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How an animal develops its sexual-reproduction cells
During development, these cells will differentiate into primordial germ cells, migrate to the location of the gonad, and form the germline of the animal
Germline_development
Cells of a multicellular organism that pass on genetic material to progeny
In biology and genetics, the germline is the population of a multicellular organism's cells that develop into germ cells. In other words, they are the
Germline
Type of protein
to RBPs' functions in germline development, post-transcriptional control also plays a significant role in somatic development. Differing from RBPs that
RNA-binding_protein
Gamete-producing cell
and they only divide by mitosis. The lineage of germ cells is called the germline. Germ cell specification begins during cleavage in many animals or in the
Germ_cell
Situation in which some gamete-producing cells are affected by a mutation
Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically
Germline_mosaicism
Inherited genetic variation
parents' body, only the germline. Germline mutations can occur before fertilization and during various stages of zygote development. When the mutation arises
Germline_mutation
Drosophila melanogaster male and female germline development. This structure has roles in maintaining germline cysts, coordinating the number of mitotic
Fusome
Distinction between germ cell lineages producing gametes and somatic cells
Weismannist development (either preformistic or epigenetic) that in which there is a distinct germline, from somatic embryogenesis. This type of development is
Weismann_barrier
Series of molecular signals
Abl Regulation of the mitotic/meiotic decision in the C. elegans germline development of alveoli in the lung. It has also been found that Rex1 has inhibitory
Notch_signaling_pathway
Type of mutation on somatic cell
separation of germ cells from somatic cells (germline development) occurs during early stages of development. Once this segregation has occurred in the
Somatic_mutation
Process by which animal embryos form and develop
Sengupta R, Zylicz JJ, Murakami K, Lee C, Down TA, Surani MA (January 2013). "Germline DNA demethylation dynamics and imprint erasure through 5-hydroxymethylcytosine"
Animal_embryonic_development
Genes and regulatory proteins
mouse piwi). PIWI proteins play a crucial role in fertility and germline development across animals and ciliates. Recently identified as a polar granule
Piwi
in fruit fly Timothy Schedl (born 1955) US geneticist who studies germline development of C. elegans Albert Schinzel (born 1944), Austrian human geneticist
List_of_geneticists
Academic journal
Development Growth & Differentiation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley on behalf of the Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists
Development, Growth & Differentiation
Development,_Growth_&_Differentiation
Organism composed of cells of different genotypes
are passed to them because their mother retained them).[citation needed] Germline chimerism occurs when the germ cells (for example, sperm and egg cells)
Chimera_(genetics)
Genetically modified human embryo
widespread criticism and legal debates. This highlights the implications of germline engineering, which involves introducing the desired genetic material into
Designer_baby
Notch signaling pathways during hermaphrodite gonadal, vulval, and germline development. sel-12 also plays a role in thermotaxis (the nematode worm prefers
Sel-12
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
mutation in a parent. A germline mutation can be passed down through subsequent generations of organisms. The distinction between germline and somatic mutations
Mutation
Structure within the cytoplasm of male germ cells
gene regulation and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and their roles in germline development, the function of chromatoid bodies (CBs) has been somewhat elucidated
Chromatoid_body
the production of most piRNAs in the germline and could also explain the origin of piRNAs in germline development. piRNAs were first observed in Drosophila
Transposon_silencing
RNA-based gene silencing process
ovule. This role for sRNAs in plants resembles the role of piRNAs in germline development in Drosophila and some other animals. A similar phenomenon may also
RNA-directed_DNA_methylation
Any biological cell forming the body of an organism
separation between sterile somatic cells and a germline are called Weismannists. Weismannist development is relatively rare (e.g., vertebrates, arthropods
Somatic_cell
Components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells
1) is essential for chromatin silencing and germline development in Caenorhabditis elegans". Development. 128 (7): 1069–80. doi:10.1242/dev.128.7.1069
Histone_H1
Study of how organisms develop and grow
Sengupta R, Zylicz JJ, Murakami K, Lee C, Down TA, Surani MA (January 2013). "Germline DNA demethylation dynamics and imprint erasure through 5-hydroxymethylcytosine"
Developmental_biology
Genetic mutation not inherited from a parent
mutation in an individual organism. These may occur in gametogenesis due to a germline mutation in a parent, or as a postzygotic mutation. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
De_novo_mutation
Condition in multi-cellular organisms
mosaicism that occurs very early in the organisms development and thus is present within both germline and somatic cells. Somatic mosaicism is not generally
Mosaic_(genetics)
Stem cell that gives rise to a gamete, such as a sperm or egg cell
Reinberg, D. (2016). "Co-repressor CBFA2T2 regulates pluripotency and germline development". Nature. 534 (7607): 387–390. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..387T. doi:10
Gametogonium
Process by which organisms develop cells
Differentiation is the process by which organisms develop distinct germline and somatic cells. The development of cell differentiation has been one of the critical
Germ-Soma_Differentiation
Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome
and Adrenal Gland cancers that it is known to cause. LFS is caused by germline mutations (also called genetic variants) in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene
Li–Fraumeni_syndrome
Suite of free genome analysis software by Nvidia
Parabricks offers workflows for DNA and RNA analyses and the detection of germline and somatic mutations, using open-source tools. It is designed to improve
Nvidia_Parabricks
Methods to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means
that in somatic cells from the same individual. This low frequency in the germline leads to embryos that have a low frequency of point mutations in the next
Assisted reproductive technology
Assisted_reproductive_technology
Epigenetic transmission without DNA primary structure alteration
must occur in the gametes in animals, but since plants lack a definitive germline and can propagate, epigenetic marks in any tissue can be heritable. The
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance
Free-living species of nematode
identified RNA-binding proteins as essential factors during germline and early embryonic development. Telomeres, the length of which have been shown to correlate
Caenorhabditis_elegans
Type of gene
in the gut, esg is also expressed in germline stem cells and cyst stem cells of the testis and, during development, in neural stem cells and imaginal disks
Escargot (transcription factor)
Escargot_(transcription_factor)
1932 dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley
does represent a form of cloning, but this is not ethically equivalent to germline genome editing, and references to Brave New World may lead some readers
Brave_New_World
Chemical compound
Miura T, Kobayashi T (1994). "The Onset of Spermatogenesis in Fish". Germline Development. Ciba Foundation Symposium. Vol. 182. pp. 255–67, discussion 267–70
11-Ketotestosterone
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
without an increase in developmental anomalies or a significant rise in germline mutations. A 2021 study based on whole-genome sequencing of children of
Chernobyl_disaster
Cell division producing haploid gametes
the informational redundancy needed to repair damage in the DNA of the germline. The repair process used appears to involve homologous recombinational
Meiosis
Genetic condition involving facial, heart, blood and skeletal features
course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Noonan syndrome due to a novel germline mutation in the KRAS gene: case study". Croatian Medical Journal. 54 (6):
Noonan_syndrome
Aspect of T-cell interactions
models explaining how restriction arose are the germline model and the selection model. The germline model suggests that MHC restriction is a result of
MHC_restriction
Medical technology
but do not prohibit germline engineering. A 2020 issue of the journal Bioethics was devoted to moral issues surrounding germline genetic engineering in
Gene_therapy
Species of salamander
clearing and lineage tracing from dye labeling. The newer technologies of germline modification and transgenesis are better suited for live imaging the regenerative
Axolotl
American geneticist
Drosophila germline stem cells, mouse germline stem cells, and mouse embryonic stem cells as models. He also studies germline development and stem cell-related
Haifan_Lin
organized by the H19 imprinting control region during germline development". Genes & Development. 23 (22): 2598–603. doi:10.1101/gad.552109. PMC 2779760
Transvection_(genetics)
2018 scientific and bioethical controversy
general body) and germline (sex cells and embryos for reproduction). The development of CRISPR gene editing enabled both somatic and germline editing (such
He_Jiankui_affair
One of two offspring produced by the same pregnancy
Steingrimsdottir, Thora; Norddahl, Gudmundur L. (2021-01-07). "Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins". Nature Genetics. 53 (1): 27–34. doi:10
Twin
Manipulation of an organism's genome
onto 80 percent of the boy's body, which was affected by the illness. Germline gene therapy would result in any change being inheritable, which has raised
Genetic_engineering
Electric current produced in living cells
"Bi-directional gap junction-mediated soma-germline communication is essential for spermatogenesis". Development. 142 (15): 2598–2609. doi:10.1242/dev.123448
Developmental_bioelectricity
Internal organ in the male reproductive system
from heat-induced DNA damage that could otherwise lead to infertility and germline mutation. The relative size of the testes is often influenced by mating
Testicle
there are two genomes that need to be considered - the germline and the tumour. The germline genome considers inter-individual inherited genetic variations
Cancer_pharmacogenomics
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
bind Pumilio mRNA for silencing. Because of this destabilization, germline development is promoted and reversion to earlier stages is prevented. The alternative
RBFOX1
Hypothetical last common ancestor of all animals
accepted to have been a multicellular heterotroph — with the novelties of a germline and oogamy, an extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane, cell-cell
Urmetazoan
Species of hominid in the genus Homo
Arnadottir GA, Eiriksson O, et al. (January 2021). "Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins". Nature Genetics. 53 (1): 27–34. doi:10
Human
Gene editing method
such as cancer. However, its use in human germline genetic modification is highly controversial. The development of this technique earned Jennifer Doudna
CRISPR_gene_editing
Organs involved in reproduction
PMID 18753611. Johnson J, Canning J, Kaneko T, Pru JK, Tilly JL (March 2004). "Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary". Nature
Human_reproductive_system
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
'grandchildless') gene. The progeny have defects in germplasm assembly and germline development. MAGOH interacts with RBM8A and NXF1. In Drosophila melanogaster
MAGOH
Protein-coding gene in the species Drosophila melanogaster
silencing in the germline. The Maelstrom protein forms a complex with piRISC to silence transposons and therefore stabilize the germline cell genome. A
Maelstrom_gene
Largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules in animals
small RNAs in the mouse germline: retrotransposon-derived siRNAs in oocytes and germline small RNAs in testes". Genes & Development. 20 (13): 1732–1743.
Piwi-interacting_RNA
Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
not original to Lamarck. August Weismann's germ plasm theory held that germline cells in the gonads contain information that passes from one generation
Lamarckism
Cellular mechanism in B cells
mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike germline mutation, SHM affects only an organism's individual immune cells, and the
Somatic_hypermutation
Rare genetic disorder
the development of schwannomas. One schwannomatosis patient had a mutation in exon 2 of the SMARCB1 gene. Another patient exhibited a novel germline deletion
Schwannomatosis
In-progress vaccinations that may prevent or treat HIV infections
compete for the conserved CD4 binding site. These antibodies all share a germline origin in the VH chain, where only a few human alleles of the IVIG1-2 gene
HIV_vaccine_development
Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
knockout Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens Glossary of genetics Human germline engineering Human Nature (2019 documentary film) MAGESTIC New eugenics
CRISPR
Planarian regeneration proliferative cells
dividing planarian cells, and they produce all cell types, including the germline. Neoblasts are abundant in the planarian parenchyma, and comprise up to
Neoblast
American geneticist
described. Moreover, the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 approach has now made direct egg injection the choice for germline modification in almost all
Ralph_L._Brinster
Paired box gene 3
the top of the nose), and is associated with the presence of a unibrow. Germline mutations of the Pax3 gene cause the splotch phenotype in mice. At the
PAX3
Genetic brain disorder
epigenetic regulation of methylated DNA), and can arise sporadically or from germline mutations. In less than 10% of RTT cases, mutations in the genes CDKL5
Rett_syndrome
Single nucleotide in genomic DNA at which different sequence alternatives exist
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP /snɪp/; plural SNPs /snɪps/) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Single-nucleotide_polymorphism
cells (OSCs), also known as egg precursor cells or female germline cells, are diploid germline cells with stem cell characteristics: the ability to renew
Oogonial_stem_cells
Human genetic disorder
Marshall GM, Walker J, Rogers M, Field M, Brereton JJ, Marsh DJ (2002). "Germline mutation of the tumour suppressor PTEN in Proteus syndrome". J. Med. Genet
Proteus_syndrome
Kenyan-British developmental biologist
Gurdon Institute at the University of Cambridge since 1992, and Director of Germline and Epigenomics Research since 2013. Surani was educated at Plymouth University
Azim_Surani
Female reproductive cell
Telfer EE, Anderson RA (February 2019). "The existence and potential of germline stem cells in the adult mammalian ovary". Climacteric. 22 (1): 22–26. doi:10
Egg_cell
Chemical compound (cancer therapy drug)
Agency (EMA) approved olaparib as monotherapy. The FDA approval is in germline BRCA mutated (gBRCAm) advanced ovarian cancer that has received three or
Olaparib
Expression of genes depending on parentage
sequence. These epigenetic marks are established ("imprinted") in the germline (sperm or egg cells) of the parents and are maintained through mitotic
Genomic_imprinting
Cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells
pathogenic variant in a cancer susceptibility gene. Myeloid neoplasm with germline predisposition is recognized as a distinct category in the WHO 2022 classification
Acute_myeloid_leukemia
Specific location in the body containing stem cells
germline stem cells". Development. 127 (3): 503–514. doi:10.1242/dev.127.3.503. PMID 10631171. Song X, Zhu CH, Doan C, Xie T (June 2002). "Germline stem
Stem-cell_niche
American political scientist, economist, and author (born 1952)
since July 2010 and the Mosbacher Director of the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University. In August 2019, he was named
Francis_Fukuyama
Egg cell production process
prevent deterioration of their germline despite the reduction in ovarian reserve. DNA damages may arise in the germline during the decades long period
Oogenesis
Class of jawless fish
Krumlauf, Robb; Elgar, Greg; Amemiya, Chris T. (2018). "The sea lamprey germline genome provides insights into programmed genome rearrangement and vertebrate
Lamprey
Family of flowering plants commonly known as grasses
animals, the specification of both male and female plant germlines occurs late in development during flowering. The transition from the sporophyte phase
Poaceae
Transmission of a symbiont from parent to offspring
cells. In plants, vertical transmission of microbial endophytes through germline can occur matrilineally via seed. There are several mechanisms by which
Vertical_transmission
Diploid eukaryotic cell formed by fertilization between two gametes
Neonatal Physiology, p. 80 (Elsevier Health Sciences 2007). "Editing human germline cells sparks ethics debate". May 6, 2015. Archived from the original on
Zygote
Type of genetic engineering
1016/B978-0-443-19045-2.00003-9. ISBN 978-0-443-19045-2. "Special Issue on Human Germline Editing". Bioethics. 34. 2020. "Customized Human Genes: New Promises and
Genome_editing
Conspiracy theory regarding a totalitarian world government
Bioethics's proposed international treaty prohibiting human cloning and germline engineering. Furthermore, he argues that conspiracy theorists underestimate
New World Order conspiracy theory
New_World_Order_conspiracy_theory
Human growth disorder
Salmela, Pasi I. (26 May 2006). "Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition Caused by Germline Mutations in the AIP Gene". Science. 312 (5777): 1228–1230. Bibcode:2006Sci
Gigantism
Cultivation of plants and animals to produce foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials
has expanded the genes available to breeders to use in creating desired germlines for new crops. Increased durability, nutritional content, insect and virus
Agriculture
Phylum of gelatinous marine animals
M.; Pang, K.; Martindale, M. Q. (2016). "Developmental expression of 'germline'- and 'sex determination'-related genes in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi"
Ctenophora
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
that captured 5,234 patients, estimated that the total prevalence of germline or somatic ATM mutations in pancreatic cancer was 6.4%. ATM mutations may
ATM_serine/threonine_kinase
Family of genetic conditions caused by mutations affecting Ras genes
The RASopathies are a group of developmental syndromes caused by germline mutations in genes belonging to the Ras/MAPK pathway. Common features include
RASopathy
Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue
of cancer. Some germline mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g., p53 mutations). These germline mutations are indicated
Neoplasm
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
In addition, viral genetic material occasionally integrates into the germline of the host organisms, by which they can be passed on vertically to the
Virus
Protein(s) forming a major part of an organism's immune system
through genetic rearrangements (rather than being encoded directly in the germline), and are a manifestation of immunological memory. Antibodies arise from
Antibody
Species of worm
It is a model for regeneration, stem cells and development of tissues such as the brain and germline. It is known to be "highly regenerative" with the
Schmidtea_mediterranea
Autosomal dominant genetic condition associated with a high risk of cancer in the colon
germline DNA mutation in one of the MMR genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) or the EPCAM gene, identified by genetic testing. Candidates for germline genetic
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes
various stages of life, including during the parental germline, embryonic or fetal development, or later in life due to aging. These mutations may occur
Chromosome_abnormality
Transcription factor and coding gene in humans
and interferon-stimulated gamma factor 3 (ISGF3). A natural heterozygous germline STAT1 mutation associated with susceptibility to mycobacterial but not
STAT1
Phylum of worms
correlation between DNA repair capacity and lifespan. In female C. elegans, germline processes that control DNA repair and formation of chromosomal crossovers
Nematode
American biophysicist and author
and Sloan Foundations entitled "Human Germline Engineering: Implications for Science and Society"(www.germline.ucla.edu), and in an ARTE documentary examining
Gregory_Stock
Cancerous tumor of the developing eye
cells to develop into tumors. The first mutational event can be inherited (germline or constitutional), which will then be present in all cells in the body
Retinoblastoma
S2CID 8531539. Okita K, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S (July 2007). "Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells". Nature. 448 (7151): 313–317
Timeline_of_aging_research
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
Female
English
Feminine form of English Gerald, GERALDINE means "spear ruler."
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Mighty with a Spear
Female
French
Feminine form of French Germain, GERMAINE means "from Germany."
Girl/Female
Teutonic
Armed.
Male
French
French form of Roman Latin Germanus, GERMAIN means "from Germany."
Boy/Male
English Latin American French
Brotherly.. Singer Jermaine Jackson.
Boy/Male
French Latin
German, or from Germany.
Male
English
English variant spelling of French Germain, JERMAINE means "from Germany."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Danish, French, German, Jamaican, Latin, Teutonic
Brother; A Sprout; Armed; From Germany
Boy/Male
American, Australian, French, German, Jamaican
Brother; From Germany
Boy/Male
African, American, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German, Latin
Brotherly; Singer Jermaine Jackson; From Germany; Variant of Jarman
Girl/Female
Teutonic American German English
Capable with a spear.
Female
German
Feminine form of German Hermann, HERMINE means "army man."
Boy/Male
British, English
Ermine
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Armed
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Ermine
Girl/Female
African, American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Teutonic
Mighty with a Spear; Spear Ruler; Ruler with the Spear
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English, French
From Germany
Girl/Female
Celtic American French Latin Teutonic
Loud of voice.
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from the Old French personal name Germain. This was popular in France, where it had been borne by a 5th-century saint, bishop of Auxerre. It derives from Latin Germanus ‘brother’, ‘cousin’ (originally an adjective meaning ‘of the same stock’, from Latin germen ‘bud’, ‘shoot’). In the Romance languages, especially Italian, the popularity of the equivalent personal name has been enhanced by association with the meaning ‘brother (in God)’, and in Spanish the cognate surname is derived from the vocabulary word meaning ‘brother’ rather than from a personal name. The feminine form, Germaine, which occurs as a place name in Aisne, Marne, and Haute-Marne, is associated with a late 16th-century saint from Provençal, the daughter of a poor farmer, who was canonized in 1867.English : variant of German.
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
Female
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name KEIKI means "child."
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Lord
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ayana | அயாநா,ஆயாநாÂ
Pretty flower
Boy/Male
Hindu
Nectar, Wine
Girl/Female
Tamil
Parinisha | பரீநீஷா
Boy/Male
Tamil
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
A Prophet's name
Boy/Male
Greek
Friend of Orestes.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Randall.English : variant spelling of Rendall 2.
Boy/Male
Tamil
The king of Mithila, Janak, Father of Sita (King of Mithila, Father of Goddess Sita)
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
GERMLINE DEVELOPMENT
n.
The ermine in its summer pelage, when it is reddish brown, but with a black tip to the tail. The name is sometimes applied also to other brown weasels.
n.
Any one of various species of small carnivores belonging to the genus Putorius, as the ermine and ferret. They have a slender, elongated body, and are noted for the quickness of their movements and for their bloodthirsty habit in destroying poultry, rats, etc. The ermine and some other species are brown in summer, and turn white in winter; others are brown at all seasons.
n.
A line rigged to a mast; -- used in hoisting rigging; a girtline.
a.
See Germane.
pl.
of Germen
n.
One of the furs. See Fur (Her.)
n.
A liquid terpene, obtained from the crane's-bill (Geranium maculatum), and having a peculiar mulberry odor.
n.
By metonymy, the office or functions of a judge, whose state robe, lined with ermine, is emblematical of purity and honor without stain.
n.
A salmon returning from the sea the second time.
v. t.
To terminate.
n.
A valuable fur-bearing animal of the genus Mustela (M. erminea), allied to the weasel; the stoat. It is found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. In summer it is brown, but in winter it becomes white, except the tip of the tail, which is always black.
a.
Literally, near akin; hence, closely allied; appropriate or fitting; relevant.
a.
Clothed or adorned with the fur of the ermine.
n.
See Ermine.
n.
See Note under Ermine, n., 4.
n.
The fur of the ermine, as prepared for ornamenting garments of royalty, etc., by having the tips of the tails, which are black, arranged at regular intervals throughout the white.
n.
A valuable astringent obtained from the root of the Geranium maculatum or crane's-bill.
n.
Alt. of Geranine
v. t.
To clothe with, or as with, ermine.
n.
A gantline.