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Numerical measure of program structure
better known for introducing cyclomatic complexity. McCabe defined essential complexity as the cyclomatic complexity of the reduced CFG (control-flow graph)
Essential_complexity
Measure of the structural complexity of a software program
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to indicate the complexity of a program. It is a quantitative measure of the number of linearly independent
Cyclomatic_complexity
1986 paper on software project management
different types of complexity: accidental complexity and essential complexity. This is related to Aristotle's classification. Accidental complexity relates to
No_Silver_Bullet
Attribute of a software system
needed] Domain-driven design can help minimize accidental complexity. Essential complexity is caused by the characteristics of the problem to be solved
Programming_complexity
Faulty software abstraction
usage of git. Abstraction inversion Dependency inversion principle Essential complexity Modular programming Separation of concerns Seibel, Peter (1 November
Leaky_abstraction
View that entities have identifying attributes
Essentialism is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their identity. In early Western thought, Platonic idealism held that
Essentialism
1975 software engineering book by Fred Brooks
The argument relies on the distinction between accidental complexity and essential complexity, similar to the way Amdahl's law relies on the distinction
The_Mythical_Man-Month
Type of computer science algorithm
that space complexity also has varied choices in whether or not to count the index lengths as part of the space used. Often, the space complexity is given
In-place_algorithm
Branch of computational complexity theory
In computer science, parameterized complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory that focuses on classifying computational problems according
Parameterized_complexity
Complexity of sending information in a distributed algorithm
In theoretical computer science, communication complexity studies the amount of communication required to solve a problem when the input to the problem
Communication_complexity
Argument by proponents of intelligent design
Irreducible complexity (IC) is the argument that certain biological systems with multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were
Irreducible_complexity
Theorem about a certain class of control-flow graphs
the ideal of being a structured program; McCabe called his measure essential complexity. McCabe's characterization of the forbidden graphs for structured
Structured_program_theorem
Path of execution between decisions
block Basis path testing and its ancillary articles Cyclomatic complexity Essential complexity Code coverage White-box testing Huang, J.C. (September 1975)
Decision-to-decision_path
Computational complexity of quantum algorithms
Quantum complexity theory is the subfield of computational complexity theory that deals with complexity classes defined using quantum computers, a computational
Quantum_complexity_theory
Discrete Fourier transform algorithm
of sparse (mostly zero) factors. As a result, it manages to reduce the complexity of computing the DFT from O ( n 2 ) {\textstyle O(n^{2})} , which arises
Fast_Fourier_transform
Data structure for storing non-overlapping sets
Bernard A. Galler and Michael J. Fischer in 1964. In 1973, their time complexity was bounded to O ( log ∗ ( n ) ) {\displaystyle O(\log ^{*}(n))} , the
Disjoint-set_data_structure
Approach to the study of finite semigroups and automata
between finite automata and semigroups. Decidability of Krohn-Rhodes complexity long motivated much work in semigroup theory. In June 2024, Stuart Margolis
Krohn–Rhodes_theory
Method of determining a point in 3D space
of some parameters. This means that both the computation time and the complexity of the operations involved may vary between the different methods. Each
Triangulation (computer vision)
Triangulation_(computer_vision)
Conceptual beauty that shows unusual effectiveness and simplicity
which means the number and complexity of hypotheses, and parsimony (ontological simplicity), which is the number and complexity of things postulated. In
Elegance
generality defined by Alexander Merkurjev. Basically, essential dimension measures the complexity of algebraic structures via their fields of definition
Essential_dimension
Proof checkable by a randomized algorithm
of the proof using randomness in an essential way. Probabilistically checkable proofs give rise to many complexity classes depending on the number of queries
Probabilistically checkable proof
Probabilistically_checkable_proof
Subset of evolutionary computation
Evolutionary algorithms (EA) reproduce essential elements of biological evolution in a computer algorithm in order to solve "difficult" problems, at least
Evolutionary_algorithm
Video compression standard
MPEG-5 Essential Video Coding (EVC), standardized as ISO/IEC 23094-1, is a video compression standard that has been completed in April 2020 by decision
Essential_Video_Coding
Improved phase-locked loop
to measure the phase, while multibit PLLs use more bits. PLLs are an essential component in telecommunications. Multibit PLLs achieve improved efficiency
PLL_multibit
compensate for different glass sizes and thicknesses. The precision and complexity of the calculations and measurements executed by the software allow designers
Digital ceramic printing on glass
Digital_ceramic_printing_on_glass
Recursive algorithm in graph theory
weights. It was proposed by Mechthild Stoer and Frank Wagner in 1995. The essential idea of this algorithm is to shrink the graph by merging the most intensive
Stoer–Wagner_algorithm
engines, and molecular phylogenetics research software. The worst-case complexity for this algorithm is O(n2 log n), but in practice O(n log n) is rather
Hunt–Szymanski_algorithm
Algorithm used in relational databases
interleaved linear scans will encounter these sets at the same time. The essential principle is implemented, for example, by the traditional Unix join command
Sort-merge_join
Large-scale project of Bangladesh
Bangladesh, i.e. projects characterized by large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in organizational terms), and long-lasting impact on the economy
List of megaprojects in Bangladesh
List_of_megaprojects_in_Bangladesh
Software size estimation technique
number and complexity of use cases. Unadjusted Actor Weight (UAW) – the point size of the software that accounts for the number and complexity of actors
Use_case_points
British scientist
ISBN 9780198539568 Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity Barrow, John D.; Tipler, Frank J. (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
John_D._Barrow
Concept in genetics
genome projects allow the identification of the most essential genes and a reduction of genetic complexity, making engineered strains more predictable. Industrially
Minimal_genome
Matrix normal form
it also has an entry 0 at position (k,jt), which is useful though not essential for the algorithm). This new entry β divides the entry a t , j t {\displaystyle
Smith_normal_form
Type of image
{\displaystyle O(N)} time complexity. This saliency map algorithm has O ( N ) {\displaystyle O(N)} time complexity. Since the computational time
Saliency_map
Systems analysis technique
event-partitioning approach is explained by Stephen M. McMenamin and John F. Palmer in Essential Systems Analysis. A brief version of the approach is described in the
Event_partitioning
Regular expression denial-of-service attack
A regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) is an algorithmic complexity attack that produces a denial-of-service by providing a regular expression
ReDoS
Probabilistic primality test
< n − 1. For testing arbitrarily large n, choosing bases at random is essential, as we don't know the distribution of witnesses and strong liars among
Miller–Rabin_primality_test
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties
Emergence
Practice of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and criteria at a specified time
for project management to be effective. Complexity can be: Structural complexity (also known as detail complexity, or complicatedness), i.e. consisting
Project_management
Theory of thinking and learning as forms of communication
of the other one keep moving the whole system toward an ever greater complexity". Studies of how children individualize numerical routines have examined
Commognition
common for the Northern Territory, so that its two senators are also essential to providing that territory with balanced representation. Constituency
Issues affecting the single transferable vote
Issues_affecting_the_single_transferable_vote
positive project complexity proposed by Stefan Morcov, and to the antifragility concept proposed by Nicolas Taleb. Positive complexity generates project
Opportunity_management
Systems theory of change in complexity
minimum amount of complexity, and that attempting to "push down" the complexity of such a system in one place will invariably cause complexity to "pop up" elsewhere
Waterbed_theory
WWII UK air defence network
in The Midlands. The system lacked early detection, which was deemed essential as the performance of aircraft improved. Experiments with acoustic mirrors
Dowding_system
Children's literacy program
role play. 2 Board Games: Colorful educational games that increased in complexity as more characters were introduced. These supported phonemic awareness
The_Letter_People
French philosopher and sociologist (1921–2026)
of the theory of information who has been recognised for his work on complexity and Complex Thought, and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse
Edgar_Morin
2006 book by Nikos Salingaros
the built environment, using mathematics, thermodynamics, Darwinism, complexity theory and cognitive sciences. He postulates that cross-cultural universals
A_Theory_of_Architecture
Information-theoretic measure of complexity
Information fluctuation complexity is an information-theoretic quantity defined as the fluctuation of information about entropy. It is derivable from fluctuations
Information fluctuation complexity
Information_fluctuation_complexity
Species of venomous snake
natrix. The common adder is found in different terrains, habitat complexity being essential for different aspects of its behaviour. It feeds on small mammals
Adder
Unreproducible object used in digital security
higher reliabilities for each bit generated from a PUF such that low-complexity error-correcting codes such as BCH codes suffice to satisfy a block error
Physical_unclonable_function
Health insurance marketplace in California, U.S.
Covered California is a part of the Affordable Care Act, there are some essential health benefits that the insurance companies must offer to consumers.
Covered_California
Clinic Called Hope looks at the situation of HIV/AIDS in Africa, and the complexity of making widespread treatment viable. "Port Hope: A Question of Power"
List of The Nature of Things episodes
List_of_The_Nature_of_Things_episodes
Abstract machine that models computation
In computational complexity theory, an interactive proof system is an abstract machine that models computation as the exchange of messages between two
Interactive_proof_system
Molecular biology technique
compared to other methods. The DArT is broken down into three essential steps: Complexity reduction, genomic representation, and DArT assay. This step
Diversity_arrays_technology
impacted by technical difficulties, as well as by the significant length, complexity, and increasing costs of hemp processing, compared to cotton. Conversely
History_of_cannabis_in_Italy
Japanese painter
the 1980s, his painting evolved towards greater chromatic and material complexity. In the later works inspired by the Odyssey, his research focused on the
Horiki_Katsutomi
Algorithm used for pathfinding and graph traversal
major practical drawback is its O ( b d ) {\displaystyle O(b^{d})} space complexity where d is the depth of the shallowest solution (the length of the shortest
A*_search_algorithm
barriers. A simplification of the problem, which encapsulates most of its essential features, makes the target region be the origin of the plane, and the
Barrier_resilience
preconceptions and stereotypes that do not do justice to the reality and complexity of these workers. Since the arrival of temporary workers, especially of
Racism_in_Quebec
Form of literary device
rhythmic, structural, metrical, verbal, and visual elements. They are essential tools that a poet uses to create rhythm, enhance a poem's meaning, or
Poetic_device
Algorithm for the minimization of Boolean functions
function. Use those prime implicants in a prime implicant chart to find the essential prime implicants of the function, as well as other prime implicants that
Quine–McCluskey_algorithm
History of a New York City Subway line
as well as having significant property impacts, increased construction complexity and cost, and increased travel times resulting from slower operating speeds
Construction of the Second Avenue Subway
Construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_Subway
Mixture of fragrant substance
analysis arises due to the complexity of a perfume's ingredients. This is particularly due to the presence of natural essential oils and other ingredients
Perfume
Election Directors said many of the challenges ignore or misunderstand the complexity and legal requirements involved in maintaining the rolls. Others said
Republican Party efforts to disrupt the 2024 United States presidential election
Republican_Party_efforts_to_disrupt_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election
Food made of flour and water
having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture. Bread may be leavened
Bread
Level of ease with which a reader can understand written text
natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic
Readability
physical features, shows that Némirovsky has taken the measure of the complexity and fragility of the situation of the Jews in Europe. Three years later
The_Dogs_and_the_Wolves
Intellectual capacity and style Intelligence Judgment Knowledge Cognitive complexity Emotional reactions Moods, mood variability Impulse and impulse control
Leadership_analysis
1992 novel by Dorothy Allison
Bone and her mother's husband, Glen Waddell. The novel examines the complexities of mother–child relationships, as well as conditions of class, race,
Bastard_Out_of_Carolina
American annual computer science prize
Retrieved June 3, 2015. Homer, Steven and Alan L. (2001). Computability and Complexity Theory. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-387-95055-6. Archived from the original
Turing_Award
Modelling technique in mechanical engineering
of dynamic modelling could be increased even further by reducing the complexity of the individual subdomains. This reduction of the subdomains (or substructures
Dynamic_substructuring
American professional esports player (1989–2020)
3rd–4th Place 2013 Innkeeper's Invitational Miesner, Andrew. "Complexity Gaming". Complexity Gaming. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved
Reckful
Walter Benjamin's unfinished work
consumption. In a world disoriented by scientific rationalism and political complexity, cults and rituals — particularly those crafted by advertising — reintroduce
Capitalism_as_Religion
HPV Vaccination program in Japan
and reported on the ongoing HPV vaccine litigation, highlighting the complexity of medical evidence, psychosocial factors, and public perception surrounding
HPV_vaccination_in_Japan
Special-purpose map to show geological features
geological mapping project covers an area with unique lithologies and complexities, and every geologist has a unique style of mapping, no software is perfect
Geological_map
North Vietnamese and Viet Cong tactics in the Vietnam War
informed at the last feasible moment. Echelons of attack: Depending on the complexity of the attack, numerous sub-divisions might be involved. Local guerrillas
NLF_and_PAVN_battle_tactics
Organisational management method
has caused the environments of organisations to dynamically and grow in complexity. Especially the digital transformation and post-pandemic developments
Experimental organisational development
Experimental_organisational_development
Languages associated with scientific research
Nevertheless, significant criticism was still addressed at a few remaining complexities of the language, as well as its lack of scientific purpose and technical
Languages_of_science
by invitation for viewing on occasions such as parties or teas. "The essential, unknowability of each individual, and society's collaboration in the
Society and culture of the Victorian era
Society_and_culture_of_the_Victorian_era
Inca and Andean underworld deity or spirit, later associated with the Christian Devil
taken as a synonym for Uku Pacha. However, this would present a greater complexity than some scholars maintain. The people of ancient Peru perceived a "second
Supay
Data organized by tags but not tables
Sonar blog. Olawanle, Joel (October 5, 2022). "Big O Cheat Sheet – Time Complexity Chart". Yakovskind, Ohad (October 16, 2021). "Catastrophic Backtracking
Semi-structured_data
Diagnosis of disease that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's lifetime
PMID 17494935. Lam, Yee (June 2020). "Bone Tumors: Benign Bone Tumors". FP Essentials. 493: 11–21. PMID 32573182. Stachs, Angrit; Stubert, Johannes; Reimer
Overdiagnosis
Proof method
Kolmogorov complexity theory, named for Andrey Kolmogorov. One of the first uses of the incompressibility method with Kolmogorov complexity in the theory
Incompressibility_method
350–534 series of wars in India
backdrop of other challenges to the empire's stability, highlighting the complexity of the political landscape during his reign. Skandagupta's achievement
Hunnic_Wars
British comedy drama film
weight of it all just right," further describing them balancing "the complexity of the character as written, with the dynamic of the whole situation,
Sunny_Dancer
Public high school in Maricopa County, Arizona
Edge High School. The age and slope of the roofs at Agua Fria introduced complexity, causing Clean Energy to instead install solar panels onto shade structures
Agua_Fria_High_School
founding symbiotic events, which prompted the metabolic and cellular complexity of eukaryotic life, most likely occurred in the ocean. Despite the general
Marine_holobiont
on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. Most European leaders were unimpressed
Diplomacy of the American Civil War
Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War
Classification system in education
patterns and principles in various fields. This framework highlights the complexity of knowledge, spanning from concrete specifics to abstract theories. Richard
Bloom's_taxonomy
2011 British TV series or programme
behaviour. Nevertheless, it is gripping and never underestimates the complexity of its subject. Parallel narratives often result in uneven storytelling
The_Promise_(2011_TV_serial)
sides in local political disputes, but his failure to understand the complexities of the local cultures sometimes made that difficult. Cook's expeditions
James Cook and indigenous peoples
James_Cook_and_indigenous_peoples
Ancient Egyptian religious festivities
difficult art requiring around ten years of study. It is probable that this complexity produced a break between the mass of the Egyptian people and the priests
Mysteries_of_Osiris
Graph with equal-size maximal independent sets
sub-classes and complexity results (Doctoral dissertation), University of Alberta Sankaranarayana, Ramesh S.; Stewart, Lorna K. (1992), "Complexity results for
Well-covered_graph
Class of membrane-less organelles within biological cells
PMID 33076213. Kato M, McKnight SL (March 2017). "Cross-β Polymerization of Low Complexity Sequence Domains". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 9 (3) a023598
Biomolecular_condensate
United States ongoing antitrust court case
Meta pushed back on this, and cast doubts that a "case of this size and complexity" could go to trial before the end of 2024. In April 2024, Meta filed a
FTC_v._Meta
Study of organisms and their environment
S2CID 40349801. Loehle, C. (2004). "Challenges of ecological complexity". Ecological Complexity. 1 (1): 3–6. Bibcode:2004EcoCm...1....3.. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom
Ecology
Italian lemon liqueur
has a slightly turbid appearance, which originates from suspended small essential oil droplets. The exact origin of limoncello is disputed. The industry
Limoncello
Collection of character sketches
of his progress, than any other writer." As Bentham's thinking gained complexity, his style, unfortunately, deteriorated. "It is a barbarous philosophical
The_Spirit_of_the_Age
Cyberattack in Minnesota, US
state's National Guard due to, what officials stated, the magnitude and complexity of the attack. On July 29, 2025, the City of St. Paul faced a significant
2025_St._Paul_cyberattack
cruiser and damaged another. Yamamoto's operating plan was flawed by complexity and division of forces. Poor intelligence and communication failures fatally
Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II
Pacific_Theater_aircraft_carrier_operations_during_World_War_II
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