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This glossary of geology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to geology, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. For other terms related
Glossary_of_geology
Naturally occurring mineral aggregate
In geology, a rock (also called a stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the
Rock_(geology)
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z) lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z. Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture
Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
Solid rock under loose surface material
as alluvium). Geology portal Geography portal Maps portal Minerals portal Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Bedrock". Glossary of geology (4th ed.). Alexandria
Bedrock
Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and redeposited in a non-marine setting
"alluvium". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Glossary of Geological Terms. Geotech
Alluvium
Natural rock fragment larger than 10 inches
J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 79. ISBN 978-0922152896.
Boulder
Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
(2011). Glossary of Geology (5th Edition). American Geosciences Institute. ISBN 9781680151787 Briceño, H.O. and Schubert, C., 1990. Geomorphology of the Gran
Mesa
Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
"butte". Glossary of Geology (4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Thornbury, William D. (1969). Principles of geomorphology
Butte
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z), lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z. Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
Landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area
2006-08-25. Cites American Geological Institute's Glossary of Geology (3rd edition, revised in 1987). "Dictionary of Geologic Terms – C". US Geochemical
Depression_(geology)
Layer of sediment, rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics
Geological Society of America, Inc., 215 pp. ISBN 978-0-8137-5216-7. Neuendorf, K.K.E., Mehl, Jr., J.P., and Jackson, J.A., eds., 2005. Glossary of Geology
Stratum
subbasin has common use in geologic literature, but has yet to be included in the API[clarification needed] Glossary of Geology. Parks, C.M. (2010). Depositional
Subbasin
Institute (AGI) Glossary of Geology. "ICS - Chart/Time Scale". Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2016-11-14. "Glossary of Geology". 30 April
Eocambrian
Type of heavily eroded terrain
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "badlands". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-34-9. Thornbury
Badlands
Soft carbonate rock
"Chalk". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology
Chalk
Colored cement bands in sedimentary rocks
has media related to Liesegang rings (geology). Jackson, Julia A., 1997. "Glossary of Geology." American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 4th
Liesegang_rings_(geology)
Scientific study of Earth's physical composition
Structural geology Systems geology Tectonics Volcanology Geology portal Earth sciences portal Glossary of geology Geoprofessions – Group of technical disciplines
Geology
2011, p.21 "Geologic Contacts" (PDF). University of Western Ontario. 2005. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Intertonguing". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed
Contact_(geology)
Long, narrow, elevated landform
J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 554. ISBN 978-0922152896
Ridge
Scientific study of landforms Glossary of geology Types of bodies of water Volcanic landforms in the Canary Islands – list of examples in the Canary Islands
Glossary_of_landforms
Diagram used in geology to show the vertical sequence of rock units
the regional geologic history of the area". Principle of Uniformitarianism: defined in the authoritative Glossary of Geology as "the fundamental principle
Stratigraphic_column
Body of ore or rock that is thick in the middle and thin at the edges
Dictionary of Geological Terms. New York: Anchor Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0385181013. Neuendorf, Klaus K. E.; Jackson, Julia A. (2005). Glossary of Geology. Alexandria
Lens_(geology)
Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
Type of landform found in high-latitude areas Terrace (geology) – Step-like landform Jackson, J.A., 1997, Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute
Bench_(geology)
Sorosilicate mineral
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "melilite". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Jackson,
Melilite
Rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals
ISSN 8755-1209. Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., (1987) Glossary of geology American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. Cottingham, Kenneth. “The
Sima_(geology)
Third and last period of the Mesozoic Era
Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1974. 50. Glossary of Geology (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Geological Institute. 1972. p. 165. Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov
Cretaceous
, and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4 Scholle
Peloid_(geology)
Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
Julia A., ed. (1997). "Endorheic". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Jackson,
Endorheic_basin
Volcanic opening that emits hot gases
Economic Geology. 66 (1): 75–97. Bibcode:1971EcGeo..66...75W. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.75. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "fumarole". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed
Fumarole
Small mass of a mineral with a contrasting composition to the enclosing sediment or rock
In geology and particularly in sedimentology, a nodule is a small, irregularly rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically
Nodule_(geology)
Common high-grade metamorphic rock
as construction aggregate for asphalt pavement. List of rock types Glossary of geology Geology portal Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). An introduction to metamorphic
Gneiss
Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet
free dictionary. Jackson, Julia A (1997). Glossary of Geology (4th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0-922152-34-9
Cove
Visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth
List of rock formations Subcrop – Term in geology Floater (geology) – Rock fragments detached from original outcrop Howell, J. V., 1960, Glossary of Geology
Outcrop
Sedimentary carbonate rock containing a high percentage of the mineral dolomite
technical precedence. The use of the term dolostone is not recommended by the Glossary of Geology published by the American Geological Institute. In old USGS
Dolomite_(rock)
Preserved remains or traces of organisms from a past geological age
October 2018. Neuendorf, Klaus K. E.; Institute, American Geological (2005). Glossary of Geology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-922152-76-6
Fossil
Material of glacial origin
In geology, drift is a name for all sediment (clay, silt, sand, gravel, boulders) transported by a glacier and deposited directly by or from the ice,
Drift_(geology)
Type of rocks that are almost exclusively silica-bearing
"siliciclastic". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Oilfield Glossary: siliciclastic
Siliciclastic
Island that is connected to land only by a tombolo
2018. "Definition of TIED ISLAND". www.merriam-webster.com. Glossary of geology and related sciences. Jesse V. Howell, American Geological Institute. 1962
Tied_island
Metamorphic rock
Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199653065. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Slate". Glossary of Geology
Slate
Sedimentary rock composed of smaller rock fragments
Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4 Leeder
Conglomerate_(geology)
Geographical reference point from which various heights are measured
(1997). "Relative rise in sea level". Glossary of geology (4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Jackson, Julia
Sea_level
Geological mass
J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 11. Abel, Mara; Lorenzatti
Aggregate_(geology)
Deposition landform in which an island is connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus
original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2021-04-05. Glossary of Geology and Related Sciences. The American Geological Institute, 1957 Easterbrook, Don T. (1999)
Tombolo
In geology, a type of compact mass
Mystery of the Martian 'Blueberries' Discovered by Opportunity Rover". Gizmodo. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "septarium". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed
Concretion
in the east. Bates, R.L.; Jackson, J.A. (1987). Glossary of geology (Third ed.). American Geological Institute. p. 668. ISBN 9780913312896. Booth, A.L
Syntaxis_(geology)
Dark vesicular volcanic rock
, J. P.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 779. ISBN 0-922152-76-4.
Scoria
Large geographical region identified by convention
J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 139. ISBN 978-0922152896
Continent
Texture of small enclosed cavities found in some volcanic rocks
sources of semi-precious or precious stones such as diamonds. Rock types that display a vesicular texture include pumice and scoria. Glossary of geology See
Vesicular_texture
descriptions of redirect targets Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "microcrystalline". Glossary of Geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute
Microcrystalline
Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology, Glossary of environmental science and Glossary
Glossary_of_biology
Igneous rock
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "tonalite". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Streckeisen
Tonalite
Type of sedimentary rock
64965.e7. S2CID 93736643. Jackson, J. (1997). Glossary of Geology. Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute ISBN 3-540-27951-2 Boggs 2006, pp. 130–131
Sandstone
List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in agriculture
other glossaries relevant to agricultural science, see Glossary of biology, Glossary of ecology, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of botanical
Glossary_of_agriculture
Popular term for pebbles of obsidian
Ballads of the American Indian. Pele's tears American Geological Institute, Gary, Margaret, McAfee, Robert, Jr., Wolf, Carol L., eds., 1972, Glossary of Geology:
Apache_tears
Geological process that leaves marks altering the marks of an earlier process
ed. (1997). "metamorphic overprint". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-34-9. Yardley
Overprinting_(geology)
Rocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals
and Geology. London: Springer-Praxis. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-85233-115-3. Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., (1987) Glossary of geology American Geological Institute
Sial
Hot semifluid material found beneath the surface of Earth
Julia A., ed. (1997). "Primary magma". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-34-9. Philpotts
Magma
Application of geology to engineering practice
Engineering geology is the application of geology to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location,
Engineering_geology
Complex inosilicate series of minerals
ed. (1997). "basaltic hornblende". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Nesse 2000
Hornblende
Portion of a lake below sea level
Mehl, Jr., J.P.; Jackson, J.A. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 155. "criptodepressione"
Cryptodepression
Material that lies above the resource to be mined
ISBN 0-471-82171-3 Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., (1987) Glossary of geology American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. Haering, K. C.; Daniels
Overburden
Shaft within a glacier or ice sheet which water enters from the surface
, and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4 "SwissEduc
Moulin_(geomorphology)
Large natural elevation of the Earth's surface
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Mountain". Glossary of Geology (4th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Levin, Harold
Mountain
Ratio of dark- to light-colored minerals in a rock
According to the Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (1989), and the American Geological Institute Glossary of Geology and Related Sciences (1957)
Color_index_(geology)
Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
Julia A., ed. (1997). "Dune [geomorph]". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-34-9. Pavlovic
Dune
Aluminosilicate mineral
2013-06-14. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Sinkankas
Kyanite
Type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar
sandstone". Glossary of Geology (4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Folk, R. L. (1974). Petrology of Sedimentary
Arkose
Sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body
In geology, a dike or dyke is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in
Dike_(geology)
Layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or pyroclastic material
In geology, a bed is a layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or volcanic rock "bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". A
Bed_(geology)
Scientific study of Earth's physical composition
List of geologists Glossary of geological terms Lists of geological features of the Solar System Geologic time scale – System that relates geologic strata
Outline_of_geology
Sedimentary rock that contains a substantial proportion of iron ore
and J. A. Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4 G
Ironstone
Easily split medium-grained metamorphic rock
Geological Survey 1999, pp. 5–6. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "schist". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological
Schist
Rough and barren landscape of relict and largely uneroded lava fields
(2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4 Rogers, Bruce. "General Geology and
Malpaís_(landform)
Sandstone monolith in the Northern Territory, Australia
James P. Jr.; Jackson, Julia A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-76-4. Sweet, I.P
Uluru
Science of determining the age of rocks, sediments and fossils
Robert Latimer; American Geological Institute, eds. (1997). Glossary of geology (4 ed.). Alexandria, Va: American Geological Institute. ISBN 978-0-922152-34-6
Geochronology
Large mass of rock in the place of its original formation relative to its foundation rock
Dictionary of Geological Terms: Third Edition, p. 35, at Google Books ISBN 9780385181013 Howell, J.V. (Editor) 1960: Glossary of geology and related
Autochthon_(geology)
Fan-shaped deposit of sediment
"Elevation of buildings in flood-prone locations". Floodlist. Retrieved April 8, 2022. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.)
Alluvial_fan
Iron (II) disulfide mineral
U.S. Department of Commerce. p. 137. Jackson, Julia A.; Mehl, James; Neuendorf, Klaus (2005). Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute. p. 82
Pyrite
Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Karst". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Doerr, S
Karst
Steep hill of pyroclastic fragments around a volcanic vent
Julia A., ed. (1997). "cinder cone". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Fisher &
Cinder_cone
Beach composed of gravel
Neuendorf, Klaus K.E. Mehl, James P., Jr. Jackson, Julia A., 2011. Glossary of Geology (5th Edition). American Geosciences Institute. ISBN 978-1-68015-178-7
Shingle_beach
Change of object's surface through age and exposure
, and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4 Twidale
Patina
conversion of a mobile belt to a rigid part of a continental platform; an orogeny. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "consolidation". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed
Consolidation_(geology)
Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
Glossary. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2008. "Spatter rampart". Volcano Hazard Program, Photo Glossary. U.S. Geological Survey
Volcanic_cone
Raised landform with a flat top
Mehl, Jr., J.P.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-76-4. OCLC 894898557
Tableland
Very large volume eruption of basalt lava
explosivity index of 8 Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "flood basalt". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed
Flood_basalt
Silicate mineral or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "mafic". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-34-9. Le Bas
Mafic
Zavaritsky in 1930. Aleurite is used in the production of the cement and building ceramics. Glossary of geology Aleurite. Mining Encyclopedia. Stein et al., 1996
Aleurite
Particulate solid matter deposited on a planetary surface
Jr; Jackson, Julia A., eds. (2011). Glossary of Geology (5th revised ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 800. ISBN 978-3-642-06621-4
Sediment
Step-like landform
In geology, a terrace is a step-like landform. A terrace consists of a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread, that is typically bounded
Terrace_(geology)
Crystalline chemical element or compound formed by geologic processes
, ed. (1997). "Industrial mineral". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-34-9. Nesse
Mineral
Dark-colored, fine-grained, non-granitic igneous rock
P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.) American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 779 pp. ISBN 978-0-922152-76-6
Trap_rock
Rock surface indicating a gap in the geological record
Geology: A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783662039120. Neuendorf K.K.E. (2005). Glossary of
Unconformity
Geological deposits
Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. "BGS Geology themes". "NZL GNS 1:250K Geology
Superficial_deposits
Hydrated iron oxide mineral
Julia A., ed. (1997). "brown hematite". Glossary of Geology (4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-34-9. Jackson
Limonite
Particles of rock derived from weathering and erosion
Bibcode:1938JG.....46...17G. doi:10.1086/624619. ISSN 0022-1376. S2CID 128498195. Illinois State Geological Survey - Glossary of Geologic Terms v t e
Detritus_(geology)
Sand or sandstone which has a greenish color
J. P. Jr.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0-922152-76-4. Russell, Dale
Greensand
Hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock
2009-09-09. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 525. ISBN 0922152349. Allaby
Quartzite
Lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and silt
3.4. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349. Krijgsman
Marl
Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4 W
Shoal
travel, tourism, insurance
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