Search references for CPP INVESTMENTS. Phrases containing CPP INVESTMENTS
See searches and references containing CPP INVESTMENTS!CPP INVESTMENTS
Canadian pension fund manager
Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB; French: Office d'investissement du régime de pensions du Canada), operating as CPP Investments (French: Investissements
CPP_Investments
Experience management company
was announced that Silver Lake and its co-investors, together with CPP Investments, acquired 100% of the outstanding shares in Qualtrics. Qualtrics was
Qualtrics
Contributory, earnings-related social insurance program
retirement savings plan). As of June 30, 2024, CPP Investments (CPPIB) manages over C$646 billion in investment assets for the Canada Pension Plan on behalf
Canada_Pension_Plan
Quantitative asset management firm based in New York
of Dubin as well as a few institutional investors. In October 2015, CPP Investments became the largest investor in Engineers Gate. Since its founding up
Engineers_Gate
Real estate investment firm
(December 10, 2021). "Greystar, CPP Investments Partner on SFR Market". GlobeSt. Retrieved June 14, 2022. "CPP Investments and Greystar to invest $389m in
Greystar
monetary authorities, along with other national assets such as pension investments, oil funds, or other industrial and financial holdings. These are assets
List of sovereign wealth funds by country
List_of_sovereign_wealth_funds_by_country
American packaging corporation
Hill Capital Partners and CPP Investments led a recapitalization of Berlin Packaging. As part of the transaction, CPP Investments joined as an investor alongside
Berlin_Packaging
Largest Canadian pension funds
plan sponsors". Benefits Canada.com. Retrieved 2025-03-19. "Home". CPP Investments. Retrieved 2025-03-13. "Home". La Caisse. Retrieved 2025-06-30. "Home"
Maple_Eight
Topics referred to by the same term
and distribution company in Ohio, US CPP Group, a British company selling life assistance products CPP Investments, Canadian pension fund Canon Production
CPP
Global financial services company
FNZ. In February 2022, FNZ raised US$1.4 billion in new capital from CPP Investments and Motive Partners which valued FNZ at US$20 billion. In September
FNZ_(company)
Skyscraper in Toronto, Ontario
Corporation (50%) and a private consortium of investors including CPP Investments. The building is managed by Brookfield Properties. First Canadian Place
First_Canadian_Place
Irish video game services company
proposal, EQT would acquire 51% of the company, while Temasek and CPP Investments would each obtain 24.5%. The transaction was announced as completed
Keywords_Studios
American software company
government agencies. In July 2025, private equity firms EQT AB and CPP Investments agreed to buy Neogov from Warburg Pincus and Carlyle Group for approximately
Neogov
Shopping mall in England
owned by the Westfield Group, in November 2010 ABP Pension Fund and CPP Investment Board each purchased a 25% shareholding, with Westfield retaining 50%
Westfield_Stratford_City
French group specialized in private higher education
Business School. Galileo Global Education was created when the American investment fund Providence Equity acquired Istituto Marangoni (Italy) in 2011, and
Galileo_Global_Education
Skyscraper in Hong Kong
portfolio also includes internationally recognized firms such as Point72, CPP Investments, Coller Capital, spanning various industries and contributing to its
The_Henderson
Retrieved 2023-12-29. "CPP Investments Welcomes Designation of Dean Connor as Chairperson of its Board of Directors". CPP Investments. Retrieved 2023-12-29
Dean_A._Connor
Canadian crown corporation
Hong Kong. PSP Investments is one of Canada's top eight pension funds, nicknamed the "Maple 8" or "Maple Revolutionaries. PSP Investments was incorporated
Public Sector Pension Investment Board
Public_Sector_Pension_Investment_Board
Canadian asset management company
Kohl's to Join Rival J.C. Penney". Forbes. Retrieved May 11, 2022. "CPP Investments to buy Brookfield's India roads portfolio in Rs 9.3k crore deal | M&A
Brookfield_Corporation
Singapore-based venture capital firm
Mint. Retrieved 4 November 2024. Nandy, Madhurima (30 January 2023). "CPP Investments invests $205 million in IndoSpace's new fund". Mint. Retrieved 4 November
Everstone_Capital_Asia
American software company
its shares under the stock symbol INFA. In April 2015, Permira and CPP Investments announced that a company controlled by their funds would acquire Informatica
Informatica
Canadian real estate company
chief investment officer of Axa Investment Managers. Around this time, QuadReal had 87% of investments in Canada and aimed to have more investments internationally
QuadReal_Property_Group
German financial services company
by Advent International, Centerbridge Partners and a subsidiary of CPP Investments. Aareal has been designated as a Significant Institution since the
Aareal_Bank
Canadian business woman and academic
and chairperson of the board of directors of the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board. She has been married to Len Blum since 1970, with whom she has
Heather_Munroe-Blum
Canadian investment management company
$10 billion CAD, co-led by Dragoneer Investment Group and GIC. The round included new investor CPP Investments, and existing investors Power Corporation
Wealthsimple
American businessman
2021). "CPP Investments and Greystar Form Life Sciences Development JV". GlobeSt. Retrieved October 11, 2022. Campbell, Kyle (December 8, 2021). "CPP commits
Bob_Faith
Israeli venture capital organization
Economy of Israel Start-up Nation Science and technology in Israel CPP Investments - Canadian Pension Plan Venture Capital Action Plan - Canada Baltimore
Yozma
Energy utility in the U.S. state of Washington
stake in PSE. PSE's current owners are Alberta Investment Management Corporation, British Columbia Investment Management Corporation, OMERS, and PGGM. The
Puget_Sound_Energy
Canadian business executive (born 1957)
Adecco Group. "Board of Directors - Governance Overview - About Us - CPP Investments". "Kathleen Taylor - Investor Room - Air Canada". "Kathleen Taylor
Kathleen Taylor (business executive)
Kathleen_Taylor_(business_executive)
British transport company
Ports, an investment consortium led by the CPP Investments and Hermes Infrastructure, acquired a 33% interest in the business. The Kuwait Investment Authority
Associated_British_Ports
Canadian businessman and diplomat (born 1970)
ca. Retrieved 2026-02-21. Rieger, Sarah (20 June 2020). "Former head of CPP, who was ousted from BlackRock, named chair of AIMCo". CBC News. "Mark Wiseman"
Mark_Wiseman
Renewable energy company
2020, Pattern Energy Group Inc. was acquired by Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) and taken private through a reverse merger transaction.
Pattern_Energy
British education services company
Plan Investment Board and Baring Private Equity Asia sign agreement to privatize Nord Anglia Education, Inc. for USD 4.3 billion". CPP Investment Board
Nord_Anglia_Education
Indian renewable energy company
capacity. The company's initial investment came from Goldman Sachs in 2011. As of 2023, Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) is a major investor
ReNew_Energy_Global
Former American discount store chain
$1.6-billion buy-out by private equity firm Ares Management and the CPP Investment Board. The deal was completed on January 13, 2012. The new owners decided
99_Cents_Only_Stores
and invest the funds contributed to and held by the CPP. As of December 31, 2022, the CPP Investment Board manages over C$536 billion in assets under management
Pensions_in_Canada
Wind farm off the coast of France
Commission date 15 May 2024 Construction cost 2,000 million € Owners EIH S.à rl CPP Investments EDF Renewables Enbridge Skyborn Renewables Operator EDF Renewables
Fécamp_Offshore_Wind_Farm
British company selling life assistance products
CPP Group plc is a provider of card protection insurance. It is headquartered in Leeds, UK. It is listed on the Alternative Investment Market. The Company
CPP_Group
Sovereign wealth fund of India dedicated to infrastructure
India, Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), Temasek, Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan, AustralianSuper, CPP Investments, PSP Investments, US International
National Investment and Infrastructure Fund
National_Investment_and_Infrastructure_Fund
American department store chain
sales-promotion firm they had built in Atlanta, Georgia, and two potential investments of funds. Rather than take a chance on an unknown "sugary soda pop business
Neiman_Marcus
Australian motorway construction project
AustralianSuper (20.5%), the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPP Investments) (20.5%) and Tawreed Investments (9%). The NSW Government retained the other
WestConnex
Motorcycle tarmac racing organisers
MotoGP Sports Entertainment Group is the commercial rights' holder for the motorcycling sport of Grand Prix racing. Established in 1988 as an international
MotoGP Sports Entertainment Group
MotoGP_Sports_Entertainment_Group
Investors who invest professionally and as their main occupation in the stock market
Design in Developing Economies (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2023. "CPP Investments Net Assets Total $420.4 Billion at Third Quarter Fiscal 2020". Retrieved
Institutional_investor
Family office of the Kristiansens
offering, becoming a listed company. In 2019, Kirkbi, Blackstone, and CPP Investment Board took Merlin Entertainments private for $7.6 billion. This led
Kirkbi
Private equity firm
CPP Investments buys minority stake in Universal Investment". IPE. Retrieved 2026-02-11. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universal Investment.
Universal_Investment
British water and sanitation suppliers
England Camulodunum Investments (15%), CPP Investments (33%), IFM Investors (20%), Igneo Infrastructure Partners (15%), Infinity Investments (17%) Official
United Kingdom water companies
United_Kingdom_water_companies
Chinese venture capital firm
had created to evaluate investments by its companies. Members also accused HongShan of funnelling US capital into investments that contributed to human
HongShan
South Korean discount store chain
South Korean buyout firm, which partnered with the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and Singapore's Temasek Holdings in a transaction worth £4.2 billion
Homeplus
Private residence in Toronto, Canada
buyer had been Mark Machin, a British banker and then-president of the CPP Investment Board who has purchased the property for C$15 million in 2016 and lived
Integral_House
Series E round led by Owl Rock Capital, with participation from FIS and CPP Investments. Signifyd is headquartered in San Jose, California with additional
Signifyd
its CPP investments, exceeding the $204.9 billion it had disbursed. Of that amount, $16.7 billion remains outstanding, and most of these investments were
Capital_Purchase_Program
Canadian pension fund
placement du Québec CPP Investment Board Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Public Sector Pension Investment Board Alberta Investment Management Corporation
OMERS
British financial services company
(Budget Holdings Limited) global group, which also includes Telesure Investment Holdings in South Africa. Originally established as an underwriter, BGL
BGL_Group
Shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Sri Lim Siew Choon's Pavilion Group and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPP Investments) through a 49% joint-venture stake. The plot is 15.84 acres
Pavilion_Damansara_Heights
Defunct American information services company
ownership stake. In 2010, IMS Health was taken private by TPG Capital, CPP Investment Board and Leonard Green & Partners. The company went public on April
IMS_Health
Canadian real estate company
joint-venture partners have included LaSalle Investment Management, Greystar Real Estate Partners and the CPP Investment Board. Minto was founded as a home builder
Minto_Group
American software company
Capital, Corazon Capital, NYU Innovation Venture Fund, and new investors CPP Investment Board, NextEquity Partners, SineWave Ventures, and Trousdale Capital
Clarifai
British investor (born 1966)
VC firm". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2021-06-28. "Who is Mark Machin?". CPP Investment Board. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2021. Nelson, Jacqueline
Mark_Machin
Major Canadian pension fund
TPG Capital, valuing the company at $3.5 billion. CPP Investments Public Sector Pension Investment Board Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan OMERS Fleguel
Healthcare of Ontario Pension Plan
Healthcare_of_Ontario_Pension_Plan
"Centre on Barton". leasing.triovest.com. "RioCan REIT - Real Estate Investment Trust Company". www.riocan.com. Duong, Lynn (May 25, 2021). Lifestyle
List of largest shopping centres in Canada
List_of_largest_shopping_centres_in_Canada
American private equity firm
Capital Partners, Coller Capital, Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan and CPP Investment Board, Northwestern Mutual, The Yucaipa Companies and Presidential Life
MidOcean_Partners
Shopping mall in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States
which owns 56.4 percent of it. The mall is also 44 percent owned by the CPP Investment Board, which manages the Canada Pension Plan national pension system
The_Mall_of_New_Hampshire
Australian rail transport company
Logistics Acquisition Investments Pty Ltd, a consortium of Global Infrastructure Partners, CPP Investment Board, China Investment Corporation, GIC Private
Pacific_National
Skyscraper in Brisbane, Queensland
com. Skyscraper Source Media Inc. Retrieved 6 December 2009. Dexus, CPP Investments sell 10 Eagle Street office to Marquette IPE Real Assets 6 April 2021
AMP_Place,_Brisbane
Auditing and inspection company in London
Bridgepoint agreed to an offer that valued the business at $7bn. Cinven and CPP Investment Board had also been considering making bids valued at circa $4bn. The
Element_Materials_Technology
Retirement fund
(CPP) is partially funded, with assets managed by the CPP Investment Board while the U.S. Social Security system is partially funded by investment in
Pension
British satellite communications company
Bidco, a consortium consisting of Apax Partners, Warburg Pincus, the CPP Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, in December 2019. In November
Inmarsat
Brazilian conglomerate
professionals are at the head of the Business Units. In 2021, Votorantim and CPP Investments announced a plan to consolidate energy assets in Brazil, creating a
Votorantim_Group
American pet supply store chain
2016, Petco was sold to CVC Capital Partners and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, who retained control when Petco held its third IPO in January 2021
Petco
Canadian actuary
was the chairman of the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board. Astley has been a director of the CPP Investment Board since September 2006, and succeeded
Robert_Astley
Asian investment firm
Major investors of the firm at the time were Temasek Holdings, the CPP Investment Board and Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan. The firm raised almost $1 billion
FountainVest_Partners
Motorway in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
November 2020. "Canada Pension Plan Investment Board to Invest A$525 Million in Australian Infrastructure". CPP Investments. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 2 November
NorthConnex
Singaporean logistics provider
public offering. Through a joint venture with GIC, China Investment Corporation and CPP Investment Board, GLP expanded to Latin America in 2012 by purchasing
GLP_(company)
Canadian institutional investment company
assets: Fixed income Bonds Estate debt Short-term investments Long-term bonds Inflation-sensitive investments Real estate Infrastructure Real-return bonds
La_Caisse
American energy investment firm
Management, LP (ECP) is an American investment firm headquartered in Summit, New Jersey. It focuses on investments in the energy sector. The firm has additional
Energy_Capital_Partners
Sovereign wealth fund
of ADIA's investments have decreased substantially since investments were made at market peaks in 2007 and 2008. The $7 billion investment in Citigroup
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority
Abu_Dhabi_Investment_Authority
Shopping centre and entertainment complex in Trafford, Greater Manchester
receivership by its creditors in November 2020. In 2020, the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, who had loaned Intu £250 million in 2017, exercised their rights
Trafford_Centre
Political party in Ghana, formed in 1949
People's Party (CPP) is a socialist political party in Ghana based on the ideas of the first President of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. The CPP was formed in June
Convention_People's_Party
Program, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income
in Long-term Investment Product you can set up your investments as you see fit and you can change the composition of your investments over time. Public
Pension_fund
Shopping mall in Auckland, New Zealand
9 May 2001; 25 years ago (2001-05-09) Management Dexus Owner CPP Investments/PSP Investments Stores 200+ Anchor tenants 5 Floor area 62,700 m2 (675,000 sq ft)
Botany_Town_Centre
finance U.S. solar assets. In India, it arranged US$135 million from CPP Investments to support its project execution. In September 2025, the company secured
Enfinity_Global_(IPP)
Luxembourg-based multinational telecommunications and mass media company
US$9.1 billion. The other 30% continues to be owned by BC Partners and CPP Investment Board. In May 2015, Altice was said to be launching a bid for Time Warner
Altice
Buildings in New South Wales, Australia
Completed 8 December 2016; 9 years ago (2016-12-08) Owner Lendlease (50%) CPP Investments (50%) Height Roof International Tower 1 : 217 m (712 ft) International
International_Towers,_Sydney
American investment management firm based in San Francisco
CPP Investment Board. Their hybrid structure was designed to reduce conflict-of-interest between its financial advisory businesses and investment platform
Iconiq_Capital
Chinese investment management firm
coming from foreign institutional investors such as Norges Bank and CPP Investment Board. At this point, the Golden China fund had a cumulative return
Greenwoods_Asset_Management
Shopping mall in London, Ontario
Applebee's Neighborhood Grill and Bar (which later closed). In 2010, CPP Investment Board became the sole owner of the mall, until the property, along with
White Oaks Mall (London, Ontario)
White_Oaks_Mall_(London,_Ontario)
American healthcare company
companies. In February 2010, IMS Health was taken private by TPG Capital, CPP Investment Board, and Leonard Green & Partners. In 2010, acquired Brogan, Inc.
IQVIA
British leisure company
takeover offer of £4.8 billion from a consortium consisting of Kirkbi A/S, CPP Investment Board and the Blackstone Group. The takeover was approved by the high
Merlin_Entertainments
Shopping mall in Victoria, Australia
June 2011, the CFS Retail Property Trust sold a 50% shareholding to CPP Investments. CPP sold this in March 2014 to the GPT Group. The other 50% passed to
Northland_Shopping_Centre
Canada-based engineering company
was also the chairman of Ballard Power Systems and a member of the CPP Investment Board. Bourne sat on SNC-Lavalin's board of directors beginning in 2009
AtkinsRéalis
Australian telecommunications systems company
including Broadcast Australia, was acquired by the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board in 2009. In November 2019, Broadcast Australia was rebranded BAI
BAI_Communications
Department of the Government of Canada
of the agencies under the finance portfolio include: Bank of Canada CPP Investment Board Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Financial
Department_of_Finance_Canada
American software developer
July that year, it announced that together with D1 Capital Partners, CPP Investment Board, Light Street Capital, Sequoia Capital and Silver Lake Partners
Unity_Technologies
Food technology company
2019, and this amount was expanded to $300 million in July 2020. The CPP Investment Board has invested in Perfect Day. The total funding received was $360
Perfect_Day_(company)
Controlled-access highway (Partial Tollway) in Ontario
1998. Retrieved August 25, 2014. Alexander, Doug (October 5, 2010). "CPP Investment Board to Buy 10% of 407 Toll Road for About $878 Million". Bloomberg
Ontario_Highway_407
Former Australian logistics company
Logistics Acquisition Investments Pty Limited, a consortium of Global Infrastructure Partners, CPP Investment Board, China Investment Corporation, GIC and
Asciano_Limited
Alan MacNaughton CM (6 March 1945 – 15 February 2013) was a Canadian investment dealer. He was the chairman of the Business Development Bank of Canada
John_A._MacNaughton
company sold its student housing division to a group including the CPP Investment Board for $1.4 billion. In October 2021, the company became a public
InvenTrust_Properties
Canadian businessman
Public Sector Pension Investment Board and governance provisions to establish the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPP Investment Board). Since 2019
Robert_Poirier_(businessman)
Canadian entertainment company
May 25, 2017. "Canada Pension Plan Investment Board to Invest £142.4 million in Entertainment One Ltd". CPP Investment Board (Press release). Government
Lionsgate_Canada
CPP INVESTMENTS
CPP INVESTMENTS
Boy/Male
Biblical
Cup-bearer of the prince.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Probably a variant or variant spelling of Opp, from a short form of a Germanic personal name formed with Åd ‘inherited wealth’, or of Opperman.
Biblical
a hill; cup
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Wine Cup
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English cappe ‘cap’, ‘hat’ (Old English cæppe), hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker of caps and hats, or a nickname for someone who wore distinctive headgear. Compare Capper.Americanized spelling of German Kapp.
Boy/Male
English
Cup bearer.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian
Cup
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived on the top of a hill, from Middle English coppe, Old English copp ‘summit’ (a transferred sense of copp ‘head’, ‘bowl’, cognate with modern English cup), or a habitational name from Copp in Lancashire, named with this word.English : nickname for someone with a large or deformed head, from Middle English cop(p) ‘head’ (the same word as in 1 above).Respelling of German Kopp.
Biblical
threshold; silver cup
Boy/Male
English American
Forest; cup bearer.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Capp.
Girl/Female
Biblical, Dutch, German
A Hill; Cup
Surname or Lastname
English
English : possibly a variant of Copp.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Kopp.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Threshold, silver cup.
Surname or Lastname
Ukrainian, Jewish (from Ukraine), Polish, Serbian, and Hungarian (Cáp)
Ukrainian, Jewish (from Ukraine), Polish, Serbian, and Hungarian (Cáp) : from Ukrainian tsap ‘billy goat’, Polish cap, and so probably a nickname for someone thought to resemble the animal in some way or perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a goat herd.Czech (Čáp) : nickname for a tall or long-legged man, from Äáp ‘stork’.Southern French : from Occitan cap ‘head’ (Latin caput); probably a nickname for a person with something distinctive about his head. The word was often used in the metaphorical sense ‘chief’, ‘principal’, and the surname may also have denoted a leader or a village elder. In some cases it may also be a topographic name from the same word used in the sense of a promontory or headland.Americanized spelling of German Kapp.English : variant spelling of Capp.
Biblical
hill; cup; thing lifted up
Girl/Female
Biblical
Hill, cup, thing lifted up.
Boy/Male
Greek Latin
Cup bearer to the gods.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Wine Cup
Biblical
cup-bearer of the prince
CPP INVESTMENTS
CPP INVESTMENTS
Girl/Female
Indian
Sweet, Pleasant
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of a Raga
Boy/Male
Sikh
Worthy, Affectionate, Generous
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Latin Augustinus, AGOSTINHO means "venerable."
Girl/Female
Hebrew American
To marry.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Some Distance
Female
Egyptian
, a form of the goddess Isis.
Girl/Female
English Greek American Scandinavian Italian
Pure.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Urdu
Beautiful Tree
Male
English
Middle English name of uncertain origin, but commonly associated with Latin Milo, MILE means "soldier."Â Compare with another form of Mile.
CPP INVESTMENTS
CPP INVESTMENTS
CPP INVESTMENTS
CPP INVESTMENTS
CPP INVESTMENTS
v. t.
To deprive of cap.
n.
A percussion cap. See under Percussion.
n.
A small cup or shell, as of metal, for a percussion cap, cartridge, etc.
v. t.
To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as, to cap a post; to cap a gun.
v. t.
To salute by removing the cap.
n.
A cup used for holding an egg, at table.
n.
A large size of writing paper; as, flat cap; foolscap; legal cap.
a.
Cup-shaped.
n.
A small vessel, used commonly to drink from; as, a tin cup, a silver cup, a wine cup; especially, in modern times, the pottery or porcelain vessel, commonly with a handle, used with a saucer in drinking tea, coffee, and the like.
n.
Red poppy. See Cop-rose.
v. t.
To complete; to crown; to bring to the highest point or consummation; as, to cap the climax of absurdity.
v. t.
To match; to mate in contest; to furnish a complement to; as, to cap text; to cap proverbs.
n.
A kind of low-crowned cap formerly worn by all classes in England, and continued in London after disuse elsewhere; -- hence, a citizen of London.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Cap
n.
The uppermost of any assemblage of parts; as, the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate.
a.
Having a calyx or cup; cup-shaped.
n.
Anything resembling a cap in form, position, or use
v. t.
To make concave or in the form of a cup; as, to cup the end of a screw.
n.
Anything shaped like a cup; as, the cup of an acorn, or of a flower.