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1963 book by Ernst Nolte
Fascism in Its Epoch (German: Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche), also known in English as The Three Faces of Fascism, is a 1963 book by historian and philosopher
Fascism_in_Its_Epoch
German historian (1923–2016)
was best known for his seminal work Fascism in Its Epoch, which received widespread acclaim when it was published in 1963. Nolte was a prominent academic
Ernst_Nolte
German nationalist ideology
Yamato Race as Nucleus (Japan) Antisemitism in Europe#Germany Blood and soil German question Neo-fascism / Neo-Nazism Palingenetic ultranationalism Pan-Germanism
Völkisch_nationalism
German politician (born 1979)
which the AfD laid out in its programme for the 2025 federal election. However, she forecasted that the Euro would be abolished in an unorganized manner
Alice_Weidel
Centre-right political party in Germany
The CDU is active in only 15 of 16 states, as its "sister party", the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU), takes its place in that state. When local
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany
Political party in Germany
lower taxes and levies, and secure and affordable energy. In addition, according to its contract, it rules out a coalition with extremist parties. The
Bündnis_Deutschland
Types of social ties by Ferdinand Tönnies
are categories which were used by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in order to categorize social relationships into two types. The Gesellschaft
Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft
Centre-right political alliance in Germany
The CSU would lose its unique selling point as a Bavarian party. With a CDU in Bavaria, the CSU would fall from 47 to 30 percent in Bavaria. A federal
CDU/CSU
Political party in Bavaria, Germany
only in Bavaria while its larger counterpart, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), operates in the other fifteen states of Germany. Founded in 1945,
Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria
1929 book by Karl Mannheim
to a "total" conception (most notably in Marx), which argued that a whole social group's thought was formed by its social position (e.g. the proletariat's
Ideology_and_Utopia
German politician (born 1971)
erstwhile head of the former ruling family of Oldenburg that lost its throne in 1918. She belongs to the same male-line as the royal houses of Denmark
Beatrix_von_Storch
Political party in Germany
founded in January 2024 with Wagenknecht and Mohamed Ali as its leaders. In February, they formed a group in the Bundestag. The BSW contested its first
Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance
Bavarian political party
in early 1933. It was not reformed after the war; much of its electorate was absorbed by the new centre-right regionalist Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Bavarian_People's_Party
Youth wing of the party Alternative for Germany (AfD)
for the Protection of the Constitution. In January 2025, at its party conference in Riesa, the AfD dissolved its youth organization, the Young Alternative
Generation_Germany
German polymath (1880–1936)
ISSN 0260-2105. JSTOR 20097037. S2CID 145705005. Richard, Thurlow (2006). Fascism in Britain: Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts to the National Front. I. B. Tauris
Oswald_Spengler
Political party in Germany
Germany (NPD). D. Childs, 'The Far-Right in Germany since 1945', L. Cheles, R. Ferguson & M. Vaughan, Neo-Fascism in Europe, Harlow: Longman, 1992, p. 70
German_Party_(1947)
Books by Oswald Spengler, rejecting the Eurocentric model of history
Spengler, the meaningful units for history are not epochs but whole cultures which evolve as organisms. In his framework, the terms "culture" and "civilization"
The_Decline_of_the_West
Far-right authoritarian political ideology
Fascism (/ˈfæʃɪzəm/ FASH-iz-əm) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement that rose to prominence in early-20th-century
Fascism
Pan-nationalist political idea
Nationalsozialismus in der k.u.k. Monarchie (in German), Böhlau Verlag, p. 157, ISBN 9783205773375 Morgan, Philip (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945. Routledge. p
Pan-Germanism
Hungarian sociologist (1893–1947)
which has social reality at its vital center." In 1920, a series of his essays were published in Germany under the name Essays in Sociology of Knowledge.
Karl_Mannheim
German army officer (1907–1944)
reorganised into the 6th Panzer Division, and he served as an officer on its General Staff in the Battle of France, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross First
Claus_von_Stauffenberg
German soldier and author (1895–1998)
Faschismus" (in German). Project-Gutenberg-DE. Retrieved 30 March 2017. English translation: Benjamin, Walter (1979). "Theories of German Fascism: On the Collection
Ernst_Jünger
Ethical code associated with Prussian society
fanatical loyalty characteristic of fascism. In 1982, amid the controversy surrounding the NATO Double-Track Decision, in response to Social Democratic Party
Prussian_virtues
Far-right political party in the German Empire
Wolfgang Kapp on 2 September 1917. On 9 September, the DVLP made its existence public in newspaper advertisements. The established bourgeois parties reacted
German_Fatherland_Party
Philosophical concept of "spirit"
Geist in Wolfgang Pfeifer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch ([1989] 2010). Zeitgeist "spirit of the epoch" and Nationalgeist "spirit of a nation" in L. Meister
Geist
18th-century German centralist economic theory
was influential in Northern European states—for example, in Prussia and Sweden—and its academics and practitioners were pioneers in economic, environmental
Cameralism
German lawyer and politician (born 1977)
explained Aurel Eschmann from Lobbycontrol. In doing so, Krah "endangered not only the integrity of the EU, but also its security interests." Eschmann emphasized
Maximilian_Krah
Status groups of the medieval society in Central Europe
the medieval society in Central Europe, which enjoyed certain privileges relative to other people under the laws and customs in the German-speaking area
German_nobility
German politician (1887–1982)
its publication and that it is an important source for any biography of Hitler." In the third edition, published in 2000, he wrote a new preface in which
Hermann_Rauschning
German jurist and political philosopher (1888–1985)
the European state created the modern age. Notable in Schmitt's discussion of the European epoch of world history is the role played by the New World
Carl_Schmitt
German novelist (1875–1955)
belief in the collection of letters written in exile, Listen, Germany! (Hör zu, Deutschland!) that equating Soviet communism with Nazi fascism on the
Thomas_Mann
Right-wing political party of the German Empire
(in German). pp. 729-732 [Online-Version]. Retrieved 15 October 2024. Childers, Thomas (1983). The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany
German_Conservative_Party
Monarchy of Germany was abolished after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm in 1918, during the Revolution of 1918-1919 and the proclamation and transition
Monarchism in German-speaking countries
Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries
German Emperor from 1871 to 1888
increased its influence among the masses. Under the pressure of the mass working-class movement, the laws were allowed to expire on 30 September 1890. In August
Wilhelm_I
German historian (1923–2006)
joined the Hitler Youth, the youth organisation of the German Nazi Party. In May 1945 he was captured by the Soviet Army and subsequently sent for debris
Reinhart_Koselleck
Member of the landed nobility
separate estate with its own privileges and limits. Junkers could not engage in bourgeois activities, sell their estates to anyone not in the nobility or marry
Junker_(Prussia)
Intellectual movement in German-speaking countries
future; at times, by its bitter, witty and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie to the very heart’s core; but always ludicrous in its effect, through
German_Romanticism
German businesswoman and politician (born 1975)
border-crossings in Europe. She led the Blue Party until its dissolution in late 2019. Petry was born on 1 June 1975 to a chemist and an engineer in Dresden in what
Frauke_Petry
Conservative ecologist political party in Germany
that is active throughout Germany and has its clear focus in Bavaria. The party's rise is closely linked to its founder, the politician and environmentalist
Ecological_Democratic_Party
Political party in Germany
its organisation; by 1987 it had chapters in all but one West German state. In the election, it nevertheless failed to beat the 5% threshold with its
The_Republicans_(Germany)
German philosopher (1900–2002)
In Truth and Method, Gadamer argued that "truth" and "method" were at odds with one another. For Gadamer, "the experience of art is exemplary in its provision
Hans-Georg_Gadamer
German politician (1862–1934)
made its way into professional literature – that his body had been found mutilated with pickaxes outside in the Dachau Moor shortly after 30 June. In July
Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr
German political activist (1858–1922)
returned to Germany in late 1921 to appear in court, but died while under medical care before he could testify. Kapp was born in New York City, where
Wolfgang_Kapp
German right-wing political movement
27,000 items in the library. Griffin, Roger (12 December 2004). "Der umstrittene Begriff des Faschismus" [The disputed concept of fascism]. DISS-Journal
Neue_Rechte
2010 non-fiction book by Thilo Sarrazin
countries. Following its publication Sarrazin left his position at the Deutsche Bundesbank and was eventually expelled from the SPD in 2020. According to
Germany_Abolishes_Itself
Political party in Germany (1918–1933)
its more reactionary views of its early years and moved rightward, and is thus also classified as far-right. Citations Eatwell, Roger (2003). Fascism:
German National People's Party
German_National_People's_Party
German historian (1876–1925)
Germans, Our People's History") appeared in 1905. In 1907, he returned to Germany, and in 1914, he enlisted in the army at the start of World War I. Soon
Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck
Moderate German party (1866–1918)
it generally gave him its strong support, and many of its members were ministers and diplomats. After Wilhelm II became emperor in 1888, the party lost
Free_Conservative_Party
German philosopher, sociologist and anthropologist (1904–1976)
to designate an epoch characterized by a state of stability and rigidity, devoid of utopian ideas, change, or development. In 1961, in an article appropriately
Arnold_Gehlen
German lawyer and author
brother of Ernst Jünger, he volunteered for military service in 1916 and was seriously wounded in the Battle of Langemarck. After the First World War he studied
Friedrich_Georg_Jünger
German playwright, novelist, and essayist
publication of his first work. In 1984, he published Der Junge Mann (The Young Man), translated by Roslyn Theobald in 1995. With a 1993 Der Spiegel essay
Botho_Strauss
German daily newspaper
German newspaper founded in 1949. It is published daily in Frankfurt and is considered a newspaper of record for Germany. Its Sunday edition is the Frankfurter
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung
Far-right political party in Weimar Germany (1922–1924)
troops were under its command that Colonel General von Seeckt, then Chief of the Army Command of the Reichswehr, mentioned in a letter in February 1923 that
German_Völkisch_Freedom_Party
1931 book by Oswald Spengler
Life (German: Der Mensch und die Technik) is a 1931 book by Oswald Spengler, in which the author discusses a critique of technology and industrialism and
Man_and_Technics
German politician (1868–1938)
Wilhelm Marx. In 1930, Held's government lost its majority in the Bavarian parliament but continued in office as a minority administration. From 1930
Heinrich_Held
German expression
reliability of its existence, as well as a place of a deeper trust: Heimat als Nahwelt, die verständlich und durchschaubar ist, als Rahmen, in dem sich
Heimat
German writer and jurist (1773–1798)
was born in Berlin. He was a close friend of Tieck from youth until his early death. They collaborated on virtually everything they wrote in this period
Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder
1966 book by Helmut Schoeck
It was first published in German version as Der Neid: Eine Theorie der Gesellschaft in 1966, and first translated into English in 1969. Schoeck was a polemicist
Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior
Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior
Theory in German historiography
the long term development of liberal democracy in Germany and eventually facilitated the triumph of fascism. Many authors made various contributions to the
Sonderweg
German tabloid newspaper
Baader-Meinhof Gang. In the essay, Böll stated that what Bild does "isn't cryptofascist anymore, not fascistoid, but naked fascism. Agitation, lies, dirt
Bild
German right-wing weekly newspaper
university teachers. In 1993, the newspaper moved its headquarters to Potsdam, near Berlin, and to Hohenzollerndamm, Berlin, in 1995. On December 4, 1994
Junge_Freiheit
Decree of 1819 suppressing German nationalism
set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of its parliamentary body (the Bundesversammlung) on
Carlsbad_Decrees
German-Russian far-right political organization
of the German forces in the lands of the Russian Empire during its disintegration, specifically the German occupation of Ukraine in 1918 and the Latvian
Aufbau-Vereinigung
German political party description
Lager) is a political term used in Europe, which can refer to a conservative or right-leaning liberal party, and is in contrast to the socialistic "left-wing
Bourgeois_party
20th-century German popular historian
contradictions of the Reich's formation or of the chaos induced by its defeat in the Great War. The Weimar Republic did not have to collapse; the Jews
Golo_Mann
German philosopher
Ritter-Schule) of liberal conservatism. Born in Geesthacht, Ritter studied philosophy, theology, German literature and history in Heidelberg, Marburg, Freiburg and
Joachim_Ritter
German monthly political magazine
chancellor. In 2006, Dagmar Herzog featured her significant study on sexuality, memory and morality, and their relation to German fascism in the monthly
Cicero_(magazine)
After World War II, conservatism in Germany had to deal with the experience of totalitarianism and its own involvement. Its protagonists finally adopted the
Conservatism_in_Germany
German national daily newspaper
Springer publishing group and it is considered a newspaper of record in Germany. Its leading competitors are the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the Süddeutsche
Die_Welt
German ethnic nationalist movement
emerged in the late 19th century, drawing inspiration from German Romanticism and the history of the Holy Roman Empire, and what many saw as its harmonious
Völkisch_movement
Culture of disciplined Prussian elites
the Prussian ruling class. Prussianism had its origins with the rise to the throne of Frederick William I in 1713, who laid the foundations for a professional
Prussianism
German poet, critic, philosopher, and Indologist (1772–1829)
Wilson, Augusta Manie, 1908 "The principle of the ego in philosophy with special reference to its influence upon Schlegel's doctrine of "ironie"". Retrieved
Friedrich_Schlegel
Prussian general (1803–1879)
for its reform. In 1844, as tutor to Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia, he attended the prince at Bonn University and in his European travels. In 1848
Albrecht_von_Roon
German national-conservative movement during the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
to describe it as a form of "German pre-fascism" or "non-Nazi fascism". Although they share common roots in 19th-century anti-Enlightenment ideologies
Conservative_Revolution
1920 political manifesto of the German National People's Party
right. The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right characterizes the party the program founded as proto-fascist in orientation. List of German National
Principles of the German National People's Party
Principles_of_the_German_National_People's_Party
Chancellor of the German Empire in 1917
1917, Michaelis told the crown prince that the devil was in the detail; "I have deprived it of its most dangerous features by my interpretation of it. One
Georg_Michaelis
German jurist and social theorist (1720–1794)
with a biography balances its insights into human nature with humour and witty sallies. He was also a poet of some repute, and in 1749 published a tragedy
Justus_Möser
1939 German novella by Jünger
significant repute in right-wing circles, perhaps even due to Hitler's opposition. However, in 1942, it faced censorship by the Gestapo. Its sharp disapproval
On_the_Marble_Cliffs
German historian (1795–1886)
papacy of the 16th century. In 1841, his fame in its ascendancy, Ranke was appointed Historiographer Royal to the Prussian court. In 1845, he became a member
Leopold_von_Ranke
Party political foundation of the German CSU
Seidel. In April 2025, the Hanns Seidel Foundation was declared an undesirable organization in Russia. The CSU began planning to create its own institution
Hanns_Seidel_Foundation
Law of the German Empire
elected speak freely in the Reichstag or a state's Landtag under the protection of parliamentary immunity. The law did not accomplish its goal of suppressing
Anti-Socialist_Laws
German cultural magazine (1959–1971)
Deeds and the Extraction of Surplus". In Junginger, Horst (ed.). The Study of Religion under the Impact of Fascism. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 263–279
Antaios_(magazine)
American philosopher (1901–1985)
is confirmed by its orthodoxy, by what Voegelin jokingly calls its lack of originality.[citation needed] Voegelin's work does not fit in any standard classifications
Eric_Voegelin
Ability to think independently
work discusses the concept of the "free-floating intelligentsia" and its role in the sociology of knowledge, explaining how this group is able to transcend
Free-floating_intellectuals
Hegelian moral-political concept
Friedrich Hegel. It was first presented in his work Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) to refer to "ethical behavior grounded in custom and tradition and developed
Sittlichkeit
Set of welfare programmes implemented in the German Empire
and workers, in opposition to both liberalism and socialism. Hence, its supporters called themselves the German Conservative Party while its opponents called
State_Socialism_(Germany)
German sociologist
Third Reich in 1945, Schelsky joined the German Red Cross and formed its effective Suchdienst (service to trace down missing persons). In 1949 he became
Helmut_Schelsky
Right-wing faction in German political parties
Some prominent members of this informal grouping (the name was coined by its opponents) such as Alfred Dregger had been members of the NSDAP during the
Stahlhelm-Fraktion
Conservative Revolution with its anti-democratic worldview. In connection with actors of the Neue Rechte, who see themselves in the tradition of this Conservative
Right-conservatism
German journalist and professor (1908–1991)
first large book, which appeared in 1963, Faschismus in seiner Epoche [Fascism in Its Epoch] A major intellectual in the SPD, Löwenthal was often consulted
Richard_Löwenthal
German literary critic, political economist, and theorist of the state
Verfall in Deutschland (Twelve speeches on eloquence and its decline in Germany, Leipzig, 1817) Die Fortschritte der nationalökonomischen Wissenschaft in England
Adam_Müller
German jurist and essayist (1894–1934)
Jung expressed his views in a condensed form in his book An der Schwelle einer neuen Zeit (On the Threshold of a New Era). In its 21 chapters, Jung covered
Edgar_Jung
German award
"liberal-conservative journalism" (freiheitlich-konservativen Journalismus) in Germany. Endowed by German "Foundation for Conservative Education and Research"
Gerhard_Löwenthal_Prize
International multi-language newspaper affiliated with Falun Gong
based in New York City, is part of the Epoch Media Group, which also operates New Tang Dynasty (NTD) Television. The Epoch Times has websites in 35 countries
The_Epoch_Times
Aspect of Bavarian history
und Königsbund "In Treue fest" (English: Bavarian Homeland and Royal Federation "Firm in Fidelity") was formed in 1921. Its motto, "In Treue fest", was
Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918
German sociologist and philosopher (1887–1969)
Revolution around 1800 as a fundamental epochal change in human relations. He compares this turning point in world history with man's transition to sedentariness
Hans_Freyer
German conservative think tank
political think tank, that was founded in 1979 by Hans Filbinger, Helmut Metzner and others on Schloss Weikersheim in Germany. The Studienzentrum is bringing
Studienzentrum_Weikersheim
German economist and socialist politician (1805–1875)
Cole points out that Rodbertus defended this theory "not in its Marxian form, but in the form in which it had been advanced by earlier writers such as William
Johann_Karl_Rodbertus
German foundation
humanistischen Gedankengutes in Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Kunst und Politik) is a German Christian Democratic foundation that was founded in 1993 by around 100
Hans_Filbinger_Foundation
German magazine
conservative, Protestant cultural journal, which appeared first in Stuttgart and then in Berlin from 1898 to 1943 and was published for a long time by the
Der_Türmer
travel, tourism, insurance
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
FASCISM IN-ITS-EPOCH
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