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Decline of Ottoman Empire and its effect on the balance of power
In diplomatic history, the Eastern question was the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th
Eastern_question
Geographical term that roughly encompasses West Asia
known as the "Eastern question", as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe. It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the
Near_East
Tenth conflict of the Russo-Turkish wars (1853–1856)
1853 to February 1856. Geopolitical causes of the war included the Eastern question (the decline of the Ottoman Empire), the expansion of Russia in the
Crimean_War
19th and 20th century dispute about popular and learned language varieties of Greek
The Greek language question (Greek: το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, to glossikó zítima) was a dispute about whether the vernacular of the Greek people (Demotic Greek)
Greek_language_question
Irredentist and nationalist idea that emphasized territorial expansion of Finland
by professor Jalmari Jaakkola, titled Die Ostfrage Finnlands („The Eastern Question of Finland“), sought to justify the occupation of East Karelia. The
Greater_Finland
Concepts related to nationalism
Bessarabian question Croatian question Cyprus question Eastern question Greek Project Thracian question German question Irish question Jewish question Kaliningrad
National_question
Austrian diplomat, foreign minister and Chancellor (1773–1859)
annexing large areas of the declining Ottoman Empire (the so-called Eastern Question). As he had earlier envisaged, by April 1818 Britain had drawn up,
Klemens_von_Metternich
1912–1913 conflicts in Balkan states
the 19th century, the Great Powers shared different aims over the "Eastern Question" and the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Russia wanted access to the
Balkan_Wars
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 to 1855
end of nineteenth century, the problem would be referred to as the "Eastern Question". The cabinet was bitterly divided. Palmerston stirred up anti-reform
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868; 1874–1880)
Earl of Beaconsfield. Disraeli's second term was dominated by the Eastern question—the slow decay of the Ottoman Empire and the desire of other European
Benjamin_Disraeli
Periods of Government of the United Kingdom in 1868 and 1874 to 1880
Richard Millman, Britain and the Eastern question, 1875–1878 (1979) Seton-Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern Question (1935) pp 1-15 Seán Lang, "Bulgarian
Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli
Premierships_of_Benjamin_Disraeli
Transcontinental geopolitical region
The Times and followed by a 20-article series entitled "The Middle Eastern Question" by British historian and diplomat Valentine Chirol. In this series
Middle_East
Interwar conflict in Turkey, 1919–1923
post-World War I Anatolia and eastern Thrace. The revolution concluded the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern question, ending the Ottoman sultanate
Turkish_War_of_Independence
Geopolitical designation
in the mid-19th century. The characterization existed during the "Eastern question" in diplomatic history, which also referred to the decline of the Ottoman
Sick_man_of_Europe
Geopolitical proposal
(Греческий план, Grečeskij plan), was an early proposed solution to the Eastern question advanced by the Russian empress Catherine the Great in the early 1780s
Greek_Project
European balance of power from 1815 to 1914
effect the continued weakening of the Ottoman Empire (the so-called Eastern Question) had on the balance of power. The sabre-rattling triggered several
Concert_of_Europe
Historical debate about whether Poland should exist as a state
Partition of Poland Eastern question posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire Armenian question, a similar topic about Armenians Jewish question pertaining to
Polish_question
American academic
book on the Eastern Question, Great Powers diplomacy, Victorian politics and society, and British imperialism, titled The Eastern Question in 1870s Britain:
Leslie_Rogne_Schumacher
of the political strata in the society. The Armenian Question, a derivative of the Eastern Question, became a common place among diplomatic circles and
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire
Famous political campaign
to base a reversal of his former decision to withdraw. In 1875, the Eastern question came to the fore for the first time since the Crimean War. In July
Midlothian_campaign
Series of uprisings against Ottoman rule in Southeastern Europe in the 1870s
the Eastern Crisis (VIII. On the edge of war)". The Slavonic and East European Review. 25 (65). April 1947. Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923:
Great_Eastern_Crisis
Territorial settlement which ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29
the Eastern Question 1829—33." International History Review 33.2 (2011): 205–233. Full text of the Treaty in "The History of the Eastern Question", p
Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)
Overview of the European empire's history in the region
Conquest (1995). M.S. Anderson, The Eastern Question: 1774-1923, (1966) pp 24-33, 39-40. J.A.R. Marriott, The Eastern Question (1940) pp 165-83. Macfie, pp 14-19;
British foreign policy in the Middle East
British_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. In 1811, the fundamentalist Wahhabis of Arabia, led by the al-Saud
Ottoman_Empire
Diplomacy and wars of six largest powers in the world
in the 1850s due to crises in the Ottoman Empire, described as the Eastern Question. British foreign policy was set by George Canning (1822–1827), who
International relations (1814–1919)
International_relations_(1814–1919)
Part of Eastern Question
Thracian question was a part of the Eastern Question. The Thracian question was considered an integral part of the Bulgarian national question and a conditional
Thracian_question
geopolitical knot and the Serbian question. Jovanović, Vladimir (1863). The Serbian Nation and the Eastern Question. Bell and Daldy. pp. 16–. Jović, Dejan
Serbian_question
Settlement by the Congress of Berlin following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78
History of the Conflict Between Russia and Turkey, With a Review of the Eastern Question. H.S. Goodspeed & Co. pp. 685–700. Article LVIII of the Treaty of Berlin
Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)
Nazi plan for the genocide of Jews
The Final Solution or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question was a plan orchestrated by Nazi Germany during World War II for the total extermination
Final_Solution
114–17 Roman campaign in Mesopotamia
Trajan decided that the moment was ripe for a final resolution of the "eastern question" by the decisive defeat of Parthia and the annexation of Armenia. His
Trajan's_Parthian_campaign
1908 proclamation of Bulgaria's independence from the Ottoman Empire
Internet Archive. Scelle, Georges (January 1911). "Studies on the Eastern Question". The American Journal of International Law. 5 (1). Translated by Fenwick
Bulgarian Declaration of Independence
Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence
Eleventh and penultimate conflict of the Russo-Turkish wars
war also led to the internationalization of the Armenian question. Many Armenians in the eastern provinces (Turkish Armenia) of the Ottoman Empire greeted
Russo-Turkish_War_(1877–1878)
Anglican cleric and publicist, noted for his views on Islam and the Eastern Question. MacColl was a native Scots Gaelic speaker, the son of a poor crofter
Malcolm_MacColl
1923 advisory opinion of the World Court
Status of Eastern Carelia was an advisory opinion of the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1923. The Council of the League of Nations requested
Status_of_Eastern_Carelia
Sixth conflict of the Russo-Turkish wars
Orthodox millet, and the beginning of European bickering over the Eastern question that would feature in European diplomacy until the dissolution of the
Russo-Turkish_War_(1768–1774)
1876 rebellion in Ottoman Bulgaria
Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via Internet Archive. Duke of Argyll (1877). The Eastern Question: From the Treaty of Paris, 1856, to the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, and
April_Uprising_of_1876
Second-largest Christian church
Once established as holy scripture, there has never been any question that the Eastern Orthodox Church holds the full list of books to be venerable and
Eastern_Orthodox_Church
of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the formation, events, and transformation of the Eastern Orthodox Church through time. According to the Eastern Orthodox
History of the Eastern Orthodox Church
History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church
1878 meeting of representatives of the major European powers
Review. 8 (22): 66–79. JSTOR 4202362. Millman, Richard. Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–78 (1979) Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "Berlin § Berlin, Congress
Congress_of_Berlin
American historian (1932–1983)
Benjamin Disraeli's policy during the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–78 (Britain and the Eastern Question) was called the "authoritative account" by M
Richard_Millman_(historian)
Dispute in Finnish politics
The Karelian question or Karelian issue (Finnish: Karjala-kysymys, Swedish: Karelska frågan, Russian: Карельский вопрос) is a dispute in Finnish politics
Karelian_question
success. The gradual weakening of the Ottoman Empire gave rise to the Eastern Question in the mid-19th century. The empire came to an end in the aftermath
History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
Formal meeting of representatives
Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) The Congress of Berlin (1878), which settled the Eastern Question after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) The Congress of Gniezno (1000)
Congress
generations past. These issues lasted all through his reign. Shortly, the Eastern Question with Russia, England, and France, and military problems arising from
Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
enemies to allies, 1914-1939." Middle Eastern Studies (2018) 54#5 pp 737–743. Macfie, Alexander Lyon. The Eastern Question 1774–1923 (2nd ed Routledge, 2014)
Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
1941–1944 Finnish military administration
by historian Jalmari Jaakkola, Die Ostfrage Finnlands ("Finland's Eastern Question") was published in the summer of the same year. The Finnish expansionist
Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia
Finnish_military_administration_in_Eastern_Karelia
British Army officer, diplomat and writer (1807–1869)
Crisis of 1840, the Damascus affair of 1840 and the acceleration of the Eastern Question by the successful Greek War of Independence against Ottoman rule which
Charles_Henry_Churchill
Two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Serbia from 1876 to 1878
Macfie, Alexander Lyon. The Eastern Question 1774-1923 (2nd ed. 2014). Millman, Richard. Britain and the Eastern question, 1875-1878 (Oxford UP, 1979)
Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)
Serbian–Ottoman_Wars_(1876–1878)
Extinct population of cougar in eastern part of North America
The eastern cougar or eastern puma (Puma concolor couguar) is a subspecies designation proposed in 1946 for cougar populations in eastern North America
Eastern_cougar
British journalist, author, historian and diplomat (1852–1929)
Mural Cemetery. Twixt Greek and Turk (1881) The Far Eastern Question (1896) The Middle Eastern Question (1903) "Our Imperial Interests in Nearer and Further
Valentine_Chirol
1876 political document
drawn up by the three imperial world powers in 1876 to address the Eastern Question during the Crisis of 1875-1878. The purpose of the Berlin Memorandum
Berlin_Memorandum
American baseball player (born 1992)
That's a clown question, bro." The comment quickly developed into an Internet meme, with the phrase itself repeated, in response to a question, by Senate
Bryce_Harper
DC Comics superhero
The Question is a name used by several superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Steve Ditko, the Question first
Question_(character)
British statesman (1809–1898)
personal relations remained fairly cordial until their dispute over the Eastern Question in the later 1870s. Streets in Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Kazanlak, Bulgaria
William_Ewart_Gladstone
1878 peace ending the Russo-Turkish War
of San Stefano and the entire policy of the Russian Empire on the Eastern question in the 19th century to critical re-evaluation. They argue that the
Treaty_of_San_Stefano
Bilateral relations
Consulate-General of Turkey in Kazan Russia portal Turkey portal Politics portal Eastern Question, on weakening role of Ottoman Empire Incirlik Air Base List of ambassadors
Russia–Turkey_relations
Territorial dispute after World War I
In the aftermath of the First World War, the Fiume question was the dispute regarding the postwar fate of the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) and its surroundings
Fiume_question
Controversy over the status of Kaliningrad
The Kaliningrad question is a political question concerning the status of Kaliningrad Oblast as an exclave of Russia, and its isolation from the rest of
Kaliningrad_question
Multi-lateral diplomatic meeting regarding Bosnia (1876–77)
map. (in German) April Uprising of 1876 Congress of Berlin Eastern question Great Eastern Crisis Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) International relations
Constantinople_Conference
American journalist
Far Eastern Question. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: Hodder & Stoughton (1906). Online: [6] 1909 America and the Far Eastern Question: An
Thomas Franklin Fairfax Millard
Thomas_Franklin_Fairfax_Millard
Historical region in center of Ukraine
Ottoman Empire and crystallization of the key features of the future Eastern Question. The region was mostly in the territory of present-day Kirovohrad Oblast
New Serbia (historical province)
New_Serbia_(historical_province)
1071 Seljuk victory over the Byzantines
Romanos then rejected a Seljuk peace emissary. He wanted to settle the eastern question and the persistent Turkic incursions and settlements with a decisive
Battle_of_Manzikert
Political debate of 1878 Berlin Congress
The Armenian question was the debate following the Congress of Berlin in 1878 as to how the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire should be treated. The term
Armenian_question
1885 unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia
past) made Bulgarian politicians hope that the British policy on the Eastern Question was about to change, and that it will support and look favourably upon
Bulgarian_unification
Campaign. W.L. Clowes. Sedivy Miroslav (2013). Metternich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question. University of West Bohemia. ISBN 9788026102243.
Bombardment_of_Beirut_(1840)
Series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states
Eastern Question 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations (1966) online Archived 19 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine Crawley, C.W. The Question of
Ottoman_wars_in_Europe
Motto of the 19th-century German nationalist movement
Germany by gaining influence in the declining Ottoman Empire (the Eastern Question) and Austria-Hungary through the acquisition of territory in the Balkans
Drang_nach_Osten
Mid-19th century debate about the unification of Germany
The "German question" was a debate in the 19th century, especially during the Revolutions of 1848, over the best way to achieve a unification of all or
German_question
Pan-nationalist political idea
ch/de/articles/017464/2010-09-23/, last seen 21.04.2023. Marx, Karl (1994). The Eastern Question. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 90. ISBN 0-7146-1500-5. "The Situation
Pan-Germanism
1827 treaty between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia
Question", p. 73, at https://archive.org/details/history-of-eastern-question-2nd/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question,
Treaty_of_London_(1827)
Devastation of an Empire. Stanford University Press. Anderson, M.S. The Eastern question, 1774–1923: A study in international relations (1966) pp 310–52. Erickson
Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I
1922 armistice ending the Turkish War of Independence
Independence Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Harry J. Psomiades, The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy (Pella, New York
Armistice_of_Mudanya
International border
signed at San Stefano, 17 March 1878", The European Concert in the Eastern Question and Other Public Acts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 335–348, retrieved
Georgia–Turkey_border
Esoteric beliefs in the Eastern world
Eastern esotericism is a term used by some scholars that loosely encompasses religious beliefs and practices of the Eastern world said to be "esoteric"
Eastern_esotericism
Serbian Chetnik commander (1878–1920)
ISBN 978-0-8108-6295-1. Great Britain and the Eastern Question (25 March 1920). "Serbian Sketches". Great Britain and the Eastern Question. 17 (464). Journal of International
Jovan_Babunski
Austria's Policy in the Austro-Turkish War, 1737-1739 (1972), Austria's Eastern Question, 1700-1790 (1982), Baron Thugut and Austria's Response to the French
Karl_A._Roider_Jr.
Secret 1916 agreement between the United Kingdom and France
"British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: The Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (4): 419–436
Sykes–Picot_Agreement
Relations between Greece and the Ottoman Empire were shaped by the Eastern Question and the Megali Idea. Conflicts between the two countries include the
Greece–Turkey_relations
Species of butterfly
Polygonia interrogationis, commonly called the question mark butterfly, is a North American nymphalid butterfly. It lives in wooded areas, city parks,
Polygonia_interrogationis
Military alliance between Austria, Prussia, and Russia
especially on Italian unification, the right to self-determination, and the Eastern Question. The Alliance is conventionally taken to have become defunct with Alexander's
Holy_Alliance
siding with Rome over the Orthodox provoked out right war (see the Eastern Question). As the Ottoman Empire had been for sometime falling into political
History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire
History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire
Conference to decide post-Napoleonic Europe
the three questions which it was supposed would be discussed: the Eastern question (currently surfacing in the Greek insurrection), the question of intervention
Congress_of_Verona
German Wehrmacht Heer general (1888–1954)
instinct for technology" and that Germany would have to reckon "with the Eastern Question in a form more serious than ever before in history". However, during
Heinz_Guderian
Kelly & Walsh – via Wikisource. [scan ] ——— (1900). China and the Far Eastern Question: A Study in Political Geography. Adelaide: Royal Geographical Society
Ernst_Johann_Eitel
Series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire
Roman Emperor Trajan decided that the moment was ripe to resolve the "eastern question" once and for all time by the decisive defeat of Parthia and the annexation
Roman–Parthian_Wars
Biblical term, generally a place-name
identity of Tarshish and Spain ... Weethee, Jonathan Perkins (1887). The Eastern Question in Its Various Phases. p. 293. The expression is this: "the merchants
Tarshish
Polish historian
based on his study Polska a sprawa wschodnia 1709-1714 [Poland and the Eastern Question 1709-1714] and became senior reader in the Department of Universal
Józef_Feldman
International border
signed at San Stefano, 17 March 1878", The European Concert in the Eastern Question and Other Public Acts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 335–348, retrieved
Azerbaijan–Turkey_border
The Herat Question (Persian: مسئله هرات, Mas'ale-ye Herāt) was a major 19th-century geopolitical dispute concerning the sovereignty of the Emirate of Herat
Herat_Question
Greek freemason, lawyer and politician (1829–1879)
Megali Idea (Great Idea) and thought that a better solution to the Eastern Question would be to improve the condition of the Greeks living in Ottoman-controlled
Epameinondas_Deligeorgis
Post First World War international relations issue
the First World War, the Adriatic question or Adriatic problem concerned the fate of the territories along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea that formerly
Adriatic_question
Principality in southeast Europe between 1815 and 1882
Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question" (PDF). Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. doi:10.2307/2497684. JSTOR 2497684
Principality_of_Serbia
International border
signed at San Stefano, 17 March 1878", The European Concert in the Eastern Question and Other Public Acts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 335–348, retrieved
Armenia–Turkey_border
24th US national census
rationale of the question to the District Court, who would deem if that was sufficient before allowing the question on the census. The question would be allowed
2020_United_States_census
Economic gap between northern and southern Italy
In Italian historiography, the southern question (Italian: questione meridionale) is the perception, dating back to the aftermath of the unification of
Southern_question
English academic (1910–1990)
at the School of Slavonic Studies on Great Britain, Russia and the Eastern question, 1832–1841 in 1933. After gaining his PhD, from 1937 to 1938 he was
George_Henry_Bolsover
1908 restoration of constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire
would turn on each other during the Second Constitutional Era over the question of Ottomanism, and ultimately autonomy and separatism. Memoirs The memory
Young_Turk_Revolution
1792 treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire
(2012). "Great Powers, Small Powers: Wallachia and Georgia Confront the Eastern Question, 1768–1802". In Ivan Biliarsky; Ovidiu Cristea; Anca Oroveanu (eds
Treaty_of_Jassy
Russian statesman (1824–1896)
his government, which aimed at re-establishing tranquility in the Eastern Question after the disturbances produced by the reckless action of his predecessor
Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky
1826 Anglo-Russian agreement
of the main issues for 19th century British foreign policy was the “Eastern Question”, namely how to maintain the declining Ottoman Empire and keep Russia
Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)
Protocol_of_St._Petersburg_(1826)
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