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Export restitution is a term in the European Union for variable export subsidies given to traders to cover the difference between the higher internal Common
Export_restitution
UNESCO international treaty on cultural property
its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation. Upon UNESCO's request, UNIDROIT drafted the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally exported Cultural
UNESCO_1970_Convention
Otherwise, they may be sold on the world market with the aid of export restitutions under the regulation of commodity-specific Management Committees
Intervention_stocks
subject to restitution and the Export Prohibition Act—a connection established through systematic provenance research—the Art Restitution Advisory Board
Paul_Zsolnay
UNIDROIT Convention establishes conditions for claims of restitution/return of stolen or illegally exported cultural objects respectively. Although the UNIDROIT
UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects
UNIDROIT_Convention_on_Stolen_or_Illegally_Exported_Cultural_Objects
Austrian-Swiss art collector (1896–1985)
the prominent Lederer family collection, and a key figure in post-war restitution debates, especially concerning Gustav Klimt’s Beethoven Frieze. Erich
Erich_Lederer
Return of stolen art to the original owners or heirs
of repatriations. Since the publication of the French report on the restitution of African cultural heritage in 2018, these debates have gained new international
Repatriation (cultural property)
Repatriation_(cultural_property)
The list of restitution claims for art looted by the Nazis or as a result of Nazi persecution is organized by the country in which the paintings were
List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art
List_of_claims_for_restitution_for_Nazi-looted_art
Foreign affairs agency for agriculture
Community (EEC) emerged as a competitor for export sales, particularly of grain. EEC export restitutions (subsidies) undercut U.S. sales, with the result
Foreign_Agricultural_Service
Cold War embargo of Eastern Bloc states
for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) was established in 1949 at the beginning of the Cold War to coordinate controls on exports from Western Bloc
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
Coordinating_Committee_for_Multilateral_Export_Controls
Neolithic burial ground near Skhirat, Morocco
study by Open Restitution Africa, flooding at the Bordeaux laboratory in 2013 damaged part of the collection and accelerated restitution negotiations.
Rouazi-Skhirat_necropolis
The United States restitution to the Soviet Union of the cultural treasures looted by Nazi Germany during World War II was part of the massive efforts
United States restitution to the Soviet Union
United_States_restitution_to_the_Soviet_Union
Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany
only member of the European Union that never passed any restitution legislation. Many restitution programs fell short of restoration of prewar assets, and
The_Holocaust
Austrian Federal Monuments Office
workshop in the Mauerbach Charterhouse. The BDA is also responsible for restitution of some 8,000 objects and works of looted art which Austria in the time
Federal_Monuments_Office
U.S. federal statutes on war and defense
Chapter 50: Servicemembers Civil Relief Chapter 51: War Claims Chapter 52: Restitution for World War II Internment of Japanese Americans and Aleuts Chapter
Title 50 of the United States Code
Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code
Austrian symbolist painter (1862–1918)
alleged that it had been improperly exported from Hungary, adding an ongoing legal dispute over export and restitution law to its provenance history. On
Gustav_Klimt
Jewish art collector
Zwicker. Numerous restitution claims for artworks that had belonged to Valerie Eisler have been filed. In 1953, there was a restitution settlement with
Valerie_Eisler
The Czech Republic has a developed export-oriented social market economy. It is based in services, manufacturing, and innovation that maintains a high-income
Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic
President of the United States (2017–2021; since 2025)
the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties. In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation
Donald_Trump
Etruscan chariot, c. 530 BC, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
abroad, and prepared further analysis before any decision on seeking restitution. In July 2025 the Italian Ministry of Culture formally supported a diplomatic
Monteleone_chariot
1907 painting by Gustav Klimt
introduced the Art Restitution Act, which looked again at the question of art stolen by the Nazis. The government formed a restitution committee to report
Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I
Portrait_of_Adele_Bloch-Bauer_I
American nonprofit organization
chimpanzees – human's closest genetic relative (Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories); ending the use of terminal dog
Rise_for_Animals
authorities, tribunals, professional bodies, industry associations and export-promotion organisations. Not all of the organisations listed below are regulators
List_of_regulators_in_India
Austrian entrepreneur
after the decision on their restitution. The Austrian Advisory Board report also describes how Bondy was refused an export licence for certain restituted
Oscar_Bondy
German mathematician (1850–1941)
Vivanti–Pringsheim theorem Aryanization Nazi plunder List of Claims for Restitution for Nazi-looted art Seelig Lorenz. 2016. The Art Collection of Alfred
Alfred_Pringsheim
Country in Northern Europe
independence. Lithuania became the first Soviet-occupied state to announce the restitution of independence. On 20 April 1990, the Soviets imposed an economic blockade
Lithuania
1902 painting by Gustav Klimt
claim for the Beethoven Frieze to be returned. However, the Austrian Art Restitution Advisory Board definitively rejected this request in 2015, finding that
Beethoven_Frieze
2026 United States sanctions and economic isolation campaign against Iran
caused by unilateral sanctions and demanded compensation encompassing restitution and reparations. On 27 August, Pakistan's foreign ministry spokesperson
Economic_D-Day
Shopping center in Cape Town, South Africa
the Solomon family fought to get their land back, by lodging a land restitution application. The family had to pay around R400,000 in legal fees, just
Constantia_Emporium
German main battle tank
2A6s were modified to German Leopard 2A6M specifications and used as restitution for the loaned tanks. Canadian Leopard 2s in Afghanistan were later fitted
Leopard_2
restitution, as in those pertaining to the Misty Series. But in 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that restitution
Legality_of_child_pornography
American multinational computational software company
pleaded no contest and Cadence received several hundred million dollars in restitution. Avanti was then purchased by Synopsys, which paid $265 million more
Cadence_Design_Systems
Austro-Hungarian art collector
Apple Tree II, to the wrong family. because an investigation by the Art Restitution Advisory Board that mistakenly confused the Klimt with a different painting
Serena_Lederer
First European hard-paste porcelain
2021 following the Oppenheimers’ successful claim for restitution submitted to the Dutch Restitution Commission. A Meissen porcelain chocolate pot, cover
Meissen_porcelain
Söhne entered the sugar trade and was one of the first German companies to export German sugar. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Jews were persecuted
L._Behrens_&_Söhne
American fruit company (1899–1970)
Under a plea agreement, Chiquita Brands agreed to pay $25 million in restitution and damages to the families of victims of the AUC. The AUC had been paid
United_Fruit_Company
Large Soviet purchases of U.S. grain negotiated in 1972 and delivered into 1973
Soviet purchases of U.S. grains, and by export-subsidy mechanisms that supported contracting at fixed export “target” prices despite rising domestic market
1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal
1973_United_States–Soviet_Union_wheat_deal
GDP, industry 29.1%, and agriculture 0.9%. Exports account for 50.3% of national output. The main exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemicals
Economy_of_Germany
Cold War-era safety precautions for spies
Conference (1954) Geneva Summit (1955) Lacy-Zarubin Agreement United States restitution to the Soviet Union State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States
The_Moscow_rules
Laws surrounding Russian cultural valuables
called the State Commission for Restitution of Cultural Valuables, which was to decide issues related to restitution. However, the Commission did very
Russian_cultural_property_law
Ideological basis for Austria (1949–1988)
of compensations for losses. Politicians justified this rejection of restitution both with ideological clichés and the real weakness of the new state
Austria_victim_theory
Spinosaurid theropod dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous Period
Natural History Stuttgart. It was the subject of an ongoing international restitution dispute between Germany and Brazil, until its announcement of return
Irritator
Investigation of links between Nazi Germany and Swiss banks
private economy made to the Axis powers. that which concerns the issue of restitution of assets once the war had ended. The commission presented its final
Bergier_commission
German trader and explorer (1865–1899)
collections of African traditional art in Western museums, calls for the restitution of African cultural heritage and the decolonisation of museums have argued
Gustav_Conrau
Effigy of the founder of the Nso dynasty and people
Forum. The restitution process moved into formal discussions between Cameroonian authorities and the German museums. A Cameroonian restitution delegation
Ngonnso
Master Workshop Art discovery Héctor Feliciano Restitution of looted art List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art Laney Salisbury; Aly Sujo (2009)
List of artworks with contested provenance
List_of_artworks_with_contested_provenance
City in Texas, United States
his prison term. He was also ordered to pay a maximum of $56,003.88 in restitution to Maverick County. On August 8, 2012, a federal grand jury in the U
Eagle_Pass,_Texas
Austro-Hungarian art collector, patron of the arts and factory owner
made restitution to Jews difficult for many decades, and even restituted objects deemed of cultural significance were often subject to an export ban which
Jenny_Steiner
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Benin
permanent restitution of several cultural objects from French collections to Senegal and the Republic of Benin. Following the 2018 report on the restitution of
Royal_Palaces_of_Abomey
Informal species of theropod
and that as a result, Brazil would be entitled to a civil action of restitution pursuant to Article 985 of the German Civil Code. Accordingly, State
Ubirajara_jubatus
Ethnic group of Central and Southern Africa
Kauenhoven-Janzen, Reinhild. "Chokwe Thrones". African Arts. 14 (3). Hersak, Dunja. "Restitution: Debate and Action". African Arts. 52 (1). doi:10.1162/00441. Wastiau
Chokwe_people
Country in West Asia
of Palestinian natural resources, the right of Palestinians to seek restitution for extensive destruction. The motion was passed by 164 votes to 5, with
Palestine
Painting by Johannes Vermeer
force from Hitler. The Czernin family made several attempts to claim restitution, each time being rejected, although this played a role in securing an
The_Art_of_Painting
Two-dimensional physics simulator engine
acted upon by forces. The engine also applies gravity, friction, and restitution. Box2D's collision detection and resolution system consists of three
Box2D
NATO command post exercise in 1983
Conference (1954) Geneva Summit (1955) Lacy-Zarubin Agreement United States restitution to the Soviet Union State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States
Able_Archer_83
Country in South America
10 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016. "The Victims and Land Restitution Law" (PDF) (in Spanish). unidadvictimas.gov.co. Archived from the original
Colombia
German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation
was filed in 1998 by survivors for restitution for the forced labour. Volkswagen would set up a voluntary restitution fund. After the war in Europe, in
Volkswagen_Group
German businessman (1883–1942)
villa at Schillerplatz in Rostock was reacquired by Herbert Samuel via a restitution request, with – confronted with that claim – the Rostock street lighting
Max_Samuel
Bilateral relations
Holocaust restitution law". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 18 August 2021. Siegal, Tobias (24 July 2021). "Polish Law preventing restitution of Jewish
Israel–Poland_relations
confinement. He also is to pay a fine of $50,000 along with $34,000 restitution to the Internal Revenue Service. On May 8, 2020, Simon Saw-Teong Ang
List of Chinese spy cases in the United States
List_of_Chinese_spy_cases_in_the_United_States
Art museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Because a museum curator determined that it would be too difficult to export 18th-century statues, new ones were carved in China in the 18th century
Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art
Art museum in Paris, France
administrator, Denon, was loath to comply in absence of a treaty of restitution. In response, foreign states sent emissaries to London to seek help,
Louvre
Military campaign following the September 11 attacks
participating in CIA extraordinary rendition, ordering Poland to pay restitution to men who had been abducted, taken to a CIA black site in Poland, and
War_on_terror
Italian painter (1571–1610)
Caravaggio". ABC News. Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (10 December 2015). "'Restitution of a lost beauty': Caravaggio Nativity replica brought to Palermo". The
Caravaggio
Dutch energy and commodity trading company
the UN oil-for-food program. Vitol subsequently paid $17.5 million in restitution for its actions. According to an article in the Financial Times, Vitol
Vitol
Nazi German art dealer
his name appears in numerous claims for restitution. Degenerate art Curt Valentin List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art Nazi Germany Blumen-
Karl_Buchholz_(art_dealer)
2021-03-28. "LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE REPATRIATION OF ILLEGALLY EXPORTED AND STOLEN CULTURAL PROPERTY: IS THERE A MEANS TO SETTLE THE DISPUTES?"
Julius_Priester
United States federal criminal code
of restitution § 3663A. Mandatory restitution to victims of certain crimes § 3664. Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order of restitution § 3665
Title 18 of the United States Code
Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code
King of France from 1226 to 1270
commissioned to investigate governmental abuses and provide monetary restitutions for the crown. Louis's admirers through the centuries have celebrated
Louis_IX_of_France
British Overseas Territory in the Indian Ocean
demonstrating the illegal actions of the British government in signing this restitution agreement. The British Conservative Party subsequently tabled a motion
British Indian Ocean Territory
British_Indian_Ocean_Territory
1962 confrontation between the US and USSR
Conference (1954) Geneva Summit (1955) Lacy-Zarubin Agreement United States restitution to the Soviet Union State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States
Cuban_Missile_Crisis
French multinational cosmetics and beauty company
subsequent sales are equally unlawful. There was restitution paid in 1951 to the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization, though this was done without
L'Oréal
Company
Herz, who had in the meantime changed his name to Julius Hart, filed a restitution claim with the Central Office of the British Zone for Compensation. He
Brenntag
2022 book by Rachel Buchanan
wooden panels from Motunui, which involved a landmark case for cultural restitution. The book was shortlisted for the Keri Hulme Award in 2023, shared the
Te_Motunui_Epa
American bank fraud
investment, even after Hood's arrest. When federal authorities offered restitution to an estimated 10,000 victims, many declined for fear of disqualifying
Omega_Trust
Milk processing facility in Fernbridge, California
sentenced to 30 months in Federal prison and ordered to pay $7 million in restitution for a "single count of making false statements to an agricultural credit
Humboldt_Creamery
Austrian-American historian and author (1894–1978)
Austria to the Museum of Modern Art. The case caused Austria to revamp its restitution laws, permitting the return of many looted artworks. Among these was
Otto_Kallir
US Department of Defense codename
Conference (1954) Geneva Summit (1955) Lacy-Zarubin Agreement United States restitution to the Soviet Union State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States
Operation_Dropshot
Mutually beneficial collusion among competing corporations
individual executives or officials; Where possible, the corporation makes restitution to injured parties; and The Division determines that granting leniency
Cartel
2010s diesel emissions scandal involving Volkswagen
as well as Harris County, Texas, all filed separate lawsuits seeking restitution from VW. The company also faces investigations by 48 United States state
Volkswagen_emissions_scandal
British historian (1940–2021)
Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) and the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects
Folarin_Shyllon
2014–2021 Brazilian criminal investigation into corruption
accused of involvement have agreed to pay 25 billion reais in fines and restitution of embezzled public funds. According to investigators, political appointees
Operation_Car_Wash
German-based company
owners regained the majority shareholding in the company through the restitution laws. The company was continued jointly by Messrs. Viktor, who retained
Lederfabrik_Heilbronn
National museum in London, England
Marbles claimed by Greece have been cited by UNESCO, among others, for restitution. From 1801 to 1812, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin's agents removed
British_Museum
2021 murder in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
in compensation from six convicts in the case tried in Miami under a restitution order by a federal judge in June 2024. Her and Jovenel's eldest son Joverlein
Assassination of Jovenel Moïse
Assassination_of_Jovenel_Moïse
Black-hat criminal hacker group
years in prison, three years of supervised release, a fine of $25,000, restitution of $14,075,540.58 and forfeiture. On June 25, 2025, French authorities
ShinyHunters
Seizure of art from conquered territory by Napoleonic France
I's rule of France, until the Congress of Vienna in 1815 ordered the restitution of the works. During the Napoleonic era, an unknown but immense quantity
Napoleonic_looting_of_art
Wooden decorated ship's beak
finalise the restitution demands of various communities. The Interministerial Committee for the Repatriation of Cultural Property Illegally Exported Abroad
Tangué
Legally binding document establishing rights and duties between parties
Article 3.3.2 provides that, where reasonable, an infringement may warrant restitution. In the 1996 Canadian case of Royal Bank of Canada v. Newell a woman
Contract
Indigenous people of Northern Europe
December 2020. Jacob, Antoine (29 May 2025). "En Laponie, la laborieuse restitution des crânes samis à leur communauté". Courrier international (in French)
Sámi_people
Visual arts of the Republic of Benin
"Restitution to Benin: the treasures repacked". Justice Info. "Benin Gets 133-Year-Old Stolen Stool Back from Finland". AllAfrica. "From Restitution BENINESE
Beninese_art
leaving parts of the sentence in place, like the payment of fines or restitution. After George W. Bush attempted to rescind his pardon of Isaac Robert
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States
Sculpture from Ife
Jegede, Peter Adewale. "The Repatriation of Ife Cultural Objects". Open Restitution Africa. Retrieved 12 August 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status
Ife_Terracotta_Head
President of Brazil from 1961 to 1964
Lawyers in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. The former First Lady received restitution of R$ 644,000 (around US$322,000) to be paid in pensions of R$5,425 (around
João_Goulart
Art museum in Munich, Germany
Lewenstein and his sister Wilhelmine Helena Lewenstein sued for the restitution of a "Colorful Life," by Wassily Kandinsky. The same year, a long running
Lenbachhaus
1974 Soviet aviation incident in Alaska
Conference (1954) Geneva Summit (1955) Lacy-Zarubin Agreement United States restitution to the Soviet Union State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States
Gambell_incident
Autonomous town in Northern Cape, South Africa
(2013b). "The History of Dispossession at Orania and the Politics of Land Restitution in South Africa". Journal of Southern African Studies. 39 (2): 391–407
Orania
U.S. federal statutes on commerce and trade
71—Petroleum Overcharge Distribution and Restitution 15 U.S.C. ch. 72—Semiconductor Research 15 U.S.C. ch. 73—Export Enhancement 15 U.S.C. ch. 74—Competitiveness
Title 15 of the United States Code
Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code
President of the Philippines since 2022
defying a court order to pay US$353 million (₱17,385,250,000 in 2025) in restitution to human rights abuse victims during his father's dictatorship. As president
Bongbong_Marcos
Former French territory in North Africa (1830–1962)
law criminalizing the French occupation of the country and demanding restitution from France. Algérie française was a slogan used about 1960 by those
French_Algeria
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