orthopedic surgery to replace a joint
cobalt, chrome, titanium, vanadium, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, hafnium, silicon, cobalt-chrome, tungsten, zirconium, etc. This means that people
Joint_replacement
Chemical element with atomic number 106 (Sg)
proposed names for the new elements, thus averting an element naming controversy temporarily. The dispute on discovery, however, dragged on until 1992
Seaborgium
Fifth row of the periodic table
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element)
Period_5_element
Chemical element with atomic number 107 (Bh)
group's naming proposal for element 107. There was an element naming controversy as to what the elements from 104 to 106 were to be called; the IUPAC
Bohrium
Month of 1966
Hungarian chemist, 1943 Nobel Prize laureate and co-discoverer of the element hafnium The Hanoi March was conducted, with 52 American prisoners of war (POWs)
July_1966
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