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Concept in radio transmission
Frequency deviation ( f Δ {\displaystyle f_{\Delta }} ) is used in FM radio to describe the difference between the minimum or maximum extent of a frequency
Frequency_deviation
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
frequency modulation, such as radio broadcasting of voice and music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, i.e. the difference between the frequency
Frequency_modulation
Data communications modulation protocol
half a carrier period. The maximum frequency deviation is δ = 0.25 fm, where fm is the maximum modulating frequency. As a result, the modulation index
Frequency-shift_keying
Measure of frequency stability in clocks and oscillators
or imperfections such as frequency drift or temperature effects. The Allan variance and Allan deviation describe frequency stability. See also the section
Allan_variance
Topics referred to by the same term
mathematics Deviation of a poset in mathematics Frequency deviation, the maximum allowed "distance" in FM radio from the nominal frequency a station broadcasts
Deviation
Parameter of phase-locked loop engineering
and lock-in range are widely used by engineers for the concepts of frequency deviation ranges within which phase-locked loop-based circuits can achieve
Phase-locked_loop_range
Radio transmission of audio by frequency modulation
amplitude of the carrier, with its frequency remaining constant. With FM, frequency deviation from the assigned carrier frequency at any instant is directly proportional
FM_broadcasting
Rule in telecommunications
f {\displaystyle \Delta f} is the peak frequency deviation; f m {\displaystyle f_{m}} is the highest frequency in the modulating signal. For example,
Carson_bandwidth_rule
Measure of variation in statistics
standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its (arithmetic) average. A low standard deviation indicates
Standard_deviation
Signals broadcast by GPS satellites
code frequency deviation is 1/1,540 times the carrier frequency deviation for L1 because the code frequency is 1/1,540 of the carrier frequency (see §
GPS_signals
telecommunications, frequency drift is an unintended and generally arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency. Causes may include component
Frequency_drift
Telecommunication signaling system
strict limits for timing (minimum duration and interdigit spacing), frequency deviations, harmonics, and amplitude relation of the two components with respect
DTMF_signaling
Relative measure of dispersion expressed as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean
root-mean-square deviation (NRMSD), and relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution
Coefficient_of_variation
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
cosine-term is the carrier at its angular frequency ω {\displaystyle \omega } , and the instantaneous phase deviation ϕ ( t ) {\displaystyle \phi (t)} . This
Angle_modulation
Property of power grids
of synchronous condensers; allowing larger frequency deviation than typical 59.5 Hz (Texas allows frequency to drop to 59.3 Hz, an even smaller Quebec
Inertial_response
Type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
a carrier period. Thus, the maximum frequency deviation is δ = 0.5 fm where fm is the maximum modulating frequency. As a result, the modulation index m
Minimum-shift_keying
Part of a spectrum
Audible range Bandwidth Critical band Free spectral range Frequency allocation Frequency deviation Harmonics (electrical power) Passband Radio band Radio
Spectral_band
Alternate audio channel used in television transmissions
a frequency deviation of ±25 kHz, whereas regular FM broadcasting has a deviation of ±75 kHz. T MTS pilot is locked to the horizontal sync frequency of
Second_audio_program
Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
OFDM requires very accurate frequency synchronization between the receiver and the transmitter; with frequency deviation the subcarriers will no longer
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
Method for modulation of data
the CPFSK signal, fc is the base carrier frequency, and Df is a parameter that controls the frequency deviation of the modulated signal. The integral located
Continuous_phase_modulation
Bn is the noise bandwidth, Δf is the peak frequency deviation, W is the sinusoidal modulating frequency. Deshmukh, Sanjay; Bhosle, Udhav (2016). "Performance
Process_gain
Satellite TV station identification protocol
station is transmitting. The center frequency must be no more than 25 kHz from this nominal value and the frequency deviation must be no more than 25 kHz peak
Automatic Transmitter Identification System (television)
Automatic_Transmitter_Identification_System_(television)
Frequency used on standard electricity grid in a given area
The utility frequency, (power) line frequency (American English) or mains frequency (British English) is the nominal frequency of the oscillations of alternating
Utility_frequency
Electronic oscillator circuit
phase noise, spectral density of phase deviations, and spectral density of fractional frequency deviations. The effects of acceleration and vibration
Crystal_oscillator
Analog television system
carrier. The audio signal is frequency modulated with a 25-kHz maximum frequency deviation, less than the 75 kHz deviation on the FM band. The main audio
NTSC
instrument. This deviation from equal temperament is graphically represented by the Railsback curve. The following equation gives the frequency f (Hz) of the
Piano_key_frequencies
Local boundary-limited electrical grid
severe frequency deviations in island mode operation if a proper control mechanism is not implemented. Synchronous generators run at the same frequency as
Microgrid
Statistical measure of variability
In statistics, the median absolute deviation (MAD), also referred to as the median absolute deviation from the median (MADFM), is a robust or outlier-resistant
Median_absolute_deviation
Software-defined radio
Wideband: 500 kHz, 1.2, 2.5 and 5 MHz SATCOM: 5 and 25 kHz Frequency deviation: 5, 6.5 and 8 kHz Frequency stability: +/- 0.5 ppm Tuning resolution: 10 Hz Output
AN/PRC-117
Entity in the US electric system
similar to the role the frequency deviation plays at the interconnection level: positive ACE is pushing interconnection frequency higher. The operation
Balancing_authority
Wireless guitar system
most ITU countries, regulations that limit the transmitter's FM frequency deviation also limited the theoretical signal-to-noise ratios and dynamic ranges
Schaffer–Vega diversity system
Schaffer–Vega_diversity_system
Resonance phenomena in sound and musical devices
situ in six pianos of different sizes and makes. He showed that the frequency deviation increases with mode number and depends on string diameter and vibrating
Acoustic_resonance
Magnetic tape-based videocassette format for camcorders
shifted from 4.2 MHz for regular 8-mm up to 5.7 MHz for Hi8, and the frequency deviation was increased to 2 MHz from the 1.2 MHz of standard 8-mm. Like S-VHS
8_mm_video_format
Way to produce very short laser bursts
Deviation of a laser's frequency from this condition will decrease transmission of that frequency. The relation between transmission and frequency deviation
Mode_locking
Physical characteristic of oscillating systems
force or vibration whose frequency matches a resonant frequency (or resonance frequency) of the system, defined as a frequency that generates a maximum
Resonance
Deviation of time source
standard deviation of the time variations. This indicates the time instability of the signal source. This is a scaled variant of frequency stability
Time_deviation
Device which extracts info from a modulated radio frequency current or voltage
transformer is tuned to the signal frequency, the output of the discriminator is zero. When there is no deviation of the carrier, both halves of the center
Detector_(radio)
Standards in electronics and telecommunications
concentrations of the required buffer gases, which variations cause frequency deviations. This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard
Secondary_frequency_standard
Number of occurrences in an experiment or study
on frequency tabulated data is much simpler than operation on raw data. There are simple algorithms to calculate median, mean, standard deviation etc
Frequency_(statistics)
Amplified sound system for public events
desired frequency response. One must then listen to the program material through the system, take note of any noticeable frequency deviation or resonances
Sound_reinforcement_system
_{0}\ }{\omega _{0}}}\ } is the frequency expressed as the fractional frequency deviation from the resonant frequency. With less than critical coupling
Double-tuned_amplifier
Summary statistic of variability
The average absolute deviation (AAD) of a data set is the average of the absolute deviations from a central point. It is a summary statistic of statistical
Average_absolute_deviation
communication where the instantaneous frequency of the wave is varied, with the instantaneous frequency deviation having a functional relation to the modulating
Glossary of broadcasting terms
Glossary_of_broadcasting_terms
High-voltage electric power transmission network in Great Britain
25 June 2004. "Report of the National Grid Investigation into the Frequency Deviation and Automatic Demand Disconnection that occurred on the 27th May
National_Grid_(Great_Britain)
Shorthand used in statistics
normality test, one computes the size of deviations in terms of standard deviations, and compares this to expected frequency. Given a sample set, one can compute
68–95–99.7_rule
French longwave time signal radio station
integral of the frequency, this triangular phase modulation at 40 rad/s corresponds to a square frequency modulation with a deviation of 20/π ≈ 6.37 Hz
ALS162_time_signal
Type of degradation in signal transmission
16e OFDM mode standard, the oscillator deviation is within ±8 ppm. With the highest possible carrier frequency of 10.68 GHz, the maximum CFO is about
Carrier_frequency_offset
Electrical transmission system in New Zealand
entire New Zealand electricity system, potentially causing nationwide frequency deviation (underfrequency in the receiving island, overfrequency in the other
HVDC_Inter-Island
Electromagnetic spectrum, 3 Hz – 3000 GHz
spacing) bandwidth and/or deviation – how wide each channel will be spectral mask – how extraneous signals will be attenuated by frequency modulation – what type
Radio_spectrum
spectrum is compared to what it should be. Frequency drift Frequency deviation Jitter Automatic frequency control Allan variance Rudolf Kingslake (2 December
Spectral_purity
Variable bandwidth variant of Allan variance
from flicker phase noise. The modified Allan deviation (MDEV), also known as mod σy(τ), is the deviation variant of the modified Allan variance. The Allan
Modified_Allan_variance
Soviet VHF radio transceiver
with two frequency transformations Intermediate frequencies: 1st IF - 11.5 MHz; 2nd IF - 1.5 MHz RF output power: 1 Watt Frequency deviation: 5 kHz Spurious
R-158
Clock deviation from perfect periodicity
regularly with time. Jitter frequency, the more commonly quoted figure, is its inverse. ITU-T G.810 classifies deviation lower frequencies below 10 Hz as wander
Jitter
Frequency modulation generation method
method is that the frequency deviation—the amount of modulation—must be kept small to minimize distortion. The maximum deviation is a fraction of 1 kilohertz
Armstrong_phase_modulator
Electric multiple unit in use on Thameslink
717 trains that were operating on AC power were affected by the frequency deviation below 49 Hz. Half were restarted by the drivers but the others required
British_Rail_Class_700
Soviet inventor (1937–2002)
1314276, 1987, USSR The Voltage to Frequency Measuring Converter. A.S. No. 1218464, 1986, USSR The Frequency Deviation Measuring Converter. A.S. No. 1213429
Mikhail_Leitman
Type of algorithmic trading
opportunity. Another set of high-frequency trading strategies are strategies that exploit predictable temporary deviations from stable statistical relationships
High-frequency_trading
Electronic amplitude-limiting device
by amplitude variations, since the baseband is contained in the frequency deviations. Some detectors, including the ratio detector, inherently limit gain
Limiter
Aviation navigation system
A very high frequency omnidirectional range station (VOR) is a type of short-range VHF radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a
VHF_omnidirectional_range
How many standard deviations apart from the mean an observed datum is
In statistics, the standard score or z-score is the number of standard deviations by which the value of a raw score (i.e., an observed value or data point)
Standard_score
Signal representation
engineering, and statistics, the frequency domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency (and possibly phase), rather
Frequency_domain
Compass error induced by local fields
up to the second frequency components. This means that only five numbers are required to be estimated to determine the full deviation card. This method
Magnetic_deviation
Measure of statistical dispersion
the first and third quartiles), half the IQR equals the median absolute deviation (MAD). The median is the corresponding measure of central tendency. The
Interquartile_range
Frequency domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform
noise is the frequency-domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, corresponding to time-domain deviations from perfect periodicity
Phase_noise
Graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data
distribution (e. g., the standard deviation or the inter-quartile range), then the number of units in a bin (the frequency) is of order n h / s {\displaystyle
Histogram
frame television – Frequency assignment – Frequency averaging – Frequency counter – Frequency deviation – Frequency frogging – Frequency modulation synthesis
Index_of_electronics_articles
where Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is the angular frequency deviation about the central angular frequency ω 0 {\displaystyle \omega _{0}} of the twin-photon
Quantum optical coherence tomography
Quantum_optical_coherence_tomography
Simplifying model for electrical grids
For example, in Kundur's two-area test system, a fault causes the frequency deviation signals of four generator terminal buses to split into two distinct
Power_system_reduction
Enhanced ionization of the ionosphere
short-wave fadeout (SWF), the SPA (Sudden Phase Anomaly), SFD (Sudden Frequency Deviation), SCNA (Sudden Cosmic Noise Absorption), SEA (Sudden Enhancement
Sudden ionospheric disturbance
Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance
Formula for measuring financial risk
returns of the investment and the risk-free return, divided by the standard deviation of the investment returns. It represents the additional amount of return
Sharpe_ratio
1977 radio signal detected as part of SETI
baseline, expressed as a dimensionless multiple of the signal's standard deviation. In this particular intensity scale, a space character denotes an intensity
Wow!_signal
Wave shaped like the sine function
sum of sine waves of various frequencies, relative phases, and magnitudes. When any two sine waves of the same frequency (but arbitrary phase) are linearly
Sine_wave
Measurement of ambient electromagnetic field
is function of frequency. The difference between ideal dipole radiation pattern and real probe pattern is called isotropic deviation. Bibliography Solari
EMF_measurement
Type of AC electrical generator
be used alone for grid frequency control because they are load-dependent and do not inherently react to grid frequency deviations as synchronous generators
Induction_generator
Analysis of values below a reference point
Cumulative frequency analysis is the analysis of the cumulative frequency of occurrence of values of a phenomenon less than a reference value. The phenomenon
Cumulative_frequency_analysis
Statistical error measure
used in confusion with the more standard definition of mean absolute deviation. The same confusion exists more generally in technical literature. In
Mean_absolute_error
Tables of radio frequencies assigned to television channels
The following tables show the frequencies assigned to analog broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter
Television channel frequencies
Television_channel_frequencies
Statistical property quantifying how much a collection of data is spread out
absolute deviation (MAD) Average absolute deviation (or simply called average deviation) Distance standard deviation These are frequently used (together with
Statistical_dispersion
Pricing system used in India for unscheduled electric power transactions
following disruptive trends in power sector: Unacceptably rapid and high frequency deviations (from 50 Hz) causing damage and disruption to large scale industrial
Availability-based_tariff
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
\Delta \theta } is the peak phase deviation. Compare to the modulation index for frequency modulation. Automatic frequency control Modulation sphere Polar
Phase_modulation
Value that appears most often in a set of data
standard deviations of the mean, and the root mean square deviation about the mode is between the standard deviation and twice the standard deviation. An example
Mode_(statistics)
Measure of surface finish or texture
is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface
Surface_roughness
Radio communications concept
radio communications, a sideband is a band of frequencies higher than or lower than the carrier frequency, that are the result of the modulation process
Sideband
Thermal power plant in Madhya Pradesh, India
station to provide Moving Average Frequency of running block (Open Access) which is required for calculation of deviation charges of that block at http://dsm
Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station
Sanjay_Gandhi_Thermal_Power_Station
Clock that monitors the resonant frequency of atoms
atomic clock is a clock that measures time by monitoring the resonant frequency of atoms. It is based on the fact that atoms have quantised energy levels
Atomic_clock
Filter in electronics and signal processing
it can be shown that the product of the standard deviation and the standard deviation in the frequency domain is given by σ σ f = 1 2 π {\displaystyle
Gaussian_filter
Communications protocol standard in FM radio broadcasts
carrier deviation. Therefore, the deviation available for the program material is reduced by this amount, assuming the usual 75 kHz deviation limit is
Radio_Data_System
Statistical indicators in signal processing
signal. The mobility parameter represents the mean frequency or the proportion of standard deviation of the power spectrum. This is defined as the square
Hjorth_parameters
Square root of the mean square
the square of the function. In estimation theory, the root-mean-square deviation of an estimator measures how far the estimator strays from the data. The
Root_mean_square
Improved phase-locked loop
operates to correct such frequency deviations; higher performance PLL reduces these fluctuations to lower values, however these deviations can never be stopped
PLL_multibit
Fourth standardized moment in statistics
For this measure, higher kurtosis corresponds to greater extremity of deviations (or outliers), and not the configuration of data near the mean. Excess
Kurtosis
sinusoidal deviation (wobble) from a perfect spiral. The period of this sine curve corresponds to the wobble frequency. The wobble frequency is commonly
Wobble_frequency
Science of the measurement of time
Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory Time deviation From Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos) 'time' and μέτρον
Chronometry
Statistical property
an estimator of a parameter, like the average or mean) is the standard deviation of its sampling distribution. The standard error is often used in calculations
Standard_error
Concept in statistics and wave theory
where σ is the standard deviation and x0 is the expected value, then the relationship between FWHM and the standard deviation is F W H M = 2 2 ln 2
Full_width_at_half_maximum
Statistical measure of how far values spread from their average
defined as the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Technically
Variance
Measurement of a signal at discrete time intervals
capacitor can not instantly be isolated from the input signal. Jitter or deviation from the precise sample timing intervals. Noise, including thermal sensor
Sampling_(signal_processing)
Statistical price volatility chart
times an N-period standard deviation above the moving average (MA + Kσ), and a lower band at K times an N-period standard deviation below the moving average
Bollinger_Bands
Effect that limits performance of advanced atomic clocks
areas of measurement science. The frequency stability of an atomic clock is usually characterized by the Allan deviation σ y ( τ ) {\displaystyle \sigma
Dick_effect
Probability distribution
and on the spelling rules used. Some deviation is inevitable because of sampling error. At the low-frequency end, where the rank approaches N, the plot
Zipf's_law
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