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Variable in a mathematical model
A free parameter is a variable in a mathematical model which cannot be predicted precisely or constrained by the model and must be estimated experimentally
Free_parameter
Variable used for specification
A parameter (from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) 'beside, subsidiary' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining
Parameter
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up parameter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A parameter is a quantity that changes characteristics of a system or a function. Parameter may also
Parameter_(disambiguation)
Convention for attaching reference frames to links of a kinematic chain
mechatronics engineering, the Denavit–Hartenberg parameters (also called DH parameters) are the four parameters associated with the DH convention for attaching
Denavit–Hartenberg_parameters
Values which describe behavior of a linear electric circuit
The S-parameters are members of a family of similar parameters, other examples being: Y-parameters and Z-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters and ABCD-parameters
Scattering_parameters
Variable that represents an argument to a function
programming, a parameter, a.k.a. formal argument, is a variable that represents an argument, a.k.a. actual argument, a.k.a. actual parameter, to a function
Parameter (computer programming)
Parameter_(computer_programming)
Mathematics of a particle physics model
129, can be chosen as a free parameter. Instead of the Higgs vacuum expectation value, the μ 2 {\displaystyle \mu ^{2}} parameter directly from the Higgs
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Numerical coefficient in loop quantum gravity
The Immirzi parameter (also known as the Barbero–Immirzi parameter) is a numerical coefficient appearing in loop quantum gravity (LQG), a nonperturbative
Immirzi_parameter
Probability distribution
hospitalized cases is shown to satisfy the log-normal distribution with no free parameters if an entropy is assumed and the standard deviation is determined by
Log-normal_distribution
Characteristic of a chemical reaction
A free energy relationship, also known as a Gibbs energy relationship, relates the Gibbs free energy change ΔG of one series of chemical reactions to
Free-energy_relationship
The plasma parameter is a dimensionless number, denoted by capital Lambda, Λ. The plasma parameter is usually interpreted to be the argument of the Coulomb
Plasma_parameter
2017 multiplayer online battle royale game
Free Fire, formerly known as Garena Free Fire, is a free-to-play battle royale game developed and published by Garena for Android and iOS. Released on
Free_Fire_(video_game)
Machine learning kernel function
feature vectors. σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is a free parameter. An equivalent definition involves a parameter γ = 1 2 σ 2 {\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma
Radial_basis_function_kernel
Model of changes in a sequence over evolutionary time
rate parameters and 4 equilibrium base frequency parameters. Since the 4 frequency parameters must sum to 1, there are only 3 free frequency parameters. The
Substitution_model
Approximation in plasma physics
\end{aligned}}} The force-free parameter can be a function of position but must be constant along field lines. When the force-free parameter α {\displaystyle \alpha
Force-free_magnetic_field
Ranking function used by search engines
query term at all. The scoring formula of BM25+ only has one additional free parameter δ {\displaystyle \delta } (a default value is 1.0 in absence of a training
Okapi_BM25
coupling parameter of the resonator specifies the part of the energy of the laser field, which is output at each round-trip. The coupling parameter should
Coupling_parameter
Presence of greater variability in a data set than would be expected
based on the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution has one free parameter and does not allow for the variance to be adjusted independently of
Overdispersion
Script file for Microsoft computer operating systems
the command-line interface by typing its name, followed by any required parameters and pressing the ↵ Enter key. When DOS loads, the file AUTOEXEC.BAT, when
Batch_file
Theory of continuous phase transitions
order parameter as a descriptor of the essential character of the transition has proven transformative. Landau was motivated to suggest that the free energy
Landau_theory
Thermodynamic extension of Debye–Hückel theory
Kenneth Pitzer. The parameters of the Pitzer equations are linear combinations of parameters, of a virial expansion of the excess Gibbs free energy, which characterise
Pitzer_equations
Representation of a curve by a function of a parameter
point, as functions of one or more variables called parameters. In the case of a single parameter, parametric equations are commonly used to express the
Parametric_equation
Formal power series
sum sn is complicated, and it is not always easy to evaluate. The "Free Parameter" method is another method (called "snake oil" by H. Wilf) to evaluate
Generating_function
Parameters for molecular sterics
value, Sterimol parameters consist of three sub-parameters: one length parameter (L), and two width parameters (B1, B5). The three parameters add together
Sterimol_parameter
Dimensionless parameter
number or Iribarren parameter – also known as the surf similarity parameter and breaker parameter – is a dimensionless parameter used to model several
Iribarren_number
Concept from geodesy
In geodesy and astrometry, earth orientation parameters (EOP) describe irregularities in the rotation of planet Earth. They are published by the International
Earth_orientation_parameters
Measure of change in amplitude and phase of a wave
for this quantity. These include transmission parameter, transmission function, propagation parameter, propagation coefficient and transmission constant
Propagation_constant
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
\theta ={\frac {t}{r^{k}}},r=N^{2/d}} . Here, N {\displaystyle N} is a free parameter that should be significantly larger than the biggest k {\displaystyle
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Family of probability distributions related to the normal distribution
Bernoulli trials, n, is treated as a fixed constant – excluded from the free parameter(s) θ {\displaystyle \theta } – since the allowed number of trials sets
Exponential_family
Characteristic values of a plasma
Plasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged and neutral particles of various species
Plasma_parameters
problem at hand, and reduce the number of free parameters. Small or large sizes of certain dimensionless parameters indicate the importance of certain terms
Non-dimensionalization and scaling of the Navier–Stokes equations
Non-dimensionalization_and_scaling_of_the_Navier–Stokes_equations
Software licensed to be freely used, modified and distributed
Free software, libre software, libreware sometimes known as freedom-respecting software is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to
Free_software
Technique for setting initial values of trainable parameters in a neural network
initialization or parameter initialization describes the initial step in creating a neural network. A neural network contains trainable parameters that are modified
Weight_initialization
Absolute dielectric permittivity of free space
parameter that international standards organizations refer to as the magnetic constant (also called vacuum permeability or the permeability of free space)
Vacuum_permittivity
Discrete probability distribution
+ X N {\displaystyle X_{1}+\cdots +X_{N}} is given by the Free Poisson law with parameters λ , α . {\displaystyle \lambda ,\alpha .} This definition is
Poisson_distribution
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
20197.x. S2CID 119182772. Neyrinck, Mark C. (29 Feb 2008). "ZOBOV: a parameter-free void-finding algorithm". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Void_(astronomy)
Set of electromechanical parameters
Thiele/Small parameters (commonly abbreviated T/S parameters, or TSP) are a set of electromechanical parameters that define the specified low frequency
Thiele/Small_parameters
Type of feedforward neural network
each neuron in the second layer. Convolution reduces the number of free parameters, allowing the network to be deeper. For example, using a 5 × 5 tiling
Convolutional_neural_network
Software interface based on commands formatted as lines of text
Parameter_one Parameter_two …, LongPath/LongProgramName ParameterOne ParameterTwo …, "Long path/Long program name" "Parameter one" "Parameter two"
Command-line_interface
Network whose degree distribution follows a power law
\gamma } is a parameter whose value is typically in the range 2 < γ < 3 {\textstyle 2<\gamma <3} (wherein the second moment (scale parameter) of k − γ {\displaystyle
Scale-free_network
Branch of computational complexity theory
respect to multiple parameters of the input or output. The complexity of a problem is then measured as a function of those parameters. This allows the classification
Parameterized_complexity
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
Variables". Free Software Foundation, Inc. GNU Project. PS4. Retrieved 8 August 2025. "GNU Bash Manual, 3.5.3: Shell Parameter Expansion". Free Software
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary
in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary. Estimates of statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information
Degrees of freedom (statistics)
Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)
Several equations of degree 1 to be solved simultaneously
value of the parameter z. An infinite solution of higher order may describe a plane, or higher-dimensional set. Different choices for the free variables
System_of_linear_equations
Set of methods for supervised statistical learning
prediction for that sample, and ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } is a free parameter that serves as a threshold: all predictions have to be within an ε {\displaystyle
Support_vector_machine
Hypothetical form of cold dark matter proposed to solve the cuspy halo problem
are the simplest class of the ultralight dark matter models; the only free parameter is the particle mass. (In "ultralight dark matter models", the dark
Fuzzy_cold_dark_matter
Trace radiation from the early universe
George Gamow estimates 7 K based on a model that does not rely on a free parameter 1955 – Émile Le Roux of the Nançay Radio Observatory, in a sky survey
Cosmic_microwave_background
Mathematical concept
E(x) is interpreted as the energy of the configuration x. The parameter β is a free parameter; in physics, it is the inverse temperature. The normalizing
Gibbs_measure
Statistical theorem
respectively the number of free parameters of models alternative and null. For example: If the null model has 1 parameter and a log-likelihood of −8024
Wilks'_theorem
Type of thermodynamic potential
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G {\displaystyle G} ) is a thermodynamic potential that can be
Gibbs_free_energy
Large language model by Meta AI
models come in different sizes, ranging from 1 billion to 2 trillion parameters. Initially only a foundation model, starting with Llama 2, Meta AI released
Llama_(language_model)
How often each letter appears in written language
functions, with the two-parameter Cocho/Beta rank function being the best. Another rank function with no adjustable free parameter also fits the letter frequency
Letter_frequency
Concept in chemistry
Hansen solubility parameters were developed by Charles M. Hansen in his Ph.D thesis in 1967 as a way of predicting if one material will dissolve in another
Hansen_solubility_parameter
Computer file format for calendar information
set; a different character set can be specified using the "charset" MIME parameter (if the transport method used supports MIME, such as Email or HTTP). Each
ICalendar
Structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body
parameter. Many of the observables depend only weakly on α {\displaystyle \alpha } , so this theory is predictive even though it has a free parameter
Accretion_disk
1940–1944 French government-in-exile
Free France (French: France libre) was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third
Free_France
Artificial intelligence chatbot by Moonshot AI
Kimi-VL, an open source 16 billion parameter mixture of experts (MoE) large language model with 3 billion active parameters, was released. In June, a reasoning
Kimi_(chatbot)
Optical technique for characterizing thin films
ellipsometry. Models can be physically based on energy transitions or simply free parameters used to fit the data. Direct inversion of Ψ {\displaystyle \Psi } and
Ellipsometry
Compact astronomical body
radius, r S {\displaystyle r_{\textrm {S}}} , it includes a rotational parameter, a = J M = 2 J r S , {\displaystyle a={\frac {J}{M}}={\frac {2J}{r_{\textrm
Black_hole
Statistical method
is the coefficient vector, and t {\displaystyle t} is a prespecified free parameter that determines the degree of regularization. Letting X {\displaystyle
Lasso_(statistics)
Mathematical models of changing DNA
have been proposed. These substitution models differ in terms of the parameters used to describe the rates at which one nucleotide replaces another during
Models_of_DNA_evolution
French artificial intelligence company
a 24B parameter model is claimed to achieve better performance at coding than Qwen 3 Coder Flash model which is a 30B parameter model. Free and open-source
Mistral_AI
Organization supporting the free software movement
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded by Richard Stallman on October 4, 1985. The organization supports the
Free_Software_Foundation
Statistical technique
are restricted to being simple constants or free parameters, and cannot be functions of free parameters and data. Discontinuous models where the growth
Latent_growth_modeling
Lattice model of polymer solutions
Huggins. In the most general case the mixing parameter, χ {\displaystyle \chi } , is a free energy parameter, thus including an entropic component. We first
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Russian separatist organisation
Free Ingria (Russian: Свободная Ингрия) is a Saint-Petersburg based informal social movement of regionalists and separatists, also called political Ingrians
Free_Ingria
Spatial mass distribution of dark matter
analytic formula with only two free parameters, a characteristic density and a characteristic size. 2) These two parameters are related with rather little
Navarro–Frenk–White_profile
Function related to statistics and probability theory
data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution
Likelihood_function
Quantum consistency equation
is said to depend on a multiplicative parameter. In those cases, we may reduce the YBE to two free parameters in a form that facilitates computations:
Yang–Baxter_equation
Geographic area where economic activity between and within countries is less regulated
A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone. It is a geographic area where goods may be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured
Free-trade_zone
Mechanism of function calls in computers
implementation-level (low-level) scheme for how subroutines or functions receive parameters from their caller and how they return a result. When some code calls a
Calling_convention
Statistical estimation method
typically include many free parameters. Given the limited length of standard macroeconomic datasets relative to the vast number of parameters available, Bayesian
Bayesian vector autoregression
Bayesian_vector_autoregression
Ideal AI behavior if humans were maximally rational and knowledgeable
"a number of free parameters that could be specified in various ways, yielding different versions of the proposal." One such parameter is the extrapolation
Coherent extrapolated volition
Coherent_extrapolated_volition
Mathematical function having a characteristic S-shaped curve or sigmoid curve
hyperbolic tangent mentioned above. Here, m {\displaystyle m} is a free parameter encoding the slope at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} , which must be greater
Sigmoid_function
Indicator for how well data points fit a line or curve
qi are arbitrary values that may or may not depend on i or on other free parameters (the common choice qi = xi is just one special case), and the coefficient
Coefficient_of_determination
Convolutional neural network structure
He believed that these results proved that minimizing the number of free parameters in the neural network could enhance the generalization ability of the
LeNet
Continuous probability distribution
&x\geq 0,\\0,&x<0,\end{cases}}} where k > 0 is the shape parameter and λ > 0 is the scale parameter of the distribution. Its complementary cumulative distribution
Weibull_distribution
Cosmological theory
Tegmark notes that a constructive mathematics formalized measure of free parameter variations of physical dimensions, constants, and laws over all universes
Mathematical universe hypothesis
Mathematical_universe_hypothesis
Generalization of the concept from statistical mechanics
\{X_{1},X_{2},\dots \}} , while β {\displaystyle \beta } is a real-valued free parameter (conventionally, the inverse temperature). The sum over the x i {\displaystyle
Partition function (mathematics)
Partition_function_(mathematics)
Probabilistic optimization technique and metaheuristic
optimization, by adding an internal feedback loop to self-tune the free parameters of an algorithm to the characteristics of the problem, of the instance
Simulated_annealing
Parameter estimation method for probabilistic context-free grammars
probabilistic context-free grammar. It was introduced by James K. Baker in 1979 as a generalization of the forward–backward algorithm for parameter estimation on
Inside–outside_algorithm
British dominion in Europe from 1922 to 1937
The Irish Free State (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its Irish name Saorstát Éireann, was the Irish state established in December 1922
Irish_Free_State
Filter used to construct a smooth analog signal from a digital input
interpolation, with kernel a cubic spline – this latter has a free parameter, with each value of the parameter yielding a different interpolation filter. These are
Reconstruction_filter
Political party in the United States
through manipulation and confrontation.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) Arhin, Kofi; Stockemer, Daniel; Normandin, Marie-Soleil
Republican Party (United States)
Republican_Party_(United_States)
Absence of government restriction on international trade
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that
Free_trade
Mathematical method for quicker estimation of probable outcomes
the parameter as a free parameter. Conversely, the stronger the evidence for the reduced model, the more confident we can be that the parameter did not
Bayesian_model_reduction
Technique for the characterisation of crystalline materials
instrumental parameters) to experimental data. It employs the non-linear least squares method, and requires the reasonable initial approximation of many free parameters
Rietveld_refinement
Hypothesis in neuroscience
predictive coding, optimising model parameters through a gradient descent on the time integral of free energy (free action) reduces to associative or Hebbian
Free_energy_principle
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
spectrum, and five peaks in the polarization (EE) spectrum. The six free parameters can be well constrained by the TT spectrum alone, and then the TE and
Lambda-CDM_model
Study of relationship of energy with formation of micelles
critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a surfactant is one of the parameters in the Gibbs free energy of micellization. The concentration at which the monomeric
Thermodynamics of micellization
Thermodynamics_of_micellization
Series of language models developed by Google AI
basic affine transformation layer. The encoder stack of BERT has 2 free parameters: L {\displaystyle L} , the number of layers, and H {\displaystyle H}
BERT_(language_model)
Territory in Central Africa (1885–1908)
The Congo Free State (CFS), also known as the Independent State of the Congo (French: État indépendant du Congo), was a large state and absolute monarchy
Congo_Free_State
Concept in statistics
density for continuous random variables. The bandwidth of the kernel is a free parameter which exhibits a strong influence on the resulting estimate. To illustrate
Kernel_density_estimation
Palestinian Syrian armed organization
The Free Palestine Movement (Arabic: حركة فلسطين حرة) is a Palestinian Syrian armed movement and community organization that is led by the businessman
Free_Palestine_Movement
simpler form of regression with a single free parameter ( f ( x ) = x + b {\displaystyle f(x)=x+b} ). The free parameter is then simply the average difference
Slope_One
Mathematical-logic system based on functions
terms, any occurrence of a variable that is not a parameter of some enclosing λ is said to be free. Any free occurrence of x {\displaystyle x} in a term M
Lambda_calculus
Description of the ground state of a quantum system
the wavefunction with free parameters, plug it into the free energy, and minimize the energy with respect to the free parameters. Several numerical methods
Gross–Pitaevskii_equation
Welsh singer (born 1951)
ECHO Awards in 1994. In 1995, Tyler moved to EastWest Records and released Free Spirit. The album featured collaborations with a variety of producers including
Bonnie_Tyler
British sports broadcasting pay television channel brand
five-year deal. In May 2013, BT announced that BT Sport would be offered for free to its internet subscribers via streaming. Media analyst Steve Hewlett felt
TNT_Sports_(United_Kingdom)
Probability distribution
continuously and independently at a constant average rate; the distance parameter could be any meaningful mono-dimensional measure of the process, such
Exponential_distribution
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
Girl/Female
Irish American
Hill. Also abbreviation of Brina and Breanna.
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
Foreign
Boy/Male
German, Swedish
Lord
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Freer 1.French (Frère) : from frère ‘brother’, used as a byname for the younger of two brothers.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Fry.North German : variant of Frey.Joseph Frye (1711/12–94) was a military officer from Andover, MA, where the family had long been of local prominence. In 1762, he was granted a township in ME, later named Fryeburg after him, and moved his family there. His great-great-grandson William Pierce Frye was born in Lewiston, ME, and served in Congress, first as a member of the House of Representatives and then the Senate from 1871 until his death in 1911.
Male
Swedish
Danish and Swedish form of Old Norse Freyr, FREJ means "lord, master."
Female
English
Anglicized form of Danish Freya, FREA means "lady, mistress."
Male
English
Short form of English Frederick, FRED means "peaceful ruler."
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : nickname or status name from Old English frēo ‘free(-born)’, i.e. not a serf.North German : topographic or habitational name from a place named Frede or Frede(n).North German : nickname from a variant of Middle Low German wrēd ‘crooked’.
Boy/Male
British, English
Generous
Boy/Male
English American Teutonic German
Sage, wise. From the Old English Aelfraed, meaning elf counsel. Also from Ealdfrith or Alfrid,...
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old French and Middle English frere ‘friar’ (Latin frater, literally ‘brother’). This was a status name for a member a religious order, especially a mendicant order, and may also have been a nickname for a pious person or for someone employed at a monastery.Americanized spelling of French Frère (see Frere).North German and Dutch : cognate of Friedrich.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
In Liberty
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English freil, frel(i)e ‘frail’, ‘weak’.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Friel 2.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Freyr, FREY means "lord, master."
Boy/Male
British, English
Seed
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly southeastern)
English (mainly southeastern) : topographic name for someone who lived near a conspicuous tree, Middle English tre(w).
Boy/Male
British, English
Peace
Female
English
English form of Irish BrÃgh, BREE means "force, strength."
Boy/Male
English Norse Scandinavian
Lord.
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kaanchana | காஂசநா
Gold
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu
Pleasing the Gods
Biblical
passing over; turning back; rejoicing
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Slave of the Sustainer
Boy/Male
Latin Polish
Strong.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Red, purple.
Boy/Male
Indian
Equal, Same
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Flame of Fire
Boy/Male
Indian
Respect, Rank
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Kind King; Forgiving and Blessing
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
a.
Free from the power of love.
superl.
Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as, a free fishery; a free warren.
imp. & p. p.
of Free
a.
To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; -- followed by from, and sometimes by off; as, to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences.
superl.
Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as, free from pain; free from a burden; -- followed by from, or, rarely, by of.
a.
Open; frank; unreserved; liberal; generous; as, free-hearted mirth.
n.
One who frees, or sets free.
n.
One who believes in or practices free-love.
superl.
Not arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty; defending individual rights against encroachment by any person or class; instituted by a free people; -- said of a government, institutions, etc.
a.
Not perplexed; having a mind free from care.
superl.
Ready; eager; acting without spurring or whipping; spirited; as, a free horse.
superl.
Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as, free carbonic acid gas; free cells.
superl.
Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as, free service; free socage.
adv.
Without charge; as, children admitted free.
superl.
Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as, free admission; a free gift.
v. t.
To make free.
a.
Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free.
v. t.
To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to stretch upon a tree; as, to tree a boot. See Tree, n., 3.
superl.
Not close or parsimonious; liberal; open-handed; lavish; as, free with his money.