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Compound lens
Gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane. The earliest double Gauss lens,
Double-Gauss_lens
Type of lens
The Gauss lens is a compound achromatic lens that uses two uncemented elements; in its most basic form, a positive meniscus lens on the object side and
Gauss_lens
double Gauss lens variant. According to Richter, the Topogon was developed from the Goerz Hypergon (1900), one of the first super-wide-angle lenses. Richter
Topogon
Optical designer
influential lens designs, including the Opic (1920), an asymmetric large-aperture double Gauss lens, and the inverted telephoto wide-angle lens (1930), while
Horace_William_Lee
Celor lens Chevalier lens Cooke Triplet Double-Gauss lens Frazier lens Fresnel lens Gauss lens Inverted telephoto (retrofocus) lens Petzval lens Plasmat
List_of_lens_designs
Family of camera lens
50mm lenses are a group of normal prime lenses made by Canon that share the same focal length. These lenses are based on the classic double-Gauss lens, with
Canon_EF_50mm_lens
Photographic lens
50 mm lenses. This Double-Gauss lens replaces the 50mm f/1.8 (non-D). A 50 mm prime lens is the normal lens for the 135 film format. This lens was introduced
Nikon_AF_Nikkor_50_mm_f/1.8D
German polymath and scholar (1777–1855)
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (/ɡaʊs/ ; German: Gauß; 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist
Carl_Friedrich_Gauss
logarithms) Gauss congruence for integer sequences Gauss–Krüger coordinate system Gaussian grid Gauss lens Double-Gauss lens Gaussian optics Gauss's principle
List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss
List_of_things_named_after_Carl_Friedrich_Gauss
35mm rangefinder camera
Tronnier, "Four-lens photographic objective", published October 30, 1951 US Patent 2649023, Albrecht Wilhelm Tronnier, "Modified Gauss-type four-component
Voigtländer_Vitessa
35mm rangefinder camera
Prominent 6×9 to distinguish it from the later camera line, was a folding, fixed-lens rangefinder camera that used 120 film and was first marketed in 1932. Relatively
Voigtländer_Prominent
Lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration
indefinitely: Compound lenses used in cameras typically have six or more simple lenses (e.g. double-Gauss lens); several of those lenses can be made with different
Achromatic_lens
Photographic lens
an aspherical element. The lens was manufactured until 1980. The FD 55mm ƒ/1.2 AL uses a variation of the double-Gauss lens design, in which the positive
Canon_FD_55mm_f/1.2_AL
Photographic lens designed by Paul Rudolph
a photographic lens designed by Paul Rudolph at Carl Zeiss in 1896. Rudolph's original was a six-element symmetrical double Gauss lens design. While very
Zeiss_Planar
Photographic lens
for portrait photography. It uses a simple double-Gauss design of 6 elements in 5 groups. Similar lenses from other manufacturers include the Canon EF 50mm
Pentax_DA_50mm_lens
35mm rangefinder camera
the Rollei and Samsung brands. Cameras include: The fast Ultron double Gauss lens was available for selected models, while two versions of the Tessar-derived
Voigtländer_Vito
Lens flaw
object side lens group (A-I) was a Tessar design, although they added that any suitable lens would do, such as a Cooke triplet or Double Gauss lens; the preferred
Soft_focus
Optical device used with a camera to create images
A camera lens, photographic lens or photographic objective is an optical lens or assembly of lenses (compound lens) used in conjunction with a camera
Camera_lens
Lens design
anastigmatic lens is a photographic lens completely corrected for the three main optical aberrations: spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism. Early lenses often
Anastigmat
German optics company
combination of Protarlinse units. Rudolph also investigated the Double-Gauss concept of a symmetrical design with thin positive menisci enclosing negative
Zeiss_(company)
Japanese manufacturer of optical equipment
incorporated a faster double Gauss lens, although still fixed, and a quick-return mirror. A new set of converter lenses were made available, for 35 mm
Topcon
German optical manufacturer
credited as a Carl Zeiss lens after that company had acquired Voigtländer in 1956. Nokton, the fastest asymmetric double Gauss lens offered by Voigtländer
Voigtländer
German-Canadian lens designer (1922–2005)
apochromatic R lens for a U.S. Navy high resolution small format camera system. Only two types of glass were employed in this 8 elements, Double-Gauss based design
Walter_Mandler
German company
of Schneider's original lens designs, a symmetric double gauss design, introduced in 1914. Also known as the "Jsconar", the lens branding refers to "Joseph
Schneider_Kreuznach
Diffractive optics Digital handheld refractometer Dispersion (optics) Double-Gauss lens Double refraction Double-slit experiment Dual polarisation interferometry
Index_of_optics_articles
Wide-angle lens for photographic camera
telephoto lens design, branded Flektogon, for Carl Zeiss Jena, which uses a single negative meniscus element ahead of a Double-Gauss lens. Angénieux
Angénieux_retrofocus
SLR photo camera
Retina-Heligon, both f/2. For each camera, the standard lens is a six-element, four-group Double-Gauss lens split into two parts: a set of three front elements
Kodak_Retina_Reflex
(double Gauss high-speed) normal lenses, Grandagon (Biogon-type, eight-element/four-group [8e/4g]) wide-angle lenses, Rotelar telephoto lenses, Imagon
Rodenstock_Photo_Optics
Still-photography camera lens
object side lens group was a Tessar design, although they added that any suitable lens would do, such as a Cooke triplet or Double Gauss lens; the preferred
Minolta Varisoft Rokkor 85mm f/2.8
Minolta_Varisoft_Rokkor_85mm_f/2.8
Brand of 35mm film amphibious cameras
symmetric Double-Gauss lens behind an optical flat to make the assembly water-tight. This improves lens speed compared with the original lens fitted to the
Nikonos
Photographic lens
interchangeable camera lens announced by Panasonic on March 7, 2007. The lens uses 10 elements in 9 groups, arranged as a double Gauss type, with one aspherical
Panasonic Leica D Summilux Asph 25mm F1.4
Panasonic_Leica_D_Summilux_Asph_25mm_F1.4
Photographic optic
Large format lenses are photographic optics that provide an image circle large enough to cover the large format film or plates used in large format cameras
Large_format_lens
1817 Carl Friedrich Gauss improved the Fraunhofer telescope objective by adding a meniscus lens to its single convex and concave lens design. Alvan Clark
History of photographic lens design
History_of_photographic_lens_design
Photographic lens
lens to the Gauss-type lens. Thus, as the single-lens reflex camera grew in popularity, the Gauss-type lens became the standard large-diameter lens,
Zeiss_Sonnar
factor Gauss' law Gauss' law for magnetism Gauss's law Gauss's law for gravity Gauss's law for magnetism Gauss's principle of least constraint Gauss lens Gauss
Index_of_physics_articles_(G)
Brand of lenses produced by Nikon
90cmF9 (Release of drawing Year : 1953) Lens Construction 4 elements in 4 groups / Double Gauss Type Lenses. Apo-Nikkor 180mmF9 - 7inch. φ53mmP=0.75
Nikkor
Deviation from perfect paraxial optical behavior
crown glass lenses preponderating in the red). This error was treated by Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and, in special detail, by C. F. Gauss. It increases
Optical_aberration
Minolta SLR A-mount prime lens
lawsuit against Minolta. This relatively fast normal lens uses a typical double Gauss design. The lens received cosmetic updates in the early 1990s, which
Minolta_AF_50mm_f/1.7
Technique in geometric optics
Gaussian optics is named after mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss, who showed that a centered optical system can be characterized by a set
Gaussian_optics
Type of camera lens mount
2/3-inch format, a 12 mm lens is "normal" and can have a simple and fast double Gauss layout. For the 1/3-inch format, a 12 mm lens is long and can have a
C_mount
Design of lenses for use in cameras
The design of photographic lenses for use in still or cine cameras is intended to produce a lens that yields the most acceptable rendition of the subject
Photographic_lens_design
35mm lens mount
interchangeable lens mount used by a series of Nikon 35 mm rangefinder cameras (Nikon I, Nikon M, Nikon S, Nikon S2, Nikon SP, Nikon S3, Nikon S4). The lenses were
Nikon_S-mount
Six points which determine imaging properties of an optical system
front focal plane of the lens (or a lens group within the overall lens), and a sufficiently small aperture will make the lens image-space telecentric.
Cardinal_point_(optics)
Type of image blur produced by a Gaussian function
Gaussian function (named after mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss). It is a widely used effect in graphics software, typically to reduce image
Gaussian_blur
Device that narrows or straightens a beam of particles or waves
in this area by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Friedrich Bessel. In optics, a collimator may consist of a curved mirror or lens with some type of light source
Collimator
Crescent shape bounded by two circular arcs
the area of a triangle with sides a, b and c. Arbelos Crescent Gauss–Bonnet theorem Lens A history of analysis. H. N. Jahnke. Providence, RI: American
Lune_(geometry)
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
Maxwell's microscopic equations are written as (top to bottom: Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law, Ampère-Maxwell law) ∇ ⋅ E = ρ ε
Maxwell's_equations
Patented photographic lens system designed by Dennis Taylor
photographic lens designed and patented in 1893 by Dennis Taylor who was employed as chief engineer by T. Cooke & Sons of York. It was the first lens system
Cooke_triplet
Algorithm used to solve non-linear least squares problems
especially in least squares curve fitting. The LMA interpolates between the Gauss–Newton algorithm (GNA) and the method of gradient descent. The LMA is more
Levenberg–Marquardt_algorithm
Japanese brand of optical lenses
the Olympus 35 LE used a slightly faster G.Zuiko 42 mm f/1.7 lens with similar double Gauss optical construction and prominently advertised the use of six
Zuiko
Non-diffractive wave
practice either by focusing a Gaussian beam with an axicon lens to generate a Bessel–Gauss beam, by using axisymmetric diffraction gratings, or by placing
Bessel_beam
Line of press cameras manufactured by Mamiya
lenses will cover the larger size. The camera lacks an internal dark slide, so one has to be inserted into the film holder before changing the lens.
Mamiya_Press
Monochrome light beam whose amplitude envelope is a Gaussian function
cut off by any finite lens or mirror. However, the Gaussian is a useful approximation to a real-world beam for cases where lenses or mirrors in the beam
Gaussian_beam
Ciné lens mount
The S-mount ciné lens mount was originally developed by Kodak and introduced in 1933 for the Ciné-Kodak line of movie cameras. The only camera body sold
Kodak_S-mount
Theories of higher-dimensional general relativity
physical consistency and stability. One especially significant case is Gauss–Bonnet gravity, which includes quadratic curvature corrections and becomes
Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity
Higher-dimensional_Einstein_gravity
Aspect of laser science
California Borghi, R.; Santarsiero, M. (March 1, 1997). "M2 factor of Bessel–Gauss beams" (PDF). Optics Letters. 22 (5): 262–264. Bibcode:1997OptL...22..262B
Laser_beam_quality
famous product is the Compur line of leaf shutters used on many photographic lenses starting from 1911. Bruns and Deckel previously had worked together at C
Friedrich_Deckel
American historian of science and writer
1999-2000 National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, 2003–2004 Christian Gauss Fund University Preceptorship, Princeton University, 2004–2007 Howard Foundation
D._Graham_Burnett
invented by Carl Friedrich Gauss to represent the convergents of a simple continued fraction in the form of a simple fraction. Gauss used this notation in
Gaussian_brackets
Mobile phone with photographic capability
with real optical zoom lenses. As camera phone technology has progressed, lens design has evolved from a simple double Gauss or Cooke triplet to many
Camera_phone
Branch of mathematics
surface onto a flat plane, a consequence of the later Theorema Egregium of Gauss. The first systematic or rigorous treatment of geometry using the theory
Differential_geometry
Attraction of masses and energy
ancient science that gradually broke free of Euclidean limitations when Carl Gauss discovered in the 1800s that surfaces in any number of dimensions could
Gravity
Camera produced by Konishiroku
four lenses branded Hexanon offered along with the F: The normal lens was a 52 mm f/1.4 double Gauss with a 49 mm filter thread (a similar lens was offered
Konica_F
Integral transform
function space. The LCT generalizes the Fourier, fractional Fourier, Laplace, Gauss–Weierstrass, Bargmann and the Fresnel transforms as particular cases. The
Linear canonical transformation
Linear_canonical_transformation
Particular mapping that projects a sphere onto a plane
rating. Some fisheye lenses use a stereographic projection to capture a wide-angle view. Compared to more traditional fisheye lenses which use an equal-area
Stereographic_projection
Filling in missing entries of a matrix
algorithm, gradient-based algorithm, alternating minimization-based algorithm, Gauss-Newton algorithm, and discrete-aware based algorithm. The rank minimization
Matrix_completion
Use of electrons to join metal parts via melting
in a crystal lattice of metals with velocities distributed according to Gauss's law and depending on temperature. They cannot leave the metal unless their
Electron-beam_welding
Building in the University of Strasbourg, former seat of the Council of Europe
Fraunhofer (1787 – 1826), physicist and optical lens manufacturer. 9. Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855), mathematician and physicist 10.
Palais Universitaire, Strasbourg
Palais_Universitaire,_Strasbourg
Field-equations in general relativity
the gravitational field g = − ∇ Φ {\displaystyle g=-\nabla \Phi } , see Gauss's law for gravity ∇ 2 Φ ( x → , t ) = 4 π G ρ ( x → , t ) {\displaystyle
Einstein_field_equations
President of Pomona College
interconnected neural structures. Feeling Beauty was shortlisted for the Christian Gauss Award of Phi Beta Kappa in 2014. Her most recent book, Just in Time, continues
G._Gabrielle_Starr
) {\displaystyle (\varepsilon ,1/2+\varepsilon )} an exponent pair? The Gauss circle problem: how far can the number of integer points in a circle centered
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Branch of optics which studies how EM radiation can be manipulated with metamaterials
difficulties. Gradient index lenses (or GRIN lenses) as the name implies, are optical elements whose index of refraction varies within the lens. Control of the internal
Transformation_optics
Branch of differential geometry
and want to know what these definitions are about. Gauss–Bonnet theorem The integral of the Gauss curvature on a compact 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold
Riemannian_geometry
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
propagation of light, and include gravitational time dilation, gravitational lensing, the gravitational redshift of light, the Shapiro time delay, singularities
General_relativity
American writer
Memoir/Biography winner (2021) Stonewall Book Award honor book (2021) Christian Gauss Award (2021) Thin Skin is a book of essays, published by Penguin Random
Jenn_Shapland
Conway notation Dowker–Thistlethwaite notation (DT notation) Gauss code (see also Gauss diagrams) continued fraction 2-bridge knot Alternating knot; a
List_of_knot_theory_topics
comètes (in French). Ghent University. F. Didot. Stigler, Stephen M. (1981). "Gauss and the Invention of Least Squares". Ann. Stat. 9 (3): 465–474. Bibcode:1981AnSta
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
Iterative solving method
The Gauss–Seidel method is an improvement upon the Jacobi method. Successive over-relaxation can be applied to either of the Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel
Relaxation_(iterative_method)
Doughnut-shaped surface of revolution
a hyperbolic triangle T determine T up to congruence.) As a result, the Gauss–Bonnet theorem shows that the area of each triangle can be calculated as
Torus
Fundamental interaction between charged particles
measured in teslas (symbol: T). In Gaussian-cgs units, B is measured in gauss (symbol: G). H is measured in amperes per metre (A/m) in SI units, and in
Electromagnetism
Set of points equidistant from a center
As per Gauss's Theorema Egregium, this curvature is independent of the sphere's embedding in 3-dimensional space. Also following from Gauss, a sphere
Sphere
English polymath (1642–1727)
half. The mathematician E.T. Bell ranked Newton alongside Carl Friedrich Gauss and Archimedes as the three greatest mathematicians of all time, with the
Isaac_Newton
Hypothetical topological feature of spacetime
traversing path does not pass through a region of exotic matter. In the pure Gauss–Bonnet gravity (a modification to general relativity involving extra spatial
Wormhole
Characterizes spherical triangles with fixed base and area
since by Adrien-Marie Legendre (1800), Jakob Steiner (1827), Carl Friedrich Gauss (1841), Paul Serret (1855), and Joseph-Émile Barbier (1864), among others
Lexell's_theorem
Array of numbers
including solving linear equations and finding matrix inverses with Gauss elimination and Gauss–Jordan elimination, respectively. A submatrix of a matrix is
Matrix_(mathematics)
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
Manhattan Project. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon. Before and after the war, he
John_von_Neumann
Tensor field in Riemannian geometry
flatness along the cylinder, which is a consequence of Gaussian curvature and Gauss's Theorema Egregium. A familiar example of this is a floppy pizza slice,
Riemann_curvature_tensor
Number divisible only by 1 and itself
{1}{7}}+{\tfrac {1}{11}}+\cdots } . At the start of the 19th century, Legendre and Gauss conjectured that as x {\displaystyle x} tends to infinity, the number
Prime_number
German association football player (born 1984)
football commitments and training, he completed his 'Abitur' at Carl-Friedrich-Gauß-Schule, a comprehensive school located in nearby Hemmingen noted for its
Per_Mertesacker
Hypothetical quantum cosmological effect
antimatter Barrau, Aurélien; Grain, Julien; Alexeyev, Stanislav O. (2004). "Gauss–Bonnet black holes at the LHC: beyond the dimensionality of space". Physics
Hawking_radiation
Simple curve of Euclidean geometry
descriptions of redirect targets Distance – Separation between two points Gauss circle problem – How many integer lattice points there are in a circle Inversion
Circle
Infinitely detailed mathematical structure
"self-similarity", for instance, is easily understood by analogy to zooming in with a lens or other device that zooms in on digital images to uncover finer, previously
Fractal
Rigid structure that consists of two-force members only
Example of calculation of truss forces made by a program that uses the matrix Gauss solving method Brown truss Convex uniform honeycomb Geodesic dome Lattice
Truss
German physicist (1857–1894)
observation of elliptical Newton's rings formed upon placing a glass sphere upon a lens as the basis of assuming that the pressure exerted by the sphere follows
Heinrich_Hertz
Mechanism for regulating the speed of clocks
surface of the Earth decreases rather than increasing with depth, because by Gauss's law the mass of the spherical shell of crust above the subsurface point
Pendulum
were consequences of his own work. It is interesting to note that neither Gauss nor Cauchy showed interest in Abel's work. JPL · 8525 8526 Takeuchiyukou
Meanings of minor-planet names: 8001–9000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_8001–9000
Star at the centre of the Solar System
field is 1–2 gauss (0.0001–0.0002 T), whereas the field is typically 3,000 gauss (0.3 T) in features on the Sun called sunspots and 10–100 gauss (0.001–0
Sun
German polymath (1769–1859)
life through the lens of historical fiction, contrasting his character and contributions to science with those of Carl Friedrich Gauss. Werner Herzog portrays
Alexander_von_Humboldt
4, p. 22–23. shows that Lagrange has priority over Gauss. Others after Gauss discovered "Gauss's Law", too. Stargazer, the Life and Times of the Telescope
List of examples of Stigler's law
List_of_examples_of_Stigler's_law
Instrument used for navigation and orientation
Earth's natural magnetic forces are considerably weak, measuring at 0.5 gauss and magnetic fields from household electronics can easily exceed it, overpowering
Compass
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