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Type of biological cell polarity
Epithelial polarity is one example of the cell polarity that is a fundamental feature of many types of cells. Epithelial cells feature distinct 'apical'
Epithelial_polarity
Polar morphology of a cell, a specific orientation of the cell structure
examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction
Cell_polarity
Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals
showing stratified cuboidal epithelium Dark cell Epithelial-mesenchymal transition Epithelial polarity Glycocalyx Inner and outer enamel epithelium Iris
Epithelium
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a type of cell polarity in which the cells are oriented in a coordinated way across the plane of an epithelial tissue. The
Planar_cell_polarity
Australian and British developmental biologist and cancer biologist
known for identifying genes, proteins and mechanisms involved in epithelial polarity, morphogenesis and cell signaling via the Wnt and Hippo signaling
Barry_James_Thompson
Biological process in animal connective tissue
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Epithelial–mesenchymal_transition
Cell line
eventually coalesced into a resilient paradigm for cell motility and cell polarity. Epithelial cells are typically nonmotile, but can become motile by inhibiting
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells
Madin-Darby_canine_kidney_cells
Class of marine invertebrates
become mesoderm. It has been suggested that epithelial polarity together with planar cell polarity might be sufficient to drive gastrulation in sea urchins
Sea_urchin
Direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues
surrounding stroma.[citation needed] The process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive
Invasion_(cancer)
Protein family
C-terminus of proteins, to form tight junctions in both epithelial and endothelial cells as polarity is gained in the cell. JAMs are usually around 40 kDa
Junctional_adhesion_molecule
Group of proteins forming tight junctions between cells
"Claudins and JAM-A coordinately regulate tight junction formation and epithelial polarity". The Journal of Cell Biology. 218 (10): 3372–3396. doi:10.1083/jcb
Claudin
Gene and protein involved in Huntington's disease
Huntingtin has also been shown to have a role in the establishment in epithelial polarity through its interaction with RAB11A. Huntingtin has been found to
Huntingtin
basal cell polarity Koilocytosis Epithelial cell dysplasia is divided into three categories of severity: mild, moderate, and severe. Epithelial dysplasia
Epithelial_dysplasia
Miniaturized and simplified version of an organ
transcriptional profiling of epithelial cells purified from patient and control organoids highlighted pathways involved in cell polarity, cell-cell junctions
Organoid
Single-cell layer lining the intestines
adjacent cells, these complexes are important for regulating epithelial migration, cell polarity, and the formation of other cell junction complexes. Tight
Intestinal_epithelium
Reversible biological process
metastasis and wound healing. Unlike epithelial cells – which are stationary and characterized by an apico-basal polarity with binding by a basal lamina, tight
Mesenchymal–epithelial transition
Mesenchymal–epithelial_transition
water and solutes among adjacent epithelial cells. Preserve the epithelial polarity and cell adhesion. Have a function in the morphogenesis like tracheal
Septate_junction
Sphere of cells formed during early embryonic development in animals
cell polarity and the creation of a permeability seal to regulate blastocoel formation. These tight junctions arise after the polarity of epithelial cells
Blastulation
Exocrine gland in humans and other mammals
cells differ in their ability to interact with luminal breast epithelial cells for polarity and basement membrane deposition". Journal of Cell Science.
Mammary_gland
Protein found in humans
Wise B, Fuchs E (Feb 2001). "Hyperproliferation and defects in epithelial polarity upon conditional ablation of alpha-catenin in skin". Cell. 104 (4):
Catenin_alpha-1
Argentinian-American cell biologist
the now widely used MDCK cell culture system for the study of epithelial cell polarity and together with Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan reported the landmark
David_D._Sabatini
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Partanen JI, Tervonen TA, Klefström J (2013-11-05). "Breaking the epithelial polarity barrier in cancer: the strange case of LKB1/PAR-4". Philosophical
STK11
Group of signal transduction pathways involved in embryonic development
characterized: the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway. All three pathways are
Wnt_signaling_pathway
Microtubule minus-end binding human protein
(January 2016). "CAMSAP3 orients the apical-to-basal polarity of microtubule arrays in epithelial cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3
Calmodulin-regulated_spectrin-associated_protein_3
Keratin protein
Cytokeratins are keratin proteins found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue. They are an important component of intermediate filaments, which
Cytokeratin
Critical protein in embryonic development
location of SHH and IHH: two human homologues of the Drosophila segment polarity gene hedgehog". Genomics. 28 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1104. hdl:11380/455504
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Swiss biologist
role for Drosophila LKB1 in anterior-posterior axis formation and epithelial polarity". Nature. 421 (6921): 379–384. doi:10.1038/nature01296. PMID 12540903
Sophie_G._Martin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Macara IG, Margolis B (2003). "Direct interaction of two polarity complexes implicated in epithelial tight junction assembly". Nat. Cell Biol. 5 (2): 137–42
PARD6B
Precursor microRNA family
2009). "miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin, which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis". EMBO Reports. 10 (4): 400–5. doi:10.1038/embor.2009
Mir-29_microRNA_precursor
Type of protein
structure, function and polarity. These complexes, which help regulate cell growth in addition to creating and maintaining epithelial layers, are known as
Catenin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
membrane protein and is involved in cell migration, cell polarity, and cell proliferation in epithelial cells. There is also strong evidence that SCRIB may
SCRIB
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
VANGL planar cell polarity protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VANGL2 gene. The protein encoded by the VANGL2 gene is a membrane protein
VANGL2
Primary protein link between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton
Degenstein L, Wise B, Fuchs E. Hyperproliferation and defects in epithelial polarity upon conditional ablation of alpha-catenin in skin. Cell. 2001;104(4):605-17
Α-Catenin
Monack, Denise M.; Amieva, Manuel R. (26 February 2019). "Controlling Epithelial Polarity: A Human Enteroid Model for Host-Pathogen Interactions". Cell Reports
Cultrex_BME
Thin fibrous layer between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue in animals
sheet-like type of ECM that provides a supporting base for all types of epithelial tissue, separates it from another cell layer such as endothelium, and
Basement_membrane
Process in multicellular organisms
Migrating cells have a polarity—a front and a back. Without it, they would move in all directions at once, i.e. spread. How this polarity is formulated at a
Cell_migration
Type of colorectal polyp
suspected if there is either of the following: Nuclear stratification Loss of polarity Dysplasia A sessile serrated adenoma is suspected in case of any of the
Hyperplastic_polyp
Species of bacteria
the stomach's epithelial cells, where it disrupts the cytoskeleton, adherence to adjacent cells, intracellular signaling, cell polarity, and other cellular
Helicobacter_pylori
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
of PAR-1b in both the establishment and maintenance of mammalian epithelial polarity". Curr. Biol. 14 (16): 1425–35. Bibcode:2004CBio...14.1425S. doi:10
MARK2
Multiprotein complex that forms a point of contact or adhesion in animal cells
control paracellular transport. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. Combined with cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix
Cell_junction
Analysis of tissue to identify colorectal cancer characteristics
adenocarcinoma: epithelial serrations or tufts (thick blue arrow), abundant eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm, vesicular basal nuclei with preserved polarity. (B)
Histopathology of colorectal adenocarcinoma
Histopathology_of_colorectal_adenocarcinoma
Protein of the mucin family
immunosuppressive effect. MUC-1 in cancerous epithelial cells exhibits a loss of polarity. This loss of polarity creates incomplete carbohydrate side chains
Mucin-1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Caenorhabditis elegans beta-G spectrin is dispensable for establishment of epithelial polarity, but essential for muscular and neuronal function". The Journal of
SPTAN1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
paracellular space between epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, and also play critical roles in maintaining cell polarity and signal transductions. [provided
Claudin_25
Protein
promote the repression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryonic development. The Drosophila
SNAI1
Structure preventing inter-cell leakage
(singular, zonula occludens), are multiprotein junctional complexes between epithelial cells, sealing and preventing leakage of solutes and water. They also
Tight_junction
Embryologic stage in which germ layers form
named the blastopore. Before gastrulation, the embryo is a continuous epithelial sheet of cells; by the end of gastrulation, the embryo has begun differentiation
Gastrulation
General cell type
(2022-06-21). "Won't You be My Neighbor: How Epithelial Cells Connect Together to Build Global Tissue Polarity". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Basal_cell
British-American biologist
McCaffrey, Luke Martin; Macara, Ian G. (December 2011). "Epithelial organization, cell polarity and tumorigenesis". Trends in Cell Biology. 21 (12): 727–735
Ian_Macara
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
pole in differentiated intestinal epithelial cells, which reveals a possible role for STAU1-induced cell polarity in normal tissue development. In vitro
STAU1
interactions interfere with tumor suppressor functions, disrupting epithelial cell polarity through Scribble and enhancing growth signaling via Erbin. By mimicking
Tax1
Bipolar-shaped progenitor cells of all neurons in the cerebral cortex and some glia
central nervous system. Bergmann glia (also known as radial epithelial cells, Golgi epithelial cells, or radial astrocytes) are unipolar astrocytes derived
Radial_glial_cell
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein may play a role in epithelial cell polarity and is associated with tight junctions at the apical surface of epithelial cells. Alternate transcriptional
CRB3
Protein found in humans
context to mediate a variety of functions ranging from cell proliferation, polarity, differentiation and apoptosis. WNT5A is a signaling molecule expressed
Protein_Wnt-5a
Genus of cnidarians
with a coiled thread inside. The nematocysts are housed within a single epithelial cell together with a sensory and nerve cell. At the narrow outer edge
Hydra_(genus)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Macara IG, Margolis B (2003). "Direct interaction of two polarity complexes implicated in epithelial tight junction assembly". Nat. Cell Biol. 5 (2): 137–42
PARD6A
Electric current produced in living cells
field polarity of the endogenous vectorial electric fields in the epithelium, pointing (positive to negative) to the wound center. Epithelial cells of
Developmental_bioelectricity
Structure connecting neurons in the nervous system
systems, such as auditory, vestibular or tactile systems, where specialized epithelial receptor cells transmit signals to neurons. Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed
Synapse
Early embryonic structure that gives rise to the placenta
blastos: germinator) derives from the trophectoderm, the outer layer of epithelial cells of the blastocyst. The trophectoderm is a temporary layer of cells
Trophoblast
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
modulators of Wnt signaling. SFRP1 and SFRP5 may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor cells in the retina. SFRP1 is expressed in several human
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1
Secreted_frizzled-related_protein_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Ngok SP, Lin WH, Anastasiadis PZ (August 2014). "Establishment of epithelial polarity--GEF who's minding the GAP?". Journal of Cell Science. 127 (Pt 15):
PLEKHG5
Medical condition
dysplasia in a tubulovillous adenoma, in this case seen mainly as loss of cell polarity, as cells become more plump and haphazard than the elongated and parallel
Colorectal_adenoma
Protein domain
biogenesis of tight junctions and in the establishment of cell polarity in epithelial cells. Each L27_N domain consists of three alpha-helices, the first
L27_domain
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
thrive shortly after birth. WNT9B is a gene that often expressed in the epithelial cells of the Wolffian duct in early male and female embryos. In the embryos
Protein_Wnt-9B
Protein-coding gene in humans
321). Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals around cells and
F11_receptor
proteins (TJ proteins) are molecules situated at the tight junctions of epithelial, endothelial and myelinated cells. This multiprotein junctional complex
Tight_junction_proteins
planar cell polarity. A gain or loss of function of Prickle1 causes defects in the convergent extension movements of gastrulation. In epithelial cells, Prickle2
Prickle_(protein)
Cells forming the neural tube wall during embryogenesis
this polarity, neuroepithelial cells express prominin-1 in the apical plasma membrane as well as tight junctions to maintain the cell polarity. Integrin
Neuroepithelial_cell
Gland that secretes serous fluid
organization in the developing pancreas: a perspective on the role of cell polarity in coordinating tissue growth and differentiation". Journal of Cell Science
Serous_gland
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
permeant molecules. Permeability depends mainly on the electric charge and polarity of the molecule and to a lesser extent the molar mass of the molecule.
Cell_membrane
dysplasia. Gastrointestinal dysplasia refers to abnormal growth of the epithelial tissue lining the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus, stomach
Gastrointestinal intraepithelial neoplasia
Gastrointestinal_intraepithelial_neoplasia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and the human gene is DLG1). SAP97 is expressed throughout the body in epithelial cells. In the brain it is involved in the trafficking of ionotropic receptors
DLG1
Precancerous white or grey lesion within the mouth
lose their cellular orientation (losing their polarity and long axis). Alteration of the normal epithelial-connective tissue architecture - the rete pegs
Leukoplakia
Lebanese-Swiss biochemist and molecular virologist
the Transmembrane Domain Reverse the Polarity of Transport of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin in MDCK Epithelial Cells. J. Cell Biol. 142, 51–57. Tyrosine-based
Hussein_Naim
Protein-coding gene in humans
functions including cell morphology, cell migration, endocytosis, cell polarity and cell cycle progression. Rho GTPases are central to dynamic actin cytoskeletal
CDC42
Protein found in humans
the free ends of the microtubules is important in regulating neuronal polarity. The highly polarized neurons are formed in the developing neocortex, and
CAMSAP2
Strain of virus
Coronavirus. The rat coronavirus is a single-stranded RNA virus with positive polarity that is approximately 27 to 33 kb long. Sialodacryoadenitis virus, or SDAV
Rat_coronavirus
Japanese molecular biologist (born 1952)
associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-3". Journal of Cell
Shigeo_Ohno
Process in embryonic development
form a cavity, pouch or tube. In developmental biology, invagination of epithelial sheets occurs in many contexts during embryonic development. Invagination
Invagination
Protein found in humans
"Identification of three novel Smad binding proteins involved in cell polarity". FEBS Letters. 539 (1–3): 167–173. Bibcode:2003FEBSL.539..167W. doi:10
Erbin_(protein)
Morphogenic process during embryogenesis
runt is sufficient to locally reorient the polarity of nearby cells. This evidence argues that planar polarity is established by cell-cell interactions
Germ-band_extension
South American electric fish
opens the ion channels, allowing sodium to flow through, reversing the polarity momentarily. By causing a sudden difference in electric potential, it generates
Electrophorus_electricus
Mammalian protein found in humans
2002). "CAS/CSE 1 stimulates E-cadherin-dependent cell polarity in HT-29 human colon epithelial cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Catenin_beta-1
Protein-coding gene in humans
"PDZ-mediated interactions retain the epithelial GABA transporter on the basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells". EMBO J. 18 (9): 2384–93. doi:10
LIN7A
Embryonic cell structure
layers of the bilaminar disc defines the primitive dorso ventral axis and polarity in embryogenesis. The epiblast migrates away from the trophoblast downwards
Bilaminar_embryonic_disc
Human liver cancer cell line
with a well-differentiated hepatoblastoma carcinoma. These cells are epithelial in morphology, have a modal chromosome number of 55, and are not tumorigenic
Hep_G2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
growth, whereas CDC42 (MIM 116952) mediates the establishment of cell polarity. The CDC42 GTPase, which is controlled by nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs;
PARD3
Medical condition
"MYO5B mutations cause microvillus inclusion disease and disrupt epithelial cell polarity". Nat Genet. 40 (10): 1163–5. doi:10.1038/ng.225. PMID 18724368
Microvillous inclusion disease
Microvillous_inclusion_disease
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
plasma membrane maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity protein transport morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet neurotransmitter secretion
LIN7C
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
binding coreceptor activity involved in Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway protein binding Cellular component Golgi lumen nucleus integral
Glypican_6
Protein and coding gene in humans
the migration of epithelial. RhoA's role in signal transduction mediation is also attributed to the establishment of tissue polarity in epidermal structures
Transforming_protein_RhoA
Species of fungus
interact with epithelial and innate effector cells. Alveolar macrophages phagocytize and destroy conidia within their phagosomes. Epithelial cells, specifically
Aspergillus_fumigatus
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and ablation of Fat1 by RNAi leads to decreased cell migration of rat epithelial cells The cytoplasmic tail of Fat1 has also been shown to bind the transcriptional
FAT1
Human colon cancer cell line
differentiation-inducing agents like sodium butyrate, these cells develop epithelial cell morphology, characterized by microvilli and well-defined tight junctions
HT-29
Process in developmental biology
passively (without the need for energy) with underlying somatic cells, cross epithelial barriers, and respond to cues from their environment during active migration
Primordial germ cell migration
Primordial_germ_cell_migration
Cancer cells with features of normal cells
PROM1), CD44, ALDH1A1, CD34, CD24 and EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule, also known as epithelial specific antigen, ESA). CD133 (prominin 1) is
Cancer_stem_cell
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
adherens junction cell junction Biological process establishment of epithelial cell polarity negative regulation of protein secretion positive regulation of
FERM domain-containing protein 4A
FERM_domain-containing_protein_4A
Professor of Molecular Cell Biology
directional migration and cancer cell polarity, and that tumour progression requires FAK in multiple epithelial cancer types. They have also demonstrated
Margaret_Frame_(biologist)
Structure formed around day 5 of mammalian embryonic development
embryoblast which subsequently forms the embryo, and an outer layer of epithelial cells called the trophectoderm. This layer surrounding the inner cell
Blastocyst
Early embryonic mass that gives rise to the fetus
polarization of blastomeres occurs at the 8-16 cell stage. An apical-basolateral polarity is visible through the visualization of apical markers such as Par3, Par6
Inner_cell_mass
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EPITHELIAL POLARITY
EPITHELIAL POLARITY
EPITHELIAL POLARITY
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