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Fluid layer between Earth's solid inner core and its mantle
concentrations in Earth's outer core. For example, accretionary models based on core-mantle element partitioning tend to support proto-Earths constructed from
Earth's_outer_core
Interior of the earth
a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core. Its chemical structure is of a silicate crust, a ferromagnesian mantle, and an iron-nickel core whose flowing
Internal_structure_of_Earth
Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
Simon-Glatzel equation. Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann's study
Earth's_inner_core
2003 film by Jon Amiel
exposing the Earth to devastating solar radiation. The U.S. government devises a plan to detonate nuclear weapons within the Earth's outer core to restart
The_Core
mixture of molten iron and nickel in Earth's outer core: these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo
Earth's_magnetic_field
Topics referred to by the same term
Planetary core, the center of a planet Earth's inner core Earth's outer core Stellar core, the region of a star where nuclear fusion takes place Solar core Core
Core
Discontinuity where the bottom of the planet's mantle meets the outer layer of the core
The core–mantle boundary (CMB) of Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron–nickel outer core, at a depth of 2,891 km (1,796 mi)
Core–mantle_boundary
Innermost layer(s) of a planet
outer core, can be determined: 85% Fe, 5% Ni, 0.9% Cr, 0.25% Co, and all other refractory metals at very low concentration. This leaves Earth's core with
Planetary_core
Mechanism by which a celestial body generates a magnetic field
explanation of the Earth's magnetism, proposed that this magnetic field resulted from electric currents induced in the fluid outer core of the Earth. He revealed
Dynamo_theory
Vibrational energy transfer in Earth or other planetary body
to increase with depth through Earth's crust and mantle, but drops sharply going from the mantle to Earth's outer core. Earthquakes create distinct types
Seismic_wave
light alloying elements in the Earth's outer core and how are they distributed? What are the heterogeneities of the core and their dynamical significance
List of unsolved problems in geoscience
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_geoscience
Structures of the Earth's mantle
above the Earth's outer core. These provinces are characterized by slow shear wave velocities appearing in seismic tomography assays of deep Earth. The two
Large low-shear-velocity provinces
Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces
Poles of a best fit to the Earth's field
pass through Earth's center. Owing to the motion of fluid in the Earth's outer core, the magnetic field is constantly moving, in what is called geomagnetic
Geomagnetic_pole
Large area of molten rock on the surface of a planet
Today Earth's outer core is a liquid layer about 2,260 km (1,400 mi) thick, composed mostly of molten iron and molten nickel that lies above Earth's solid
Magma_ocean
1930 novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs
Tarzan at the Earth's Core is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, serialized in September 1929 to March 1930, the thirteenth in his series
Tarzan_at_the_Earth's_Core
Long-term future of planet Earth
iron-rich core region of the Earth is divided into a 2,440 km (1,520 mi) diameter solid inner core and a 6,960 km (4,320 mi) diameter liquid outer core. The
Future_of_Earth
Void between celestial bodies
Outer space, or simply space, is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies. It contains ultra-low levels of particle
Outer_space
Layer of silicate rock
Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a mass of 4.01×1024 kg (8.84×1024 lb) and makes up 86% of the
Earth's_mantle
Concept in geodynamics
inner and outer core. However, the hypothesis of super-rotation is disputed in the later seismic studies. The seismic support of inner core super-rotations
Inner_core_super-rotation
1914 book by Edgar Rice Burroughs
At the Earth's Core is a 1914 fantasy novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first in his series about the fictional "Hollow Earth" land of
At_the_Earth's_Core_(novel)
Seismic wave velocity variation
and reveal information about the Earth's rigidity and internal composition, including the discovery of the outer core's liquid state since they cannot pass
Seismic_velocity_structure
Geological phenomenon resulting in shifts in the magnetic poles
variations in the flow of molten iron in Earth's outer core, resulting in changes in the orientation of Earth's magnetic field, and hence the position of
Polar_drift
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
Electromagnetic waves occur in the ionosphere and magnetosphere as well as in Earth's outer core. Dawn chorus is believed to be caused by high-energy electrons that
Geophysics
Fields of natural science related to Earth
mixture of molten iron and nickel in Earth's outer core: these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo
Earth_science
Central region of the Sun
plasma drops from about 70% hydrogen by mass at the outer core, to 34% hydrogen at the center. The core contains 34% of the Sun's mass, but only 3% of the
Solar_core
2019 video game
Outer Wilds is a 2019 action-adventure game developed by Mobius Digital and published by Annapurna Interactive. The game follows the player character
Outer_Wilds
Earth's magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere
Earth's magnetic north pole. The north magnetic pole moves over time according to magnetic changes and flux lobe elongation in the Earth's outer core
North_magnetic_pole
Study of the transformations involving carbon within the systems of the Earth
minerals, and also exists in the Earth's outer core in solution with iron, and may also be present in the inner core. Carbon can form a huge variety stable
Geochemistry_of_carbon
Third planet from the Sun
Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation. Earth has
Earth
This page is a list of the episodes of The Outer Limits, a 1995 science fiction/dark fantasy television series. The series was broadcast on Showtime from
List of The Outer Limits (1995 TV series) episodes
List_of_The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)_episodes
Arrowverse crossover event
Earths: Part Two" at IMDb "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Three" at IMDb "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Four" at IMDb "Crisis on Infinite Earths:
Crisis on Infinite Earths (Arrowverse)
Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths_(Arrowverse)
Boundary between Earth's core and mantle
between two sections of the earth's interior, known as the lower mantle (which is considered solid) and the underlying outer core (believed to be molten)
Gutenberg_discontinuity
ESA's space program to study Earth's magnetic field
from the Swarm satellites, they had discovered a new feature in the Earth's outer core, a jet-stream of rapidly moving liquid iron moving at around 50 km
Swarm_(spacecraft)
Type of exoplanet larger than Earth
from Earth's; theoretical models for super-Earths provide four possible main compositions according to their density: low-density super-Earths are inferred
Super-Earth
Sensory organs in some fish that detect electrical fields
Earth's outer core generates a magnetic field that fluctuates very little over the lifespan of many species, but will vary distinctly across Earth's surface
Ampullae_of_Lorenzini
French seismologist
Saint-Cloud Paris. She is primarily known for her research into Earth's inner and outer cores, specifically her work examining seismic activity within and
Annie_Souriau
Small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth
due to changes in the mass distribution or angular momentum of the Earth's outer core, atmosphere, oceans, or crust (from earthquakes), for a long time
Chandler_wobble
Danish seismologist (1888–1993)
for her discovery in 1936 of the solid inner core that exists within the molten outer core of the Earth. She also discovered the seismic discontinuity
Inge_Lehmann
Accounting of heat created within the Earth
the core is necessary for maintaining the convecting outer core and the geodynamo and Earth's magnetic field; therefore primordial heat from the core enabled
Earth's_internal_heat_budget
Barrier islands in North Carolina and Virginia, United States
infrastructure and property. The term "Outer Banks" refers to the islands, shoals, and spits from Ocracoke northward, also includes Core Banks, and is frequently abbreviated
Outer_Banks
mantle's volume. The Earth's outer core is liquid, but it is liquid metal, not rock. The Amazon rainforest does not provide 20% of Earth's oxygen. This is
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Hypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. Recent research, however, indicates that hydrogen inside the Earth played a role
Origin_of_water_on_Earth
Fictional Hollow Earth invented by Edgar Rice Burroughs
unidentified outer world equivalent. Brachiosaurus — Pellucidarian name inknown. Cave bear (Ryth) — It first appeared in At the Earth's Core. Cave hyena
Pellucidar
Area not reached by seismic waves from an earthquake
zones. The earth is made up of different structures: the crust, the mantle, the inner core and the outer core. The crust, mantle, and inner core are typically
Shadow_zone
Theories explaining the formation of Earth's Moon
and uranium on the equatorial plane and at the boundary between the Earth's outer core and mantle. If the concentrations of these radioactive elements were
Origin_of_the_Moon
Overview of and topical guide to the Solar System
characteristics of the Earth Figure of the Earth Structure of the Earth Earth's crust Earth's mantle Earth's outer core Earth's inner core Earth's magnetic field
Outline_of_the_Solar_System
Dynamics of naturally occurring flows
convection, can occur. Convection in the Earth's outer core drives the geodynamo that is the source of the Earth's magnetic field. In the ocean, convection
Geophysical_fluid_dynamics
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
super-Earths, planets between one and ten times as massive as the Earth, although the hypothetical Planet Nine, if it does exist, could be a super-Earth orbiting
Solar_System
Elsasser (American, 1904–1991) – first mathematical dynamo theory for Earth's outer core Loránd Eötvös (Hungarian, 1848–1919) – developed a highly accurate
List_of_geophysicists
Star at the centre of the Solar System
higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers, reducing the density and hence
Sun
elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in their cores. When a red giant finally casts off its outer layers, these elements would then be recycled to
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
thorium, and potassium-40 in Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the Earth's outer core in the liquid state and drives
Uranium
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
mantle, and core. The Moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius possibly as small as 240 kilometers (150 mi) and a fluid outer core primarily
Moon
~150 km). These results imply that 40% of the core by volume has solidified. The density of the liquid outer core is about 5 g/cm3 and it could contain as
Internal structure of the Moon
Internal_structure_of_the_Moon
Movement of water in the deep Earth
above and on the surface of Earth. Some of the water makes it all the way to the lower mantle and may even reach the outer core. Mineral physics experiments
Deep_water_cycle
Planet much larger than the Earth
hypothesized that mega-Earths may either be remnant cores of evaporated gas giants or products of consecutive collisions between super-Earths. Several pulsar
Giant_planet
Botanist (1919–1980)
until his death. He worked on the melting temperature of rocks in the earth's outer core and proposed some rules that are sometimes termed as Kennedy's law
George_Clayton_Kennedy
Disproven hypothesis
liquid nickel-iron alloy (outer core), and solid nickel-iron (inner core). Another set of scientific arguments against a Hollow Earth or any hollow planet
Hollow_Earth
Type of seismic wave
the Earth's interior, and yet they are refracted slightly when they pass through the transition between the semisolid mantle and the liquid outer core. As
P_wave
Reversal of direction of Earth's magnetic field
liquid outer core but not in the solid inner core. Diffusion in the outer core is on timescales of 500 years or less while that of the inner core is longer
Geomagnetic_reversal
Hypothesis of the formation of the Moon
core, which gives it a much lower density than Earth. Computer models of a giant impact of a Mars-sized body with Earth indicate the impactor's core would
Giant-impact_hypothesis
French physicist (born 1935)
inner core, revisited, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 147-151. Poirier, J.P. Light elements in the Earth's outer core: a critical review, Phys. Earth Planet
Jean-Paul_Poirier
British geologist
July 1936. Harold Jeffreys – showed that Earth's outer core is liquid Inge Lehmann – showed that Earth's inner core is solid List of geophysicists Bragg,
Richard_Dixon_Oldham
Fields of natural science related to Earth
Discontinuity – The line between the inner core and the outer core. Inner core – The innermost part of the Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy. Atmospheric
Outline_of_Earth_science
Paighon, an extra-galactic entity which now dwells in Earth's core, said to be inimical to the Outer God Ngyr-Korath and his servitor Ymnar. Purple Emperor
List of Cthulhu Mythos deities
List_of_Cthulhu_Mythos_deities
Gas giants with their atmospheric layers stripped
As there is a lack of gaseous "hot-super-Earths" between 2.2 and 3.8 Earth-radii exposed to over 650 Earth incident flux, it is assumed that exoplanets
Chthonian_planet
Study of the history and structure of the ocean floor
changes in the Earth's magnetic field. The outer layer of the Earth's core is liquid and mostly made up of magnetic iron and nickel. When the Earth turns on
Marine_geology
of elements in the Sun and outer planets is similar to that in the universe. Due to solar heating, the elements of Earth and the inner rocky planets
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Change in the Earth's magnetic field
field is reversed only within the liquid outer core, and complete reversals would occur when the outer and inner core are both affected. The most popular hypothesis
Geomagnetic_excursion
Theory of early changes in Jupiter's orbit
offered for the lack of any close orbiting super-Earths and the small mass of Mercury. If Jupiter's core formed close to the Sun, its outward migration
Grand_tack_hypothesis
Fluid instability that causes turbulence in accretion disks
dynamo (Moffatt, 1978); the two best studied examples are the Earth's liquid outer core and the layers close to the surface of the Sun. Dynamo activity
Magnetorotational_instability
Sixth planet from the Sun
Measurements of Saturn's rings suggest a much more diffuse core, with a mass equal to about 17 Earths and a radius equal to about 60% of Saturn's entire radius
Saturn
Third planet from the sun
America Pedosphere Ocean floor Earth's mantle Earth's core Outer core Inner core This sphere represents all water on Earth, wherever it is and in whatever
Outline_of_Earth
precipitate through the outer core of some terrestrial planets and moons as that core slowly cools, much like snowflakes do on Earth. These iron crystals
Iron_snow
Astrophysical phenomenon
output of the event. The suddenly halted core collapse rebounds and produces a shock wave that stalls in the outer core within milliseconds as energy is lost
Supernova
20th episode of the 3rd season of The X-Files
"Jose Chung's From Outer Space" is the 20th episode of the third season of the science fiction television series The X-Files. The episode first aired
Jose_Chung's_From_Outer_Space
Rotation of Earth around its axis
molten core, oceans, and atmosphere, the effect of celestial bodies such as the Moon, and possibly climate change, which is causing the ice at Earth's poles
Earth's_rotation
Ancient planet that collided with the Earth
the Earth's orbit, although some hypotheses debatably suggested it may have formed in the outer Solar System and later migrated into the Earth's orbit
Theia_(hypothetical_planet)
Period in Earth's history
series of magma oceans and episodes of core formation. After formation of the core, meteorites or comets from the outer Solar System might have delivered water
Early_Earth
Indian mathematician and astrophysicist (1936–2021)
1038/260557a0. India portal "Padma". Retrieved August 6, 2014. "Dynamo Theory and Earth's Magnetic Field" (PDF). Retrieved August 6, 2014. "PhD". Retrieved August
Shashikumar_Chitre
Different forms of the element iron
planetary cores. The inner core of the Earth is generally assumed to consist essentially of a crystalline iron-nickel alloy with ε structure. The outer core surrounding
Allotropes_of_iron
Astronomical theory about the Solar System
situ growth of hot Jupiters from closely orbiting super Earths has also been proposed. The cores in this hypothesis could have formed locally or at a greater
Nebular_hypothesis
Earth's outer shell of rock
Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, comprising less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere
Earth's_crust
Basis of international space law
to the U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), the core principles of the treaty are: the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out
Outer_Space_Treaty
Large self-illuminated object in space
hydrogen into helium in its core. This process releases energy that traverses the star's interior and radiates into outer space. At the end of a star's
Star
Type of large cool star
core reaches temperatures sufficient to fuse hydrogen and thus generate its own radiation and thermal pressure, which "re-inflates" the star's outer layers
Red_giant
Model in planetary science
structure of Earth Iron catastrophe Core-mantle differentiation Earth's outer core Slattery, Wayne L. (December 1978). "Protoplanetary core formation by
Rain-out_model
3D Internet global map program
Google announced Google Earth Pro will no longer be available for download on 25 June 2027. The core technology behind Google Earth was originally developed
Google_Earth
Rate of temperature increase with depth in Earth's interior
vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid state, and the temperature at Earth's inner core/outer core boundary, around 5
Geothermal_gradient
Planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals
terrestrial. Most of these are super-Earths, i.e. planets with masses between Earth's and Neptune's; super-Earths may be gas planets or terrestrial, depending
Terrestrial_planet
lived 30% longer. 19 December An iron 'jet stream' is detected in Earth's outer core, moving westwards under Alaska and Siberia, inferred from measurements
2016_in_science
Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within Earth's mantle
where super-heated material forms (nucleates) at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle. Rather than a continuous stream, plumes should
Mantle_plume
Planets and moons in the Star Wars media franchise
gradually spread outward from the Core, into the sparser systems at the galaxy's edge, such as Tatooine. Worlds of the Outer Rim are rich in raw resources
List of Star Wars planets and moons
List_of_Star_Wars_planets_and_moons
Type of elastic body wave
molten outer core of the Earth, and this causes a shadow zone for S waves opposite to their origin. They can still propagate through the solid inner core: when
S_wave
American math rock band
Legs on Earth), Seim's Advantage bandmate Carson McWhirter, and Aaron Ross. The first release from this line-up, entitled There's No 666 in Outer Space
Hella_(band)
2015. Earth sciences portal Escape velocity – Concept in celestial mechanics Atmospheric escape – Loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space Figure
Gravity_of_Earth
Continuous band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness
convection throughout their mass. When core convection does not occur, a helium-rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen. The more massive
Main_sequence
American scientist
Washington Post. Herndon suggested that the composition of the inner core of Earth is nickel silicide; the conventional view is that it is iron–nickel
J._Marvin_Herndon
Region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface
volume of Earth, and is the region from 660 to 2,890 km (410 to 1,800 mi) below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary
Lower_mantle
Asteroid with which Earth shares its orbit around the Sun
mixed and combined with Earth's mantle and core. Supporters of the giant-impact hypothesis theorise that Earth's large core in relation to its overall
Earth_trojan
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